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Vergil's Aeneid

Vergil's Aeneid

by JeromeDawn, Dec. 2013

Subjects: aeneid classics roman vergil

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137 Cards in this Set

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	What is Vergil's full name?	Publius Vergilius Maro
	Born where?	Little country village of Andes in northern Italy
	Born when?	October 15, 70 B.C.
	Father did what for a living?	Father was a small farmer, from moderate means.
	Where did Vergil study?	Mantua and Cremona, then at the larger city of Milan, whence he passed to Rome and finally to Naples, where he went to complete his college course.
	Vergil's Personality?	Very modest, to the point of shyness. He was not fitted to take an active part in the stirring political and military events of his day.
	What happened to Vergil after the battle of Philippi in 42 B.C.?	Octavian confiscated Vergil's farm and assigned it to one of his veterans.
	Vergil's poetry was first noticed by who?	Maecenas, a close personal friend, and political adviser of the emperor (Octavian)
	When Vergil met Octavian, what happened?	Through Maecenas Vergil met Octavian, who at once took him under his protection, compensated him for the loss of his farm, and made it possible for him to devote the rest of his life to poetry.
	What are Vergil's most important works?	Bucolics (or Eclogues) Georgics Aeneid
	What does the Bucolics entail?	Bucolics are short poems on pastoral themes. Formed on Greek models and idealizing the life of the shepherds and herdsmen of northern Italy.
	What does the Georgics entail?	Georgics are also formed on Greek models. It deals with the pleasures of farm life.
	What does the Aeneid entail?	Aeneid is a great literary epic. It deals with the wanderings and adventures of Aeneas after the destruction of Troy, Aeneas survived and went on to lay the foundations of the power which later became Rome.
	When did Vergil write the Aeneid?	The last 10 years of his life.
	When did Vergil travel to Greece, and why?	In 19 B.C. Vergil went to Greece with the intention of spending the next 3 years in the East in order to get a more intimate acquaintance with the scenes depicted in his poem and of acquiring local color for his work. To put on the final touches to the Aeneid.
	Who did Vergil meet on his trip to Greece?	In Athens Vergil met the Roman emperor Augustus.
	What was Augustus doing in Greece? What did Augustus ask of Vergil?	Augustus was returning to Rome from visiting the East and he asked Vergil to join him.
	Vergil went with Augustus, but what happened?	Vergil was already pretty sick and grew worse during the voyage back to Rome with Augustus.
	When did Vergil die?	Vergil died shortly after landing at Brundisium in southern Italy. September 21, 19 B.C. He was 51.
	Where was Vergil buried?	Vergil was buried at Naples, which he had especially loved.
	What did Vergil's tombstone say?	"I was born at Mantua; died in Calabria; my bones lie in Naples; pastures, fields, and heros were the theme of my song.
	What happened to the Aeneid after Vergil's death?	The Aeneid was left incomplete (this can be seen with the 50 + unfinished verses)
	The Aeneid is a literary epic modeled after what other literary epics?	The Aeneid is modeled upon the Iliad and the Odyssey by Homer. Has drawn a great deal of its material and inspiration.
	Who demanded that the poem be undertaken after Vergil's death?	Emperor Augustus
	What is the Theme of the Aeneid?	Theme: the settlement of Aeneas in Italy, which finally led to the founding of Rome.
	Who is thought to have suggested the theme?	Augustus.
	The theme's legend. New?	No, Aeneid's theme was already well established in Italy, where many of the great families took especial pride in tracing their ancestry back to Aeneas and his band of Trojan heroes.
	Who are the Julians?	The Julians is a (gens) of which Julius and Augustus Caesar were members.
	The members of the Julians believed what?	The Julians espeically gloried in its tradition of a direct descent from Aeneas himself through Ascanius (aka Iulus).
	Romans & their Trojan origin.	The Romans were gradually coming to claim a Torjan origin for many of the customs, ceremonies, and institutions of their fathers.
