Vascular Ultrasound

Front 1

What branches arise from the aortic arch?

Back 1

1.Inominate /Brachiocephalic
2.Left Common Carotid Artery
3.Left Subclavian Artery

Front 2

Describe the inominate artery.

Back 2

1.Also called the Brachiocephalic Artery
2.Arises from the right only
3.Divides into the right common carotid and subclavian arteries

Front 3

Describe the subclavian artery.

Back 3

1.Arches above clavicle;behind scalenus anterior muscle.
2.Runs laterally/downward to outer border of first rib becoming axillary artery.
3.Most important branches: vertebral,thyrocervical, internal thoracic and costocervical.

Front 4

Which artery becomes the brachial artery after giving off several branches?

Back 4

Axillary Artery

Front 5

Describe the radial artery.

Back 5

1.originates from the brachial artery
2.travels down lateral side of the forearm into the hand
3.branches to form the superficial palmar arch
4.terminates in the deep palmar arch

Front 6

Describe the ulnar artery.

Back 6

1.originates from the brachial artery
2.travels down the medial of the forearm into the hand
3.branches to form the deep palmar (volar) branch
4.terminates in the superficial palmar arch

Front 7

What does the superfical palmar arch include?

Back 7

1.distal portion of the ulnar artery
2.branch of the radial artery

Front 8

What does the deep palmar arch include?

Back 8

1.deep palmar branch of the ulnar artery
2.distal portion of the radial artery

Front 9

List the visceral branches of the abdominal aorta.

Back 9

1.Celiac artery
2.Superior Mesenteric Artery
3.Renal Arteries
4.Inferior mesenteric arteries

Front 10

Describe the celiac artery.

Back 10

1.supplies stomach,liver, pancreas,duodenum,and spleen.
2.branches into left gastric,splenic,and common hepatic arteries.

Front 11

Describe the superior mesenteric artery (SMA).

Back 11

1.supplies small intestine,cecum,parts of colon
2.located about 1 cm behind celiac artery
3.can be a common trunk of the celiac artery and sma

Front 12

Describe the renal arteries.

Back 12

1.supply blood to the kidneys,suprarenal glands,ureters
2.multiple renal arteries not uncommon bilaterally

Front 13

What is a landmark for locating the left renal artery?

Back 13

the left renal vein which crosses the aorta anteriorly

Front 14

What are the terminal branches of the abdominal aorta?

Back 14

1.Common iliac arteries
2.Peroneal arteries
3.Digital arteries/Plantar arch
4.Capillaries

Front 15

Which arteries are the most distal branches of the aorta carrying blood to the pelvis,abdominal wall, and lower limbs?

Back 15

Common Iliac Arteries (CIA)

Front 16

The common iliac arteries divide into what two arteries?

Back 16

1.Internal Iliac Artery (hypogastric)
2.External Iliac Artery

Front 17

Describe the internal iliac artery.

Back 17

1.Also called the hpogastric artery
2.divides into parietal and visceral branches

Front 18

Describe the external iliac artery.

Back 18

1.travels in a lateral/inferior direction along medial side of psoas major muscle
2.passes underneath the inguinal ligament and becomes the CFA

Front 19

What are the lower extremity arteries?

Back 19

1.Common Femoral Artery
2.Superficial Femoral Artery
3.Deep Femoral Artery(profunda femoris)
4.Popliteal Artery
5.Anterior Tibial Artery
6.Dorsalis Pedis Artery
7.Posterior Tibial Artery
8.Peroneal Artery

Front 20

The common femoral artery divides into which two arteries?

Back 20

1.Superficial Femoral
2.Deep Femoral (Profunda Femoris)

Front 21

Describe the superficial femoral artery.

Back 21

1.Runs the length of the thigh,passing through an opening in the tendon of the adductor hiatus (adductor canal,Hunter's canal)
2.enters the popliteal fossa behind the knee

Front 22

Describe the deep femoral artery.

Back 22

1.also called the profunda femoris
2.a large branch;arises about 5 cm. fromthe inguinal ligament on the lateral side
3.can act as a collateral connection

Front 23

Describe the popliteal artery.

Back 23

1.gives off number of genicular branches (which can act as collateral branches)to supply muscles, knee joint, and skin
2.at interval between tibia and fibula(at lower portion of popliteus muscle)
3.divides into anterior and posterior tibial arteries

Front 24

Describe the anterior tibial artery (ATA).

Back 24

1.first branch off the popliteal artery
2.passes superficially to interosseous membrane;runs deep in front of leg
3.at its lower end, becomes dorsalis pedis artery (DPA) and is directed across dorsum of foot towards base of great toe
4.major branch of DPA:deep plantar artery;penetrating the sole of the foot,it unites with lateral plantar artery to complete plantar arch

Front 25

Describe the posterior tibial artery (PTA).

