Vascular Ultrasound

Front 1

Proximal to the arch, the first branches of the ascending aorta are the

Back 1

coronary arteries

Front 2

__ divides into the right common carotid and subclavian arties

Back 2

innominate/ brachiocephalic

Front 3

the three branches of the aortic arch in order are

Back 3

innominate/ brachiocephalic, left common carotid artery, and left subclavian artery

Front 4

___ runs laterally to outer border of 1st rib becoming the axillary artery. Some branches include vertebral, thyrocervical, costocervical

Back 4

subclavian artery

Front 5

____ after giving off several branches, becomes the brachial artery

Back 5

axillary a

Front 6

__ branches into the radial and ulnar arteries at the inner aspect of the elbow, (also known as he anticubital fossa)

Back 6

brachial a

Front 7

__ travels down lateral side of forearm into hand, branching to form the superficial palmar arch and terminates in the deep palmar arch by joining deep branch of the ulnar artery

Back 7

radial a

Front 8

__ travels down medial side of forearm into hand, branching to form deep palmar arch and terminates in the superficial palmar arch

Back 8

ulnar a

Front 9

__ is the predominate source of blood flow in the hand

Back 9

ulnar a

Front 10

____ includes the distal portion of the ulnar artery and a branch of the radial artery

Back 10

superficial palmar (volar) arch

Front 11

__ includes branch of ulnar artery and distal portion of the radial artery

Back 11

deep palmar volar arch

Front 12

digital arteries arise from the ___ and extend into the fingers dividing into lateral and medial branches

Back 12

palmar arches

Front 13

the visceral branches of the abdominal aorta include

Back 13

celiac artery, sma, renal arteries, ima

Front 14

___ supplies stomach, liver, pancreas,duodenum, spleen. branchesinto left gastric, splenic, and common hepatic arteries

Back 14

celiac artery

Front 15

____ supplies the small intestine, cecum, parts of colon. located about 1cm below celiac a

Back 15

sma

Front 16

___ supply blood to the kidneys, suprarenal glands, ureters.

Back 16

renal arteries

Front 17

___ renal arteries not uncommon bilaterally

Back 17

multiple

Front 18

in transverse, a landmark for locating the left renal a is the ______

Back 18

the left renal vein which crosses the aorta anteriorly, the artery being just posterior

Front 19

___ supplies transverse, descending colon and part of rectum. arises about 3-4cm above bif. can act as a collateral connection

Back 19

IMA

Front 20

both ___ are the most distal branches of the aorta carrying blood to the pelvis, abdominal and lower limbs

Back 20

common iliac arteries

Front 21

the common iliac artery divides into ___ and ___

Back 21

internal iliac artery (hypogastric) and external iliac artery

Front 22

___ travels along medial side of psoas major muscle

Back 22

external iliac artery

Front 23

after the external iliac artery passes underneath the inguinal ligament it becomes the ___

Back 23

common femoral artery

Front 24

__ divides into the sfa and the deep femoral artery

Back 24

common femoral artery

Front 25

__ runs the length of the thigh, passing through an opening in the tendon of the adductor (hunters canal). and enters the popliteal fossa behind the knee

Back 25

superficial femoral artery

Front 26

___ is a large branch arises about 5cm from the inguinal ligament on the lateral side and can act as a collateral connection

Back 26

deep femoral (profunda femoris) artery

Front 27

___ consists of deep plantar artery (branch of DPA) and the lateral plantar arteru (branch of the PTA) which unites with the deep plantar artery

Back 27

plantar arch

Front 28

___ and __ distribute blood to the digits in the foot

Back 28

plantar and dorsal

Front 29

___ passes toward fibula traveling down medail side of that bone to supply structures of the lateral side of leg/ foot

Back 29

peroneal artery

Front 30

____ extends obliquely down posterior / medial side of the leg

Back 30

PTA

Front 31

___ trunk is the short segment between ATA branch ad branches of PTA and peroneal arteries

Back 31

tibioperoneal trunk

Front 32

the first branch off distal popliteal artery

Back 32

anterior tibial artery

Front 33

____ transport gases nutrients and other essential substances to the capillaries.

Back 33

arteries

Front 34

____ are considered resistance vessels and assist with regulating blood flow though contraction and relaxation

Back 34

arterioles

Front 35

____ is where nutrients and waste products are exchanged between the tissue and blood

Back 35

capillaries

Front 36

___ layer is thin, consisting of a surface layer of smooth endothelium, base membrane and connective tissue

Back 36

tunica intima/ inner layer (artery)

