Vert

Front 1

teleostomi

Back 1

mouth in terminal position, narrow-based braincase, three otoliths in ear

Front 2

osteichthyes

Back 2

air sac (lungs/swimbladder); dermal bone in head & girdles; endochondral bone, lepidotrichs in paired fins, jaws with dentary, premax and maxillary

Front 3

actinopertygii

Back 3

ray finned fishes; sister group to sarcops; most speciose vert clade; lepidotrichia (rays) support paired fins; ossified endoskeleton; bony operculum; air sacs; usu. ctenoid or cycloid scales (ganoid in some primitive gps)

Front 4

air sacs

Back 4

neutral buoyancy, found in osteichthyes (sarcops, actinops); dorsal to gut

Front 5

chondrostei

Back 5

(actinopterygii)
bichirs, sturgeons, ganoid scales
Paddlefish in NA, China = plankton feeders
sturgeons in NA, Russia - bottom feeders, roe

Front 6

roe

Back 6

fish eggs

Front 7

ganoid scales

Back 7

found in chondrostei
bone + dentin + ganoin

Front 8

neopterygii

Back 8

(actinopterygii)
gars (semionotiformes)
bowfin (amiiformes)
teleosts (teleostei) marine and freshwater

Front 9

alligator gar

Back 9

second largest fish in US

Front 10

teleostei

Back 10

anglerfish, seahorse, flounder, catfish, perch

Front 11

sarcopterygii

Back 11

fleshy finned fishes;
most extinct;
coelacanthimorpha, dipnoi, stgocephali

Front 12

synapomaorphies of sarcopterygii

Back 12

paired fins anchored to muscle extensions (fleshy w/skeletal support)
includes tetrapods with limbs
SARCOP FIN BONES HOMOLOGOUS TO TETRAPOD LIMBS
paired internal nares (choanae)
cosmoid scales

Front 13

choanae

Back 13

paired internal nares, sarcopterygii

Front 14

cosmoid scales

Back 14

2 layers of bone: dentin and enameloid
sarcopterygii

Front 15

coelacanthimorpha

Back 15

coelacanth was extinct for 80MY, 200 specimen in w. Indian ocean

Front 16

dipnoi

Back 16

lungfishes; australian lungfishes use lungs when O2=low;
So. Am. and African lungfishes mut have air

Front 17

aestivation behavior

Back 17

mucus cocoon, hypometabolism;
for as long as 4mo. to 2yrs. Can metabolize muscle tissue

Front 18

Fish a major players in vert story. Why?

Back 18

1.first bone
2.first jaws
3.first vertebrate
4.paired fins, then bony/fleshy paired fins
5.paired internal nares
6.air sacs/lungs
7.tetrapod story is a continuation of fish story

Front 19

synapomorphies of stegocephali

Back 19

-paired jointed muscular limbs with digits and bones homologous to proximal limb bones
-loss of paired fin rays
-zygapohphyses link neural arches
-sacrum anchors vert to pelv. girdle
-loss of attachment of pectoral girdle to skull

Front 20

Stegocephali: loss of pelvic girdle attachment to ______?

Back 20

skull

Front 21

amphibs vs reptiles

Back 21

-most primitive tetrapods = amphibs
-reptiles = 2nd most primitive
vert # increase, dermal bones in pectoral girdle

Front 22

amphibians

Back 22

-"two lives"
-loss of rib cage (except salamanders)
-no scales
-no claws
-moist skin, glandular
-most with lungs, gas exchange across membranes

Front 23

anamniote

Back 23

-An animal that does not develop an amnion during its embryonic stage
-amphib
-3 clades:
`gymnophiona: caecilians
`caudata: salamanders/newts
`salientia: frogs and toads

Front 24

gymnophiona

Back 24

-caecilians
-tropical, burrowing, freshwater
-no limbs/girdles
-insect/worm diet = carnivorous
-skin folds give ring-link appearance
-all adults with lungs
-eyes may be covered with skin
-chemosensory tentacle in groove bw eye and nostril
-males with phallodeum (for fert)

Front 25

phallodeum

Back 25

-caecilian organ of intromission;
-inserted into female cloaca for 2-3 hrs
-analogous

Front 26

caudata

Back 26

-salamanders and newts
-larval stage in h2o
-newts: dry skin when move to land. "eft" stage
-dults are semiterrestrial (always moist)
-paired limbs (caecilians have none)
-Larvae is usually gilled
`some are perennibranchiate: continuously gilled) like mudpuppies and sirens
-external fertalization i some: no organ of intromission
-uses spermatophore

