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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What organs are included in amphibian respiration?
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1) Gills
2) Lungs 3) Skin |
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What is the typical organ shift for amphibians in regards to respiration?
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Most shift from gills (as larvae), to lungs (as adults).
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What type of amphibians keep gills as adults? (Not species)
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Paedomorphs keep gills as adults.
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What type of amphibian adults have no lungs? (Not species)
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Plethodontids have no lungs as adults.
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ALL types of amphibians can use what AT ANY STAGE?
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Cutaneous respiration.
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How is air moved into the lungs during amphibian respiration?
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Ventilation occurs in FORCE-PUMP MECHANISM when the buccal cavity expands and brings air in through the CHOANA.
The GLOTTIS separates the air in the buccal cavity from the air in the lungs. |
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When are lungs used during amphibian respiration?
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Lungs are used more at high temperature & activity, when oxygen demands increase.
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How to amphibians undergo water uptake?
How DON'T amphibians undergo water uptake? |
• Rapid uptake through highly vascular patch of pelvis skin (PELVIC PATCH); This allows use of very shallow water resources.
• URINARY BLADDER collects urine from opisthonephros, stores and allows water reabsorption. • Amphibians DO NOT DRINK WATER |
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What are two ways frogs prevent water loss?
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1) Secretion of lipids from skin.
2) Posture change (up if wet, hunkered down if dry). |
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What is aestivation?
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Living underground; except for during rainy season.
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What is a crypsis color pattern?
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Crypsis color patterns are skin patterns (color or bumps) that conceal animals to hide from predators or prey.
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What is an aposematic color pattern?
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Aposematic patterns are bright coloring to advertise toxicity.
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What is the typical fertilization patterns of caecilians?
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Typically, caecilian fertiliazation is internal; males insert intromittent organ into female cloaca to deliver sperm.
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What is the typical fertilization patterns of salamanders?
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Spermatophores are deposited by males, collected by females utilizing cloacal lips, and kept in cloacal sacs (spermatheca). Sperm can be stored for months or years.
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What is the typical fertilization patters of frogs?
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Mostly external, accomplished via AMPLEXUS.
• Male grabs female with forelimbs, fertilizes eggs as they are laid. • Amplexus maintained for hours, male forelimb muscles grow huge from hormonal release. |
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What is the typical courtship display of salamanders?
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Male salamanders may apply pheromones, abrade with teeth, or visual display.
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What are the upsides of a frog's call?
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In some species, males with long calls have tadpoles that develop faster; advertise “good genes”.
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What are the downsides of a frog's call?
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• Energy costly
• Attract predators, too! |
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What are the three stages of frog-to-tadpole metamorphosis?
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1) Growth
2) Emergence of hindlegs 3) Emergence of front legs & regression of tail |
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What system mediates tadpole metamorphosis?
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The endocrine system mediates tadpole metamorphosis.
1) Pituitary gland secretes THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH). 2) Thyroid gland secretes THYROXIN, (stimulating metamorphosis). |
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Why must the final stage of metamorphosis be quick?
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Final metamorphosis stage must be rapid since legs and tail together impede jumping and swimming, increasing vulnerability to predators.
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List three possible reasons for amphibian extinctions in the past 20 years.
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1) GLOBAL WARMING – eliminating cooler habitats in some places
(2) ACID RAIN – causes higher mortality & deformities in amphibian larvae (3) DISEASE – especially infections by CHYTRID FUNGI • Not clear why infections have accelerated recently, possibly due to stress from other factors. |
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In TADPOLES, what sets of VEINS deliver blood to the heart?
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– ANTERIOR CARDINAL (JUGULAR) from head.
– VITELLINE from gut organs. – POSTERIOR CARDINAL from rest of body. |
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In TADPOLES, the heart pumps blood AWAY using what?
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– EXTERNAL CAROID ARTERIES to head.
– AORTIC ARCHES 3, 4, 5, 6 to gills and rest of body. |
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In ADULT amphibians, what sets of VEINS deliver blood to the heart?
