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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Over 90% of cases of Lyme Disease are found in which regions of the US?
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Northeast and upper Midwest
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What are the 3 life stages of the tick? During which stage(s) can the tick transmit Borrelia?
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larva, nymph, and adult. It acquires Borrelia are a larva, and can transmit it as a nymph and/or adult.
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During which season of the year do nymphs begin feeding?
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Spring
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What Borrelia surface protein and tick salivary protein allows the bacteria to exit the tick during feeding?
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Borrelia OspC binds to Salp15 in the saliva.
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What Borrelia surface protein and tick gut surface receptor bind the bacterium to the tick's gut?
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OspA on Borrelia binds to TROSPA in the tick's gut.
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What is the shape of Borrelia?
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spirochete
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How does Salp15 in the tick's saliva help Borrelia evade the host immune system?
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Salp15 blocks attachment of antibodies and activation of T cells.
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Can Borrelia be cultured?
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yes
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What is unique about the Borrelia genome?
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It consists of a small chromosome and large number of circular and linear plasmids.
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In what host(s) are OspA and OspC expressed on the Borrelia cell surface?
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OspA: Only tick.
OspC: Tick and mammal |
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What are the 3 stages of Lyme Disease and how long does it take for their onset?
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Stage 1: Localized infection within days to weeks.
Stage 2: Disseminated infection within weeks to months. Stage 3: Persistent infection within months to years. |
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Is Borrelia intra- or extracellular? What are its virulence factors?
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Extracellular. It has no known virulence factors.
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What is the likely cause of inflammation in Lyme Disease?
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Borrelia lipoproteins (NOT LPS) bind TLR2.
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What are two ways That Borrelia can persist despite the robust immune response?
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Antigenic variation via DNA recombination.
Phase variation via different protein expression. |
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What is the characteristic rash that appears soon after infection?
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Erthema migrans at the site of the bite.
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What two symptoms characterize stage 3 of Lyme Disease
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chronic arthritis and CNS disease
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In what stage do patients first develop arthritis?
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Stage 2
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What are the symptoms of Stage 1 Lyme Disease?
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Erythema migrans, fever, chills, muscle ache, fatigue
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Can Lyme Disease be effectively treated? When?
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Yes in the early stages of disease (Stages 1 and 2).
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Which arthropod bacterial disease vector is the most prolific transmitter of disease?
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Ticks
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What causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
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Rickettsia rickettsii
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Is Rickettsia intra- or extracellular?
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It is an obligate intracellular parasite.
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What is the shape of Rickettsia?
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Coccobacillus
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Where does Rickettsia grow?
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Salivary glands of ticks
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What are the two cycles of how Rickettsia is maintained (not life cycles)?
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Vertical transmission: Adult tick-->egg-->larvae-->adult tick
OR Mammal-->Larval tick-->Nymphal and adult ticks-->Mammal |
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What state has the highest number of cases and mortality of RMSF?
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North Carolina
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What cells does Rickettsia invade? How
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It induces endocytosis after binding to receptors of vascular endothelial cells.
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What is the progression on the body of the rash that accompanies RMSF?
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it moves from the extremities to the trunk.
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What are the symptoms of early RMSF?
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chills, fever, rash, headache
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What is the result of Rickettsia invasion of vascular endothelial cells?
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Fulminant vasculitis, especially in endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells of major organs.
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What is the fatality rate of RMSF WITH treatment?
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25%
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How does Rickettsia cause damage to its host endothelial cells?
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Increased intracellular ROS and decreased intracellular anti-oxidants
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What condition can result from the vasculitis seen in RMSF?
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DIC
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What are some causes of death in RMSF?
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Vasomotor weakness, shock, renal failure, and respiratory or cardiac arrest.
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Does the increased intracellular ROS seen with Rickettsia infection result from a toxin produced by the bacteria?
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NO
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What is the main way in which RMSF is diagnosed?
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Clinically. There aren't good lab tests for the disease.
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Where is Rickettsia located in the endothelial cell?
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cytoplasm
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What are the targets and cellular location of Eherlichia/Anaplsma?
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Their target is monocytes and they reside in a cytoplasmic endosomal vacuole.
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