	Vergil and Augustus were both interested in what? hint: justification	Vergil and Augustus were both interested in giving divine sanction and weight of hoary antiquity to the measures which Augustus had undertaken for establishing the empire.
	What would Trojan origin do for Augustus?	Augustus appears as the restorer of the good old days and the good old ways of the fathers.
	Augustus is...?	Augustus is the promised ruler of divine descent who is to bring peace and a return of the Golden Age to the whole world.
	How does the Aeneid treat the work of Augustus?	Throughout the entire poem the person and the work of Augustus are magnified. However, these are made to appear as secondary and as but instruments in the hands of the gods for working out the high destiny of the Roman people.
	The Aeneid and Roman patriotism.	By stirring the feeling of Roman patriotism and pride of race as well as by constantly appealing to the sanctity and authority of the good old days, the Aeneid met with an instant and direct response from the Roman people.
	How did the Roman people respond to the Aeneid?	The Roman people were interested in and also held an ever-growing pride in the great achievements of their fathers. The success of the poem was thus assured from the first, and it has continued to exert an enormous influence upon later Roman and European literature.
	Vergil's physical health.	Vergil was a weakling. He was usually in poor health, shy to the point of painfulness, a sentimental idealist and little acquainted with the hard and practical ways of the stern old Roman world.
	Did Vergil ever marry?	No. And he seemed to care little or nothing for feminine society.
	What was Vergil's one great ideal of life? (As summed up in one word?)	PIETAS: devotion, loyalty.
	Who does he give this ideal?	He gives Pietas to the hero Aeneas (pius Aeneas) with a full and overflowing measure of this quality.
	Aeneas, Pietas, and the Gods.	Aeneas has the quality of Pietas which finds its best expression in an unquestioned obedience to the will of the gods and to their more or less contradictory commands, no matter how much human suffering may be entailed nor how much apparent wrong may result.
	Where was Vergil born? (general location) How did this effect his citizenship?	Vergil was born in Cisalpine Gaul and was therefore probably ineligible for Roman citizenship in his early years and possibly a member of a conquered tribe which had felt the pitiless heel of the conqueror.
	Vergil had a deep sympathy for who?	Vergil seemed to have developed a deep sympathy for the oppressed and for the losers in life's battle. (This may or may not have been because of his origins to a conquered tribe)
	Along with life's losers, what else did Vergil sympathize with?	A profound conviction of the sadness and sorrow of human existence. The futility of human effort in its attempts to adjust its feeble struggles to a world that is too much for it. The craving for satisfaction - which found its chief expression in its reliance upon the gods and their inscrutable ways.
	Vergil found refuge in a deep reverence for who?	Vergil found refuge in a deep reverence for the past with its great heroes who had been so submissive to the will of the gods that they had become but puppets in carrying out the divine commands.
	What was Vergil's chief claim to fame?	His LITERARY STYLE.
	Where is the power of Vergil's poetic style?	The great power of Vergil's style lies in the haunting music of his verse, in the rhythm and fall of his language.
	Vergil was a close student of what language?	Greek
	How did studying the Greek language effect Vergil's poetic literary style?	Not only was Vergil fond of filling his verses with Greek forms and Greek cadences, but his lines are rich and harmonious with a new music manifold in its capacity, it is as if the sound of the Greek language had awakened a sympathetic strain in Italian.
	Vergil's impersonality.	Is not the same impersonality of Homer or of Shakespere, who simply show us the world as it stands; Vergil yearns over the spectacle which he spreads before us. (whatever this means)
	Vergil's fame after his death?	Vergil was admired in his own day and his fame continued to increase with the passing centuries.
	Under the later Roman Empire, Vergil's works...?	Under the later Roman Empire the reverence for his works reached the point where the SORTES VERGILIANAE came into vogue.
	What is the SORTES VERGILIANAE ?	The Aeneid was opened at random, and the first line on which the eyes fell was taken as an omen of good or evil.
