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10 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Temporal Arteritis (Giant Cell ateritis) Overview, symptoms, findings and tx
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Most common vasculitis and affects large and medium arteries, usually branches of carotid artery. Focal granulomatous inflamation. Affects elderly females
Symptoms: Unilateral headache, jaw claudication, impaired vision. (occlusion of opthalmic artery) Findings: Associated with an increase ESR. Half of patients have systemic involvement and polymyalgia rhematica. Tx: High-dose steroids. |
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Takayasu's arteritis
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Affects medium and large arteries
Known as "pulseless disease"- granulomatous thickening of aortic arch and/or proximal great vessels. Associated w/ increased ESR. Primarily effects Asian females < 40 yrs old. Symptoms: Fever, Arthritis, Night sweats, Myalgia, Skin nodules, Ocular disturbances, Weak pulses in upper extremities. (FAN MY SKIN On Wednesday.) |
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Wegener's granulomatosis
Overview, Symptoms, Findings, and tx |
Affects small vessels
Characterized by triad of focal necrotzing vasculitis, necrotizing granulomas in the lungs and upper airway, and necrotizing glomerulonephritis. Symptoms: Perforation of nasal septum, chronic sinuitis, otitis media, mastoiditis, cough, dyspnea, hemoptysis, hematuria Findings: c-ANCA is a strong marker of disease; chest x-ray may reveal large nodular densities; hematuria and red cell cast Tx: Cyclophoshamide and corticosteroids |
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Churg-Strauss syndrome
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Effects small vessles
Granulomatous vasculitis w/eosinophilia. Involves lung, heart, skin, kidneys, nerves. Often seen atopic patients. p-ANCA. |
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Encephalopaphy:overview, gen. ss, various causes and types
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A diffuse disease of the brain that affect brain function or structure.
General SS: main feature is altered mental state, nystagmus, myoclonus, tremor, fatigue, seizures. Symptoms vary w/the severity and type of encephalopathy Causes: main causes are liver disease, kidney disease and lack of O2 to brain. Also maybe caused by certain drugs, infections, metabolism disturbances, brain tumors Types: Hepatic, hypertensive, Wernike's, hypoxic, Uremic, etc |
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Hepatic Encephalopathy
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SS: Disturbances in consciousness (beh. changes, stupor, confusion, coma)
Asterixis, Seizures, limb rigidity, hypereflexia and electroencephalogram changes. Path: Loss of hepatocellular function and blood shunting. Alter metabolic milieu bathes CNS. Excessive amonia may be cause of damage. Little morphological change in the brain. |
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Hypertensive Encephalopathy
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SS: Rapidly evolving severe htn. Diffuse cerebral dysfunction: headaches, nausea, confusion, convulsions which sometimes lead to coma.
Focal neurological signs are common. Path: Associated w/malignant htn (diastolic > 130 and systolic >200) |
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Muscular dystrophy: overview and types
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Inherited disorder characterized by progressive muscular weakness and wasting w/subsequent replacement by fibrous and fatty connective tissue
Often begins in childhood. It is a mutation of the gene coding for dystrophin. Dystrophin connects the cytoskeleton of muscle fibers to the ecm thru the cell membrane Types: Duchennes, Beckers, Mytonic, Emery-Dreifuss dystrophy, Lymb-girdle MD |
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Duchenne's MD: Overview and histo, SS and P
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Most common (1/35000 males)
May be inherited in a recessive X linked fashion or aquired. SS: Usually normal at birth, weak by age 5, in wheel-chair by 10-12 and die in early 20's. Weakness begins in pelvic girdle and extends to shoulder girdle. Enlarged calves. Positive Gowers' sign. Pathological changes in heart. Some cognitive impairment Histo: Variation in myofiber size, Increased # of internalized nuclei, degeneration, necrosis and phagocytosis of muscle fibers, proliferation of endomysial connective tissue. Almost no to no dystrophin found in mucles. Path: Frameshift or point mutations/deletion of Xp21:gene encoding for the dystrophin protein |
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Beckers MD
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Same histo as Duchenne's. Milder course w/later onset. There is some level of the dystrophin protein present.
It is also an inherited disease |
