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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Starling's equation?
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[Net filtration] = KF(PC – Pi) – σ(Opc – Opi) – Q
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Define: osmotic pressure
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The pressure that must be applied to prevent inward flow of fluid across a membrane (increasing solute => higher pressure)
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Which pro-inflammatory cytokines are produced by endothelial cells?
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NO, prostaglandins
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Which compounds mediate vasodilation?
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Bradykinin, NO, PGI2 (prostaglandin), histamine, LXA2 (leukotriene) and complement components C3 and C5
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Which compounds mediate vasoconstriction?
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TXA2 (thromboxane), endothelin, leukotrienes: LTC4, LTD4, LTE4
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Kupffer cell
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Resident macrophage of the liver
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Langerhans cell
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Resident macrophage of the skin
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Define: microglia
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Resident macrophages of the CNS
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Define: osteoclast
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Resident macrophage of the bone
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Define: Thrombin
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Factor IIa -- the active serine protease that functions in clot formation, fibrolysis and wound healing
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Define: hypovolemic shock (what factors contribute?)
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Shock due to decreased fluid return to the right heart, either due to fluid loss or insufficient fluid intake
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Define: Cardiogenic shock (contributing factors)
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Shock due to failure of heart to pump efficiently (myocardial damage, blockage)
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Define: Distributive shock (contributing factors)
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Shock due to lack of systemic resistance (anaphylaxis, sepsis, adrenal insufficiency, neurogenic dysregulation)
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Which cytokines are implicated in septic shock?
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IL-1 and TNFalpha
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Which cytokines are implicated in anaphylactic shock?
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Complement components C3a, C5a
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The tissue effects of acute inflammation are mediated by which immune cell type?
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Neutrophils
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The tissue effects of chronic inflammation are mediated by which immune cell type?
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Macrophages
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What type of enzymatic activity overwhelmingly characterizes cell response to prolonged elevation of intracellular calcium levels? What process is this part of?
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Degradation of biomolecules (phospholipases, proteases, endonucleases). Characteristic of necrosis.
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What nuclear changes accompany necrosis?
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Pyknosis -- shrinkage
Karyorrhexis -- fragmentation Karyolysis -- disappearance |
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What are the 5 types of necrosis?
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Coagulative, liquefactive, caseating, fat, fibrinoid
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What are the histological characteristics of coagulative necrosis?
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Karyolysis
Deepening of cytoplasmic stain |
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What is a Weibel-Palade body, and when it is relevant?
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Intracellular vesicle containing P-selectins. Fuses with the membrane upon endothelial cell activation by histamine, PAF or thrombin
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Which feature characterizes the histology of chronic inflammation?
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Fibrosis
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What features characterize a granuloma? When would this be seen?
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No acute inflammation and (histologically) a circular "string of pearls" orientation of giant, multi-nucleated immune cells. This is seen in cases like TB, where purpose is to limit infection.
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Which change in systemic cytokine profile reflects the change from acute-phase response to systemic immune response?
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From TNFalpha + IL1beta + IL6 to TNFalpha + IL1beta + PAF
This is accompanied by dropping levels of WBCs |
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Why is fever associated with acidosis?
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Because it is associated with increased metabolism and respiratory rate => more pyruvate => more lactate
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