	Vergil's fame during the mediaeval period?	In the mediaeval period a great circle of legends and stories of miracles gathered around Vergil's name.
	During the mediaeval period, the Vergil of history was transformed into the Vergil of what?	The Vergil of history of transformed into the Vergil of magic. He was looked upon not only as a great magician but as an inspired pagan prophet who had foretold the birth of Christ.
	When did Vergil's name change in spelling?	During the mediaeval period, when he was considered a magician and a pagan prophet.
	Vergil --> Virgil	Thus associating the great poet with the magic or prophetic wand, VIRGA.
	What other nicknames does Vergil have?	the POET (as if no other poet existed) the ROMAN (as if the ideal roman was embodied in him) the PERFECT IN STYLE (with whom no other writer could be compared) the PHILOSOPHER (who grasped the ideas of all things) the WISE ONE (whose comprehension seemed to be unlimited)
	What are found in Vergil's works?	mysteries of Roman priestcraft the processes of divination & the science of stars.
	The Trojan War & the Aeneid	To understand the Aeneid, it is necessary to be familiar with the story of the Trojan War and of the events leading up to it.
	TROJAN WAR -------------------- Jupiter once fell in love with who?	Thetis, a beautiful sea goddess. Jupiter wished to marry her.
	TROJAN WAR ---------------------- Even though Jupiter wanted to marry Thetis, what did an oracle warn?	An oracle had foretold that the son of Thetis was to be mightier than his father.
	TROJAN WAR --------------------- Because the oracle said these things, what did Jupiter do?	Jupiter decreed that Thetis was to marry a mortal.
	TROJAN WAR ------------------- Who was chosen to be the mortal husband of Thetis?	Peleus, a Greek king.
	TROJAN WAR --------------------- At the wedding of Thetis and Peleus, who was invited?	The wedding was a magnificent occasion, and all of the gods and goddesses were invited except Eris, goddess of strife.
	TROJAN WAR --------------------- Because Eris, goddess of strife was not invited, what did she do?	Eric, incensed at being slighted, appeared in the midst of the festivities and spitefully threw among the assembled guests a golden apple.
	TROJAN WAR ----------------------- The golden apple that Eris through is famously known as? What was the inscription on the apple?	APPLE OF DISCORD inscription: "To the fairest."
	TROJAN WAR --------------------- Who were the three goddesses that the contest to have the Apple of Discord narrowed down to?	JUNO queen of the gods MINERVA goddess of wisdom VENUS goddess of love and beauty
	TROJAN WAR --------------------- Rivalry between the three goddesses over the Apple of Discord became so great that they called upon who to decide the outcome?	They called upon Jupiter to decide; but he discreetly refused to act as a judge.
	TROJAN WAR -------------------- Since Jupiter refused to decide, the decision was left to who?	PARIS, son of Priam, king of TROY.
	TROJAN WAR --------------------- Troy is also known as what?	Troy = Ilium
	TROJAN WAR --------------------- What did Juno offer Paris as a bribe for the Apple of Discord?	Juno offered Paris great wealth and unlimited power.
	TROJAN WAR ----------------------- What did Minerva offer Paris as a bribe for the Apple of Discord?	Minerva offered Paris the gift of great wisdom.
	TROJAN WAR -------------------- What did Venus offer Paris as a bribe for the Apple of Discord?	Venus promised Paris the most beautiful woman in the world for his wife.
	TROJAN WAR --------------------- What did Paris decide?	Paris awarded the prize of the Apple of Discord to Venus and therefore incurred the vindictive and unforgiving hatred of Juno and Minerva.
	TROJAN WAR ---------------------- What is Paris's decision known as? What historical implications did it have?	THE JUDGMENT OF PARIS ----------- This was the beginning of unending trouble for Paris and the Trojan people.