Front 37

____ layer is thicker composed of smooth muscle and connective tissue largely of the elastic type

Back 37

tunica media/ intermediate (artery)

Front 38

____ layer is somewhat thinner than media contains fibrous connective tissue and some muscle fibers

Back 38

tunica externa/ outer layer (adventitia) artery wall

Front 39

As a rule, the ___ layer contains the vasa vasorum, tiny vessels that carry blood to the walls of the larger arteries

Back 39

adventitial layer outer layer

Front 40

___ set into oscillation by each beat of the heart

Back 40

multi-branched elastic conduit

Front 41

each beat pumps about __ of blood into the aorta causing a blood pressure pulse

Back 41

70 milliliters

Front 42

Order of cardis contration:
1. 2. 3.

Back 42

pressure in the left ventricle rises rapidly then left ventricle pressure exceeds that in the aorta and finally the aortic valve opens, blood is ejected causing the blood pressure to rise

Front 43

Increased heart rate delivers an ___ blood volume

Back 43

increased

Front 44

___ plays an important role in the movement of blood throughout the vascular system

Back 44

patients cardiac status

Front 45

the heart pump generates the pressure to move the blood resulting in a ____ that travels rapidly throughout the system, demonstrationing a gradual transformation as it travels distally

Back 45

pressure wave ( energy wave)

Front 46

pumping acrion of heart results in high volume of blood in arteries to maintain a ___ between the arteries and veins

Back 46

high pressure gradient

Front 47

___ governs the amount of blood that enters the arterial system; arterial pressure and total___ determines the amount that leaves it

Back 47

cardiac output
peripheral resistance

Front 48

each cardiac contraction __ the arteries ehich serve as reservoirs to store some blood volume and potential energy supplied th the system

Back 48

distends

Front 49

___ is greater at the heart, gradually decreasing as the blood moves further away. this __ difference is necessary to maintain blood flow

Back 49

pressure

Front 50

movement of any fluid medium between two points requires two things

Back 50

apathway along which the fluid can flow and a difference in energy levels (pressure difference)

Front 51

The amount of blood flow depends on

Back 51

the energy difference (includes losses resulting from fluid movement) and any resistance ehich tends to oppose such movement

Front 52

lower resistance = ___ flow rate

Back 52

higher

Front 53

higher resistance = __ flow rate

Back 53

lower

Front 54

the total energy contained in oving fluid is the sum of __, __, and ___ energies

Back 54

pressure (potential) energy, kinetic energy and gravitational energy

Front 55

___ is stored energy and is the major form of energy for circulation of blood; expressed in mmHg

Back 55

pressure (potential) energy

Front 56

__ is small for circulationgblood; expressed in terms of fluid density and it =s velocity measurements

Back 56

kinetic energy

Front 57

___ is equivalent to the weight of the column of blood extending from the heart to level where pressureis measured

Back 57

gravitational energy or hydrostatic pressure HP

Front 58

there is a 0mmHg against the arteries and veins at the ankle when a patient is supine but when standing the the mmHg is at about ___

Back 58

100mmHg hydrostatic pressure

Front 59

an ____ is needed to move blood from one point to another. greater amount of this cause greater amoutn of flow

Back 59

energy gradient

Front 60

___ relates to the tendency of a fluid to resist changes in its velocity ( body at rest tends to stay at rest)

Back 60

inertia

Front 61

as the blood moves farther out to the perphery, energy is dissipated largely in the form of ___

Back 61

heat

Front 62

energy is continually restored by what action?

