Vert. Morph Test 1 Terms

Front 1

Monophyletic

Back 1

Group forms a clade, consists of an ancestral species all all its descendants

Front 2

Paraphyletic

Back 2

Consists of all the descendants of the last common ancestor of the group minus a small number of monophyletic groups of descendants

Front 3

Polyphyletic

Back 3

Group characterized by one or more homoplasties

Front 4

Allopatric Speciation

Back 4

Species are separated geographically

Front 5

Sympatric Speciation

Back 5

Species diverge while living together in the same area

Front 6

Linnaean Taxonomy

Back 6

Classifying organisms based on morphological traits regardless of evolutionary history

Front 7

Cladistics

Back 7

Organisms are grouped together based on shared traits that came from the group's latest common ancestor

Front 8

Homologous Trait

Back 8

Trait derived from a common ancestor

Front 9

Analogous Trait

Back 9

Trait similar in function but found in two evolutionary unrelated organisms

Front 10

Homoplastic Trait

Back 10

Trait shared by two or more taxa because of convergence, parallelism, etc.

Front 11

Derived Trait

Back 11

Trait present that was absent in the last common ancestor

Front 12

Ancestral Trait

Back 12

Trait present that was also present in the last common ancestor

Front 13

Apomorphic

Back 13

A derived trait

Front 14

Plesiomorphic

Back 14

Trait inferred to have been retained from a taxon's ancestor

Front 15

Synapomorphic

Back 15

Trait shared by two or more taxa inferred to have been present in their most recent common ancestor, whose own ancestor is inferred to not have possessed that trait

Front 16

Symplesiomorphic

Back 16

An ancestral trait shared by two or more taxa

Front 17

Outgroup

Back 17

Monophyletic group that serve as reference group to determine relationship b/w other monophyletic groups

Front 18

Ingroup

Back 18

The group(s) being studied taxonomically

Front 19

Sister Group

Back 19

Closest relatives of a group in a phylogenetic tree

Front 20

Parsimony

Back 20

Rule used to choose among possible cladograms, states the least number of changes in character states is best

Front 21

Phanerozoic Eon

Back 21

Eon in which life is found

Front 22

Geologic Mnemonic

Back 22

Curious
Old- Ordovician
Scientists- Silurian
Discover-Devonian
Creatures and-Carboniferous
Plants- Permian
To- Triassic
Judge- Jurassic
Critical- Cretaceous
Timeless- Tertiary
Questions- Quaternary

Front 23

Vertebrae Synapomorphies

Back 23

1. Most have vertebrae
2. All have cranium

Front 24

Chordate Synapomorphies

Back 24

1. Bilateral Symmetry
2. Coelom
3. Deuterostomic
4. Pharyngeal pouches
5. Notochord
6. Post anal tail w/segmented muscles
7. Dorsal, hollow nerve cord

Front 25

Urochordata

Back 25

Tunicates, Sea Squirts, Salps, Larvaceans

Front 26

Cephalochordata

Back 26

Lancets

Front 27

Hagfish

Back 27

Jawless
No scales
Elongate
Single nostril
No bone
Use mucus

Front 28

Lampreys- Petromyzontoidea

Back 28

Elongate
No jaws
No scales
No paired fins
Parasitic

Front 29

Extinct Vertebrates

Back 29

Haikoutichthyes
Myllokunmingia

Front 30

Conodonts

Back 30

Resembled eels
Tooth-like structures called donodonts

Front 31

Ostracoderms

Back 31

Armored jawless fish
Ordovician
Mouth plate made lips flexible, but couldn't bite
Protection, insulation, calcium/phosphate storage

Front 32

Gnathostome Synapomorphies

Back 32

Movable jaw supported by cartilage/bone
Duplicated Hox gene
Complex, rib-supporting vertebrae
At least two sets of paired fins

Front 33

What did the jar originate from?

Back 33

The two most anterior branches

Front 34

What did the 1st arch become? The second?

Back 34

1st arch became palatoquadrate
2nd arch became support for jaw and anchor for tongue

Front 35

When was the largest Extinction Event? About what percentage of species went extinct?

Back 35

The largest was at the end of the Paleozoic; about 95% of species went extinct.

Front 36

Ectoderm

Back 36

Develops into epidermis, lining of posterior and anterior gut, nervous system, sensory organs

Front 37

Endoderm

Back 37

Develops into liver, pancreas, gills, lungs, lining of digestive tract

Front 38

Mesoderm

Back 38

Last to form, forms muscles, skeleton, notochord, splits for form coelom

Front 39

Neural Crest

Back 39

Peripheral nervous system, forms cranial skeleton, pigment cells, adrenal gland, teeth.