	TROJAN WAR --------------------- Venus promised Paris the most beautiful woman in the world to be his wife, who was this?	The most beautiful woman in the world at the time was HELEN
	TROJAN WAR ---------------------- Helen was...?	Helen was the daughter of Leda and wife of Menelaus - king of Sparta.
	TROJAN WAR --------------------- Paris & Helen	Paris succeeded in winning Helen and eloping with her to Troy.
	TROJAN WAR -------------------- Trojan War begins, who is the leader?	All Greece at once arose in arms to avenge the insult of having one of their women carried off by a foreigner. Leader: Agamemnon (brother of Menelaus)
	TROJAN WAR -------------------- What was the hold up for the forces of Greece?	The forces assembled at the port of AULIS in eastern Greece, but day after day the winds were unfavorable & it was impossible for them to set sail.
	TROJAN WAR -------------------- Who did the Greeks consult about this problem? What did this person say?	The Greeks consulted CALCHAS, the soothsayer of the expedition. He replied that no favorable wind could be expected until they had sacrified IPHIGENEIA, daughter of Agamemnon, to appease the gods.
	TROJAN WAR -------------------- GREAT GREEK HEROES who joined with Agamemnon and Menelaus NESTOR	NESTOR (Greek Hero) older, knew more, and could talk more than any othe rman of his time.
	TROJAN WAR -------------------- GREAT GREEK HEROES who joined with Agamemnon and Menelaus ULYSSES	ULYSSES (Greek Hero) cunning
	TROJAN WAR -------------------- GREAT GREEK HEROES who joined with Agamemnon and Menelaus ACHILLES	ACHILLES (Greek Hero) dashing young hero ever eager to do and to dare for the pure thrill of excitement and the love of adventure.
	TROJAN WAR -------------------- GREAT GREEK HEROES who joined with Agamemnon and Menelaus AJAX	AJAX (Greek Hero) whose enormous strength was accompanied by a correspondingly dull wit.
	TROJAN WAR -------------------- GREAT GREEK HEROES who joined with Agamemnon and Menelaus OILEUS	OILEUS (Greek Hero) son of Ajax who was ever eager to grab his part of the spoils
	TROJAN WAR -------------------- GREAT GREEK HEROES who joined with Agamemnon and Menelaus DIOMEDES	DIOMEDES (Greek Hero) who dared to fight against the very gods on the field of battle.
	TROJAN WAR -------------------- TROJAN WARRIORS opposed the Greeks HECTOR	HECTOR (Trojan Warrior) eldest son of Priam and the noblest of all the warriors before Troy
	TROJAN WAR -------------------- TROJAN WARRIORS opposed the Greeks PARIS	PARIS (Trojan Warrior) who was fighting mightily to keep Helen
	TROJAN WAR -------------------- TROJAN WARRIORS opposed the Greeks AENEAS	AENEAS (Trojan Warrior) son of Venus and Anchises
	TROJAN WAR -------------------- The siege between the Trojans and the Greeks lasted how long?	10 long years.
	TROJAN WAR -------------------- Who had the advantage? Why?	The Greeks had a slight advantage, owing to the fact that more of the gods were fighting on their side than on that of the Trojans.
	TROJAN WAR -------------------- Juno and Minerva were helpful to which side, and why?	Juno and Minerva were especially helpful to the Greeks, since they had both developed an undying hatred against all the Trojans, because the evident unfairness of Trojan Paris in awarding the beauty prize to their hated rival, Venus.
	TROJAN WAR -------------------- Through the stratagem of the wooden horse, what happened?	Through the stratagem of the wooden horse, Troy was finally captured and destroyed.
	TROJAN WAR -------------------- What happened to the defeated Trojans?	Most of the inhabitants were either killed or dragged away into slavery.
	TROJAN WAR -------------------- What happened to Aeneas?	A few under the leadership of Aeneas, succeeded in escaping. After long wanderings and much hardship they finally reached Italy where they settled and established their rule over the uncivilized natives.