Front 27

spermatophore

Back 27

-internal fert in salamanders
-cap, stalk, base, pedistal
-female picks it up with cloaca

Front 28

anura/salientia

Back 28

-elongate hindlimbs
-urostyle
-radioulna and tibiofibula
-elongate metatarsels (lever system)
-loss of thumb
-adults with immature diet

Front 29

perennibranchiate

Back 29

continuously gilled

Front 30

semiterrestrial

Back 30

always moist

Front 31

urostyle

Back 31

9 presacral and 3-4 postsacral vertebrae

Front 32

toads vs frogs

Back 32

-toads: shorter hindlimbs, hop, bumpy skin texture, dry
-frogs: long hindlimbs, leap, smooth and wet

Front 33

sexual system in frogs

Back 33

`f chooses m
`chorus of m's
`f enters chorus
`f approach, contact, amplexus, oviposition
`Females decisions
-right species?
-which male?
-female leaves for a year, male finds another female

Front 34

amplexus

Back 34

frog sex grip

Front 35

oviposition

Back 35

laying and placement of eggs

Front 36

fertilization in frogs

Back 36

external except for the tailed frog

Front 37

vocalizations

Back 37

-key to sex
-eggs are finite
-coding variables
`freq (pitch, wavelength)
`temporal patterning (pulse)
`amplitude (E level)
`usually males vocalize
-Breedingseason, near h2o
-sometimes f calls when m's aren't calling

Front 38

Types of vocalizations

Back 38

1. Advertisement call: "i'm a male of x species and I'm ready to mate"
`repro status
`species, gender ID
`mate attraction
`territorial defense
2. Aggessive calls : "I'm ready to fight"
3. Release calls: "I'm a dude!"
4. Distress calls: "Eek!"
`Reduces risk of predation

Front 39

female frog chooes mate by:

Back 39

-freq of male call (deeper = better)
-longevity
-call length

Front 40

Deep croak hypothesis

Back 40

Bigger males have deeper voices, lower pitch. Also a sign of longevity.

Front 41

Multi-note calls

Back 41

-coqui; freq doesn't change
`A note: "co" = aggressive calls for males
`B note: "qui" = call for females
-Often call over others.
-Mating call isnt't heard
Citropa
`A note is for ladies
`B note is aggressive

Front 42

extant tetrapoda

Back 42

-keratinized layer of skin
-parathyroid (parathormone; increases Ca; "fish" with corpuscles of Stannius and hypocalcin)
`Calcitonin decreases blood Ca (C cells in thyroid vsultimobranchial bodies)
-harderian gland (eye) and oral glands
-vomeronasal organ
-loss of internal gills

Front 43

parathormone

Back 43

-from parathyroid
-Ca metabolism in fish
-increases blood Ca levels
"fish" with hypocalcin in Corpuscles of Stannius

Front 44

hypocalcin

Back 44

-in "fish" Corpuscles of Stannius

Front 45

Calcitonin

Back 45

-Blood Ca regulator
-lowers blood Ca in fish and tetrapods
-from thyroid (or cells witin C cells) vs ultimobranchial bodies

Front 46

Harderian gland

Back 46

keeps eye moist, tetrapod synapomorphy

Front 47

oral glands

Back 47

to wet foo, not needed in fish

Front 48

VNO

Back 48

accessory olfaction; vomeronasal organs
-"smell" in snakes

Front 49

synapomorphy

Back 49

A shared, derived character. Groups erected on synapomorphies are monophyletic.

Front 50

symplesiomorphy

Back 50

A shared, primitive character. Groups erected on symplesiomorphies are paraphyletic.

Front 51

Amniotes

Back 51

-four extraembryonic "membranes"
-amnion, chorion, allantois, yolk sac
-cell layers grow out of embryo and membranes usually enclosed in leathery or calcareous shell
-significance? allows verts to reproduce on land = no longer tied to h2o

Front 52

amnion

Back 52

surrounds embryo, holds a fluid to protect fromshock and provide moisture

Front 53

allantois

Back 53

hindgut outgrowth; disposal sac for N waste, respiratory surface

Front 54

chorion

Back 54

enclosing membrane (outermost)

Front 55

chorioallantoic membrane

Back 55

very vascular, porous for O2 diffusion

Front 56

yolk sac

Back 56

sheet of cells enclosing yolk. lies within chorion. yolk = food (enzymes digest proteins, fat in gut)