Back 62

pumping of the heart

Front 63

movement of fluid is dependent on ___

Back 63

physical properties of the fluid and what its moving through

Front 64

___ predicts when fluid becomes unstable

Back 64

reynolds number

Front 65

diminishing vessel size increases ____ forces and ___ ___ losses

Back 65

frictional
heat energy

Front 66

___ consists of layers of fluid particles moving against one another

Back 66

laminar flow

Front 67

faster moving flow is seen in the ___; stationary layer remains at the ___. laminar flow is considered ___ flow

Back 67

center
wall
stable

Front 68

__ flow is likely seen at vessel origin

Back 68

plug

Front 69

___ profile of laminar flow is usually seen downstream

Back 69

parabolic

Front 70

although viscosity and vessel length have an effect on resistance, a change in ____ has a more dramatic effect

Back 70

vessel diameter

Front 71

internal friction within a fluid is measured by its ___

Back 71

viscosity

Front 72

resistance is ___ proportional to viscosity and vessel length

Back 72

directly

Front 73

resistance is ___ proportional to the vessel diameter

Back 73

inversely

Front 74

___energy loss is due to increased friction between molecules and layers which ultimately causes energy loss

Back 74

viscous

Front 75

___ losses occur with deviations from laminar flow due to changes in direction and or velocity

Back 75

inertial (biggest loss of energy)

Front 76

____ defines relationship between: pressure, volume flow, resistance

Back 76

poiseuille's equation q=p/r

Front 77

poiseuille's equation helps answer the question of how much fluid moves througha vessel. what is the equation _=_/_

Back 77

Q=P/R
Q=volume flow
P=pressure
R=resistance

Front 78

___ change has most dramatic effect on resistance

Back 78

diameter

Front 79

radius of a vessel is ____ proportional to volume flow

Back 79

directly

Front 80

total energy contained in moving fluid is the sum of __,__ and ___ energies

Back 80

pressure kinetic gravitational

Front 81

velocity and pressure are ___ proportional

Back 81

inversely

Front 82

______ occur because of a geometry change with or without intra-luminal disease; and because of curves

Back 82

pressure gradients flow separations

Front 83

____ flow of a continuous nature feeding dilated vascular bed

Back 83

low resistance flow

Front 84

what are some examples of low resistance arteries

Back 84

ica vertebral renal celiac splenic hepatic

Front 85

_____ flow of a pulsatile nature. Between incident pulses, hydraulic reflections travel back up the vessel from the periphery producing flow reversals in the vascular compartment

Back 85

high resistance flow

Front 86

what are some examples of a high resistance vessel

Back 86

eca subclavian aorta iliac extremity arteries fasting sma

Front 87

the ___ of a high resistant signal may disappear distal to a stenosis because of decreased peripheral resistance, secondary to ischemia

Back 87

reversal component

Front 88

doppler flow ___ to a significant stenosis is lower resistant. In addition its more rounded in appearance and is weaker in strength

Back 88

distal

Front 89

a normally high resistant (biphasic or triphasic) signal may become _____ as it approaches the signififcant stenosis and/or arterial obstruction

Back 89

monophasic

Front 90

doppler flow ___ to a significant stenosis is higher resistant in quality (could have no diastole or minimal diastole )

Back 90

proximal

Front 91

___ is probably best single vasodilator of resistancevessels within skeletal muscle

Back 91

exercise

Front 92

___ - pain in muscle usually occuring during exercise; subsides with rest.
results from inadequate blood supply to muscle.
discomfort is predictable and subsides within minutes after exercise.
level of disease usually proximal to location of symptoms.

Back 92

claudication

Front 93

What are the signs and symptoms of chronic occlusive disease

Back 93

claudication, ischemic rest pain, and tissue loss

Front 94

____- a more severe symptom of diminished blood flow. occurs when limb not dependant;
BP decreased (such as when sleeping)

Back 94

ischemic rest pain

Front 95

___- due to deficient or absent blood supply to tissue

Back 95

tissue loss necrosis or death of tissue

Front 96

symptoms include the 6P's pain, pallor, pulselessness, paresthesia, paralysis, polar. May result from thrombus, ebolism or trauma.

Back 96

acute arterial ocllusion

Front 97

____- a condition that exists when symptoms intermittent digital ischemia occur in response to cold exposure or emotional stress. Changes in skin color may include pallor, cyanosis or rubor

Back 97

raynauds phenomenon