	TROJAN WAR -------------------- The settlement of Aeneas in Italy resulted in the founding of what city?	Rome, which gradually extended its sway and established the Roman Empire -- with Augustus at its head in the days of Vergil.
	What was the PURPOSE OF THE AENEID? Which both Vergil and Augustus wished to see come about.	The revival of faith in the old-time religion. The educated Romans were loosing the faith of their fathers with its simple, unquestioning reliance on the infallible wisdom of the gods and their helpful interference in human affairs.
	THE ROMAN RELIGION ------------------------------------ Before their acquaintance with Greek culture, the Romans had a religion of their own which consisted of a number of DEPARTMENTAL DIVINITIES.	Each DEPARTMENTAL DIVINITY had charge of some general field in human experience, the boundaries of which were never clearly defined. Therefore, there was considerable overlapping of authroity and confusion in the divine government.
	THE ROMAN RELIGION ------------------------------------ With the coming of Greek culture...	No radical change was effected, but the Romans took over a vast mass of Greek stories about the gods and the deeds of divine and semidivine characters.
	THE ROMAN RELIGION ------------------------------------ Greek & Roman names of gods...	In most cases the Roman names of the various divinities were retained, and they were simply identified with the corresponding Greek deities with their elaborate system of mythology.
	THE ROMAN RELIGION ------------------------------------ Roman Jupiter = Greek ?	Roman Jupiter = Greek Zeus The father of gods and men
	THE ROMAN RELIGION ------------------------------------ Roman Juno = Greek ?	Roman Juno = Greek Hera
	THE ROMAN RELIGION ------------------------------------ Roman Minerva = Greek ?	Roman Minerva = Greek Athena
	THE ROMAN RELIGION ------------------------------------ Roman Venus = Greek ?	Roman Venus = Greek Aphrodite
	THE ROMAN RELIGION ------------------------------------ Roman Mercury = Greek ?	Roman Mercury = Greek Hermes
	THE ROMAN RELIGION ------------------------------------ Roman Neptune = Greek ?	Roman Neptune = Greek Poseidon
	THE ROMAN RELIGION ------------------------------------ Roman Vulcan = Greek ?	Roman Vulcan = Greek Hephaestus
	THE ROMAN RELIGION ------------------------------------ Along with Roman names, what else was retained?	The Roman religion had certain characteristic divinities and conceptions of its own before the coming of Greek culture, and these were retained.
	THE ROMAN RELIGION ------------------------------------ The religious ideas embodied in the Aeneid are dealing primarily to which religion?	Greco-Roman religion to which are added certain Roman features not belonging to the Greek system.
	THE ROMAN RELIGION ------------------------------------ JUPITER	JUPITER - head of the Roman system of religion. - father and king of gods and men. - god of heaven - fathered the storm clouds and hurled the lightning sign: thunderbolt messenger: eagle
	THE ROMAN RELIGION ------------------------------------ APOLLO	APOLLO - the great god of light & the foe of all darkness and evil. - ideal of manly beauty - patron of music, prophecy, poetry and medicine.
	THE ROMAN RELIGION ------------------------------------ MARS	MARS - brutal and bloody god of war and of battles.
	THE ROMAN RELIGION ------------------------------------ VULCAN	VULCAN - god of fire - supervised the working of metals and all useful and mechanical arts.
	THE ROMAN RELIGION ------------------------------------ MERCURY	MERCURY - winged sandals - magic wand - messenger and herald of the gods - god of inventions, trade and commerce.
	THE ROMAN RELIGION ------------------------------------ BACCHUS	BACCHUS - god of wine - master of revelry
	THE ROMAN RELIGION ------------------------------------ NEPTUNE	NEPTUNE - brother of Jupiter - god of all the seas and waters of the earth.