Front 40

Define mineralized tissue and give some examples

Back 40

Living cells in a non-living matrix; cartilage, bone, and dentine are some examples

Front 41

What are the 4 stages of Nephros (stages of kidney development)?

Back 41

Pro-, meso-, meta-, opistho-

Front 42

Earliest Jawless Fish

Back 42

Haikouella, Haikouicthyes and Myllokunmingia

Front 43

Class Agnatha

Back 43

Myxinoidea and Petromyzontoidea

Front 44

Conodonts

Back 44

Resembled eels, had tooth-like fixtures known as conodont elements

Front 45

Ostracoderms

Back 45

Armored jawless fish, had dermal bone carapace

Front 46

Gnathostome Synapomorphies

Back 46

Movable jaw
Duplicated Hox gene
Complex rib-supporting vertebrae
At least 2 sets paired fins

Front 47

Vertebral Elements

Back 47

Neural arch located around and above spinal cord.
Centra (largest part of vertebrae) located around notochord base.
Hemal arches arise ventrally from centrum and enclose caudal blood vessels.
Vertebral column turns upward into tail.

Front 48

Gnathostomes arrive in what period?

Back 48

The silurian

Front 49

Placoderms

Back 49

Jaw but no teeth
Armored w/bony dermal plates
Some had pelvic appendages and some had neck joints

Front 50

Acanthodians

Back 50

Had up to 6 pairs of fins
Had teeth

Front 51

Pleurodont

Back 51

Teeth fused by their sides to inner surface of jaw bone

Front 52

Acrodont

Back 52

Teeth consolidated with the summit of the alveolar ridge of the jaw without sockets

Front 53

Theocodont

Back 53

Teeth set in socket of dermal jaw

Front 54

Gas Gland

Back 54

Secretes O2

Front 55

Rete mirabile

Back 55

Extracts 02

Front 56

Ovale

Back 56

Releases gas from swim bladder

Front 57

Osmoconformers

Back 57

Maintain the osmolarity of their body fluids so that they equal the surrounding seawater

Front 58

Osmoregulators

Back 58

Body fluids differ from their environment; they must work to keep a similar osmolarity

Front 59

Hyperosmolal

Back 59

Must lose water and gain ions

Front 60

Hyposmolal

Back 60

Must gain water and lose ions

Front 61

Oviparous

Back 61

Eggs are released into the environment for external fertilization

Front 62

Viviparous

Back 62

Eggs are retained inside the mother

Front 63

Lecithotropic

Back 63

Yolk gives nutrients

Front 64

Matrotropic

Back 64

Nutrients come from lining of mother's reproductive tract

Front 65

Osteichthyes Synapomorphies

Back 65

Endochondral bone
Operculum (gill flap cover)
Lepidotrichia (bony, bilaterally paired, segmented fin rays)
Swim Bladders

Front 66

When do the earliest Osteichtyes emerge?

Back 66

Late Silurian

Front 67

Anguilliform

Back 67

Highly flexible body, undulation along most of body

Front 68

Carangiform

Back 68

Undulations mostly reserved to posterior

Front 69

Labriform

Back 69

Propulsion provided by fins alone

Front 70

Dioecious

Back 70

Sexes are distinctly separated

Front 71

Sequential Hermaphroditism

Back 71

Begin as one sex then change to another

Front 72

Synchronous Hermaphroditism

Back 72

Carry both female and male gonads at the same time

Front 73

Parthogenesis

Back 73

All females, no fertilization

Front 74

Protogyny

Back 74

Start female, large females become male

Front 75

Protandry

Back 75

Start male, once large enough they become female

Front 76

r Selected

Back 76

Produce many small eggs, develop fast, small adults, die young

Front 77

K Selected

Back 77

Produce few large, yolk-filled eggs or young, mature slowly, die young

Front 78

Equilibrium Life Strategy

Back 78

Late maturity, large body, high survival. Low fecundity. Typical of sharks and rays

Front 79

Opportunistic Life Strategy

Back 79

Maximize colonizing ability in unpredictable environments.

Front 80

Periodic Life Strategy

Back 80

Take advantage of infrequent, favorable conditions.

Front 81

Iteroparous

Back 81

Spawn several times

Front 82

Semeparous

Back 82

Spawn once and die

Front 83

Anadromous

Back 83

Migrate to spawn

Front 84

Benthic

Back 84

Bottom of ocean

Front 85

Pelagic

Back 85

Free-swimming