Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Modern amphibians are derived from ____, which are a derivation of ____, which are a derivation of ____.
|
Lissamphibia.
Temnospondyls. Batrachomorpha. |
|
|
What are the 2 Lissamphibia synapomorphies?
|
1) Smooth, glandular, and highly permeable skin.
2) All predators have bicuspid, pedicellate teeth. |
|
|
Caecilians are part of what clade?
|
Clade Gymnophiona.
|
|
|
What do you need to know about caecilians? Lots.
|
• Limbless, most < 1 ft. and specialized for burrowing.
• Highly ossified (solid bony) skulls, jaws produce high bite forces. • Reduced eyes, special chemosensory organ in head (TENTACLE). • Burrow with head, + throwing backbone into curves within loose skin. • Terminal anus (i.e., lost tail), reduce or lose left lung. • External evidence of segments (annuli), some retain dermal scales. • Many viviparous (live-bearing, young eat uterine lining), others protect eggs. |
|
|
What is the main synapomorphy of frogs and salamanders?
|
Opercular apparatus: (not the same as in “fishes”).
|
|
|
What is the function of the Opercular apparatus in frogs and salamanders?
|
• Connects ear to shoulder girdle via opercularis muscle, operculum, and columella (stape) bones
• Lets animals “hear” ground-borne vibrations. |
|
|
Salamander synapomorphies are related to what sort of traits?
|
Developmental traits.
|
|
|
Frog synapomorphies are related to what sort of traits?
|
Saltatory locomotion traits (traits having to do with jumping).
|
|
|
What is the purpose of side-to-side (lateral) bending?
What organisms usually use this? |
Side-to-side bending during walking increases stride length.
Salamanders typically use this. |
|
|
What are two specializations for jumping in frogs?
|
• Short, stiff trunk.
• Short forelimbs, long hindlimbs (fuse tibia & fibula, stretch ankle bones). |
|
|
Name a few specializations for locomotion in ARBOREAL species of frogs.
|
1) Toe pads
2) Intercalary bone 3) Recurved, spatulate terminal phalanges (toe bones). |
|
|
What is the significance of toe pads in arboreal species of frogs?
|
Glandular disks at the tips of the toes aid in grasping, climbing, and also by secreting mucous to adhere by surface tension.
|
|
|
What is the significance of intercalary bones in arboreal species of frogs?
|
Assists with adhesive force, causes toe pad to be offset from digit,and provides more surface contact.
|
|
|
Tongue protrusion is best developed in what?
|
Tongue protrusion is best developed in plethodontid (lungless) salamanders; leading to the thought that development of tongue protrusion correlates with loss of lungs.
|