	THE ROMAN RELIGION ------------------------------------ JUNO	JUNO - wife of Jupiter - queen of the gods - presided over the life of women - over the rites of marriage
	THE ROMAN RELIGION ------------------------------------ MINERVA	MINERVA - goddess of wisdom, arts, female handicrafts
	THE ROMAN RELIGION ------------------------------------ DIANA	DIANA - sister of APOLLO - divinity of the moonlight - goddess of the woods - mistress of the chase
	THE ROMAN RELIGION ------------------------------------ VENUS	VENUS - born of the sea foam near Cythera - goddess of love and beauty
	THE ROMAN RELIGION ------------------------------------ CERES	CERES - goddess of grain - presided over seedtime and harvest
	THE ROMAN RELIGION ------------------------------------ VESTA	VESTA - goddess of the household fire - presided over hearth and home - presided over the sanctities of family life
	THE ROMAN RELIGION ------------------------------------ PLUTO / DIS	PLUTO / DIS - his queen was PROSPERINA - ruled over the lower world and the souls of the dead.
	THE ROMAN RELIGION ------------------------------------ MINOR DIVINITIES NYMPHS	NYMPHS - beautiful and feminine - haunted every fountain, stream, mountain or sea
	THE ROMAN RELIGION ------------------------------------ MINOR DIVINITIES SATYRS	SATYRS - masculine counterparts of the nymphs - homely - frequented the forests, fields, and mountains
	THE ROMAN RELIGION ------------------------------------ MINOR DIVINITIES THE FATES	THE FATES - presided over human destinies
	THE ROMAN RELIGION ------------------------------------ MINOR DIVINITIES THE FURIES	THE FURIES - avenged such crimes as murder and sacrilege
	THE ROMAN RELIGION ------------------------------------ MINOR DIVINITIES 3 of the most famous personified qualities	FORTUNE CONCORD PEACE
	THE ROMAN RELIGION ------------------------------------ JANUS	JANUS two-faced god of beginnings and of gateways
	THE ROMAN RELIGION ------------------------------------ MINOR DIVINITIES THE LARES AND PENATES how were they worshiped?	HOUSEHOLD DEITIES LARES and PENATES along with VESTA formed the center of the family worship. - worshiped each day at the family meal. When the household sat down to dinner, a little of the food was thrown into the flames of the fire on the hearth, and a little wine was poured out as an offering to the household gods. - The images of the lares and penates would also be brought from their shring and placed on the table to insure their presence at the meal.
	THE ROMAN RELIGION ------------------------------------ MANES (spirits of the dead)	MANES - manes, meaning "the pure ones" - Spirits of the Dead - always looked upon as guardian deities of the family - supposed to live a shadowy sort of existence in the lower work - sometimes returned to haunt the grave where they had been buried (because if had not had a proper burial they would wander unhappily for a hundred years as a source of terror to the living = importance of proper burial)
	THE ROMAN RELIGION ------------------------------------ Signs & Omens	Signs & Omens It was believed that the gods indicated their purposes to men by means of signs and omens. such as: Dreams Thunder Lightning an Eclipse of the Sun Blazing Comet Flight of Birds Peculiar appearance of the Entrails of an Animal offered for sacrifice.
	THE ROMAN RELIGION ------------------------------------ Oracles	Oracles The gods were also thought to deliver special communication at SACRED PLACES known as "oracles". - most famous oracle: APOLLO AT DELPHI - other famous oracles: at Delos, at Cumae, and in the Libyan desert
	THE ROMAN RELIGION ------------------------------------ Oracles APOLLO AT DELPHI	APOLLO AT DELPHI The most famous of Oracles Here stood a temple of Apollo over a cleft in the rock, and over this cleft, in the dark inner recesses of the temple was placed a tripod containing a set for the Priestess of Pythia, who delivered the oracles.
	THE ROMAN RELIGION ------------------------------------ Roman religion did what?	Busied itself with the everyday lives of the people. All people were tied together by a common worship, so all the citizens were held together by a common reverence for the divinities and powers who protected and guided the state. Therefore, Roman religion = indispensable bond of union for the family as well as the nation.

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