Back 25

1.extends obliquely down posterior/medial side of leg
2.largest branch:peroneal artery arises at its superior end
3.tibioperoneal trunk:short segment between ATA branch and branches of PTA and peroneal arteries
4.major branches:lateral and medial plantar arteries, branching below medial malleolus to supply sole of foot

Front 26

Describe the peroneal artery.

Back 26

Passes toward fibula, traveling down medial side of that bone to supply structures of the lateral side of leg/foot.

Front 27

Describe the digital arteries/plantar arch.

Back 27

1.the plantar and dorsal metatarsals distribute blood to digits.
2.plantar arch consists of deep plantar arch and lateral plantar artery which unites with the deep plantar artery

Front 28

What are capillaries?

Back 28

1.vessels of microcirculation
2.arteries transport gases, nutrients,and other essential substances to the capillaries.
3.at the capillary level, nutrients and waste products are exchanged between the tisue and blood

Front 29

What are the layers of the arterial wall?

Back 29

1.Tunica Intima
2.Tunica Media
3.Tunica Externa

Front 30

What is the tunica intima?

Back 30

the thin inner layer of the arterial wall consisting of smooth endothelium,base membrane,and connective tissue.

Front 31

What is the tunica media?

Back 31

the thicker intermediate layer of the arterial wall which consist of smooth muscle and connective tissue

Front 32

What is the tunica externa?

Back 32

1.The outer layer (adventitia) which is somewhat thinner than media and contains fibrous connective tissue and some muscle fibers
2.adventitial layer contains the vasa vasorum(tiny vessels that carry blood to the walls of the larger arteries)

Front 33

Arterial System: 1.Multi-branched elastic conduit set into oscillation by ______
_____ of the heart.

Back 33

each beat

Front 34

Arterial System: 2.Each beat pumps about ___ milliliters of blood into the aorta causing a blood pressure pulse.

Back 34

70

Front 35

Arterial System: 3.How does cardiac contraction begin?

Back 35

1.pressure in the left ventricle rises rapidly
2.left ventricle pressure exceeds that in the aorta
3.aortic valve opens,blood is ejected,BP rises

Front 36

Arterial system: 4 Increased heart rate delivers an ______
______ ______.

Back 36

increased blood volume

Front 37

_____ ______ ______ plays an important role in the movement of blood throughout the vascular symptoms.

Back 37

Patient's cardiac status

Front 38

What is the function of the heart pump?

Back 38

1.generates the pressure to move the blood
2.results in a pressure wave(energy wave) that travels rapidly throughout the system,demonstrating a gradual transformation as it travels distally

Front 39

Pumping action of heart results in ____ _____ ___ _____ in _____ to maintain a high pressure gradient between the arteries and veins.

Back 39

high volume of blood;arteries

Front 40

______ ______ governs the amount of blood that enters the arterial system; _______
______ and total ______ ______
determines the amount that leaves it.

Back 40

cardiac output;arterial pressure;peripheral resistance

Front 41

Each cardiac contraction _____
the arteries,which serves as reservoirs to store some blood volume and potential energy supplied to the system.

Back 41

distends

Front 42

Pressure is _____ at the heart,gradually _______ as the blood moves further away. This pressure is ______ to maintain blood flow.

Back 42

greater;decreasing;necessary

Front 43

What two things are required for the movement of any fluid medium between two points?

Back 43

1.a pathway along which the fluid can flow
2.difference in energy levels (pressure difference)

Front 44

What does the amount of flow depend on?

Back 44

1.energy difference,including losses resulting from movement of fluid
2.any resistance which tends to oppose such movement

Front 45

Lower Resistance=_____ ______ _______.

Back 45

Higher flow rate

Front 46

Higher resistance=______ ____ ______.

Back 46

Lower flow rate

Front 47

The total energy contained in moving fluid is the sum of _______,_______,and_______ energies.

Back 47

Pressure,kinetic,gravitational

Front 48

How is pressure(potential) energy expressed?

Back 48

mm Hg

Front 49

How is kinetic energy expressed?

Back 49

In terms of fluid density and its velocity measurements

Front 50

What is gravitational energy(hydrostatic pressure) equivalent to?

Back 50

the weight of the column of blood extending from the heart to the level where pressure is measured

Front 51

Gravitational Energy (hydrostatic pressure):
1.arteries and veins are nearly the ____ ____ as the heart.

Back 51

same level

Front 52

Hydrostatic pressure:
2.there is a ___ mmHg against the arteries and veins at the ankle.

Back 52

0

Front 53

Hysrostatic pressure:
3.when standing ,HP increases,adding about ____ mmHg against ankle vessels.

Back 53

100