Vertebrate Anatomy

Front 1

tissues

Back 1

most animals are composed of this, specialized cells organized into this, that have different functions.

Front 2

epithelial tissue

Back 2

covers the outside of the body and lines the organs and cavities within the body, contains closely-joined cells

Front 3

cuboidal

Back 3

a shape of epithelial cells, like dice

Front 4

columnar

Back 4

a shape of epithelial cells, like bricks on end

Front 5

squamous

Back 5

a shape of epithelial cells, like floor tiles

Front 6

simple

Back 6

the arrangement of epithelial cells that is simple

Front 7

stratified

Back 7

the arrangement of epithelial cells, multiple tiers of cells

Front 8

pseudostratified

Back 8

the arrangement of epithelial cells, a single layer of cells of varying length

Front 9

connective tissue

Back 9

mainly binds and supports other tissues, contains sparsely packed cells scattered throughout an extracellular matrix.

Front 10

extracellular matrix of the connective tissue

Back 10

consists of fibers in a liquid, jellylike, or solid foundation

Front 11

Collagenous fibers

Back 11

a type of connective tissue fiber, all made of protein, provide strength and flexibility

Front 12

Elastic fibers

Back 12

a type of connective tissue fiber, all made of protein, stretch and snap back to their original length

Front 13

Reticular fibers

Back 13

a type of connective tissue fiber, all made of protein, join connective tissue to adjacent tissues

Front 14

fibroblasts

Back 14

cells of the connective tissue that secrete the protein of extracellular fibers

Front 15

Macrophages

Back 15

cells of the connective tissue that are involved in the immune system

Front 16

Loose connective tissue

Back 16

binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place

Front 17

Cartilage

Back 17

a strong and flexible support material

Front 18

Fibrous connective tissue

Back 18

found in tendons and ligaments

Front 19

tendons

Back 19

attach muscles to bones

Front 20

ligaments

Back 20

connect bones at joints

Front 21

Adipose tissue

Back 21

stores fat for insulation and fuel

Front 22

Blood

Back 22

is composed of blood cells and cell fragments in blood plasma

Front 23

Bone

Back 23

mineralized and forms the skeleton

Front 24

muscle tissue

Back 24

consists of long cells called muscle fibers, which contract in response to nerve signals

Front 25

Skeletal muscle,

Back 25

or striated muscle, is responsible for voluntary movement

Front 26

Smooth muscle

Back 26

is responsible for involuntary body activities

Front 27

Cardiac muscle

Back 27

is responsible for contraction of the heart

Front 28

Nervous tissue

Back 28

senses stimuli and transmits signals throughout the animal

Front 29

Neurons

Back 29

or nerve cells, that transmit nerve impulses

Front 30

Glial cells, or glia,

Back 30

that help nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons

Front 31

Skin

Back 31

the largest organ of the vertebrate body, protects the body from dehydration and bacterial invasion
Helps in regulating body temperature
Receives stimuli from the environment

Front 32

Digestion

Back 32

the process of breaking food down into molecules small enough to absorb

Front 33

chemical digestion

Back 33

the process of enzymatic hydrolysis splits bonds in molecules with the addition of water

Front 34

enzymatic hydrolysis

Back 34

splits bonds in molecules with the addition of water

Front 35

Absorption

Back 35

is uptake of nutrients by body cells

Front 36

Elimination

Back 36

is the passage of undigested material out of the digestive compartment

Front 37

accessory glands

Back 37

the salivary glands, the pancreas, the liver, and the gallbladder

Front 38

peristalsis

Back 38

Food is pushed along by rhythmic contractions of muscles in the wall of the canal

Front 39

sphincters

Back 39

Valves called regulate the movement of material between compartments

Front 40

oral cavity

Back 40

The first stage of digestion is mechanical and takes place in

Front 41

bolus

Back 41

The tongue shapes food into a and provides help with swallowing

Front 42

pharynx

Back 42

The region we call our throat is the , a junction that opens to both the esophagus and the trachea (windpipe)

Front 43

esophagus

Back 43

The conducts food from the pharynx down to the stomach by peristalsis

Front 44

Swallowing

Back 44

Swallowing causes the epiglottis to block entry to the trachea, and the bolus is guided by the larynx, the upper part of the respiratory tract

Front 45

glottis

Back 45

the space
in the beginning of the respiratory
passageway when swallowing, thus
preventing food from entering the
trachea

Front 46

stomach

Back 46

stores food and secretes gastric juice
made up of hydrochloric acid and the enzyme pepsin,
which converts a meal to acid chyme

Front 47

gastric juice

Back 47

made up of hydrochloric acid and secreted by the stomach

Front 48

pepsin

Back 48

enzyme ,
which converts a meal to acid chyme

Front 49

chyme

Back 49

an acid which the meal is converted to in the stomach

Front 50

small intestine

Back 50

the longest section of the alimentary canal
It is the major organ of digestion and absorption

Front 51

duodenum

Back 51

first portion of the small intestine is the , where acid chyme from the stomach mixes with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and the small intestine itself

Front 52

pancreas

Back 52

produces proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin, protein-digesting enzymes that are activated after entering the duodenum

Front 53

bile

Back 53

In the small intestine, aids in digestion and absorption of fats

Front 54

liver

Back 54

where bile is made

Front 55

gallbladder

Back 55

where bile is stored

Front 56

jejunum and ileum

Back 56

function mainly in absorption of nutrients and water

Front 57

villi and microvilli

Back 57

The small intestine has a huge surface area, due that are exposed to the intestinal lumen

Front 58

microvillar surface

Back 58

The enormous greatly increases the rate of nutrient absorption

Front 59

colon

Back 59

of the large intestine, is connected to the small intestineA major function of the is to recover water that has entered the alimentary canal

Front 60

cecum

Back 60

aids in the fermentation of plant material and connects where the small and large intestines meet

Front 61

appendix

Back 61

appendix

Front 62

feces

Back 62

Wastes of the digestive tract, the , become more solid as they move through the colon

Front 63

rectum

Back 63

where feces are stored until they can be eliminated