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– ANTERIOR CARDINAL (JUGULAR) from head.
– HEPATIC from gut organs (via liver). – POSTERIOR VENA CAVA from rest of body. – PULMONARY VEIN from LUNGS (O2) (KNOW THIS LAST ONE) |
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In ADULT amphibians, what changes occur in regards to the aortic arches?
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– Arch 5 lost; Arch 3=Internal carotids.
– Arch 6 = PULMOCUTANEOUS ARTERIES to lungs & skin to pick up O2. - Arch 4 = DORSAL AORTA. |
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See Slide 5 in lecture 14.
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I'm too lazy to make a notecard for that.
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How many times did ectothermy evolve in amniotes?
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Ectothermy evolved TWICE; once in sauropsids (birds and ancestors), once in synapsids (mammals and ancestors).
ECTOTHERMY is ANCESTRAL for VERTEBRATES. |
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What is the definition of an ectotherm?
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An ECTOTHERM relies on external heat source to raise body temperature.
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What is the definition of an endotherm?
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An ENDOTHERM relies on internal heat sources to raise body temperature.
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What are the 2 main sources of heat for endotherms?
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1) Resting (basal) metabolism
2) Muscle activity |
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Do ectotherms or endotherms have a higher basal metabolic rate?
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Endotherms have a higher basal metabolic rate. Endotherms need a metabolic rate high enough to produce enough heat to survive.
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What are the three main sources of insulation for endotherms?
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1) Feathers
2) Hair 3) Blubber |
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According to the AEROBIC CAPACITY HYPOTHESIS, why did a higher resting metabolic rate evolve in endotherms?
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Selection for higher levels of ACTIVITY led to correlated evolution of higher resting metabolic rate.
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According to the PARENTAL CARE HYPOTHESIS, why did a higher resting metabolic rate evolve in endotherms?
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High metabolic rates of mother speed up embryo development, PERSIST during parental care of nest eggs.
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What are TURBINATES and what are their functions?
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Turbinates are thin scrolls of bone in nasal passage covered with moist tissue. Turbinates warm and moisten the air on the way in, and extract water from warmer air on way out.
ALSO CALLED 'CONCHAE' |
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What are two strategies for heat avoidance?
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1) Short time scale: Daily Cycles (tadpoles in water).
2) Long time scale: Seasonal Cycles (frogs live underground for dry seasons). |
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What are three ways that organisms avoid freezing?
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1) Supercooling
2) Antifreeze molecules in blood 3) Skin lipids |
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How does supercooling work in regards to freeze-avoidance?
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Fluids (blood) stay liquid below freezing point due to lack of NUCLEATING AGENT (allows lattice of ice crystals to grow) - DEEP FISH.
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What molecules in fish act as antifreeze molecules?
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Glycoproteins or polypeptides in blood lower freezing point - SHALLOW FISH.
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How do skin lipids work in regards to freeze-avoidance?
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Lipids block ice crystal penetration. Lipid layer lies beneath outer keratin in some species - SOME TURTLES.
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What is TORPOR?
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Torpor is a dramatically lowered metabolic state, (like a mini-hibernation).
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What are columbiformes and how do they deal with heat?
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COLUMBIFORMES (pigeons, doves) secrete CROP “MILK” - a protein/fat fluid from the crop (chamber in digestive tract) and regurgitate for babies.
Water stress is then transferred to adults that can fly to get more. |
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What portion of the kidney helps large body sized organisms deal with water loss?
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Longer LOOPS OF HENLE allow more water extraction and preservation.
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What is countercurrent heat exchange in regards to prevention of heat loss?
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Blood delivered to BRAIN kept cooler by COUNTERCURRENT HEAT EXCHANGE with cooler venous blood from nose.
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What are the differences of body shapes and sizes between ectotherms and endotherms?
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• Endotherms generally larger than ectotherms.
• Endotherm body shapes minimize surface area. • Only ectotherms long and tubular or flat. |
