Vbms601 Bones Of The Thoracic Limb

Front 1

SCAPULA

Back 1

A flat, roughly triangular bone, posses two surfaces, three borders, and three angles

Front 2

HUMERUS

Back 2

Located in the arm. Articulates with the scapula to form the shoulder joint and the ulna and radius to form the elbow joint.

Front 3

RADIUS

Back 3

It is important to know that the ulna and radius cross each other obliquely so that the proximal end of the ulna is medial but its distal end is lateral to the radius. The radius, shorter of the two bones, articulates proximally with the humerus, distally with the carpus, and proximally with the ulan by its caudal surface and distally near its lateral border

Front 4

ULNA

Back 4

Is located in the caudal part of the forearm. It exceeds the radius in length, it is irregular in shape, and generally tapers from its proximal to its distal end. Proximally the ulna is medial to the radius and articulates with the trochlea of the humerus by the trochlear notch and with the articular circumference of the radius by the radial notch forming the elbow. Distally the ulna is lateral and articulates with the radius medially and with the ulnar and accessory carpal bones distally

Front 5

CARPAL BONES

Back 5

Carpus: used to designate that part of the extremity between the antebrachium and metacarpus that includes all the soft structures as well as the bones. It includes 7 small, irregular bones arranged into two rows.

Front 6

METACARPAL BONES

Back 6

It contains 5 bones. The bones are long bones in miniature, possessing a slender body and large extremities. The proximal extremity is the base and the distal one is the head.

Front 7

PHALANGES

Back 7

There are 3 phalanges for each of the four main digits of the forepaw. Each proximal and middle phalanx has a proximal base, body and distal head

Front 8

HEAD OF HUMERUS

Back 8

Articulates with the scapula

Front 9

BORDERS OF THE SCAPULA

Back 9

Cranial border: It is thin, near the ventral angle the border is concave as it enters into the formation of the neck forming the scapular notch

Dorsal border: extends from the cranial to the caudal angles. The rhomboideus m. attaches to this border

Ventral angle: forms the expand distal end of the scapula. Enters into the formation of the shoulder joint

Front 10

SUPRASPINOUS FOSSA OF THE HUMERUS

Back 10

The entire lateral surface cranial to the spine of the scapula. The supraspinatus m. arises from all but the distal part of this fossa

Front 11

NECK OF SCAPULA

Back 11

Distal to the spine and proximal to the expanded part of bone that forms the glenoid cavity

Front 12

LATERAL EPICONDYLE OF HUMERUS

Back 12

Lateral Epicondyle: Smaller than the medial condyle. It gives origin to the common digital extensor, lateral digital extensor, ulnaris lateralis, and supiantor m. Attachment site for the lateral collateral ligament

Front 13

INFRASPINOUS FOSSA OF HUMERUS

Back 13

Caudal to the spine, triangular, with the apex at the neck. The infraspinatus arises from the fossa

Front 14

SUBSCAPULAR FOSSA OF HUMERUS

Back 14

The large remaining part of the costal surface is nearly flat and usually presents three straight muscular lines that converge distally. The subcapularis arises from the whole subscapular fossa

Front 15

CAPITULUM OF HUMERUS

Back 15

Smaller articular area lateral to the ridge which articulates only with the head of the radius

Front 16

HUMERAL CONDYLE OF HUMERUS

Back 16

Located at the distal end of the humerus.

Front 17

MEDIAL EPICONDYLE OF HUMERUS

Back 17

The enlarged distomedial end of the humerus proximal to the trochlea. Its caudal projection deepens the olecranon fossa. It is the origi of the anconeus, flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, pronator teres, superficial and deep digital flexor muscles and the medial collateral ligament.

Front 18

OLECRANON FOSSA OF HUMERUS

Back 18

Deep excavation of the caudal part of the humeral condyle. It receives the anconeal process of the ulna during extension of elbow.

Front 19

RADIAL FOSSA OF HUMERUS

Back 19

Lies on the cranial surface of the humeral condyle

Front 20

SUPRATROCHLEAR FORAMEN OF HUMERUS

Back 20

The radial fossa communicates with the olecranon by an opening, the supratrochlear foramen.

Front 21

GLENOID CAVITY OF SCAPULA

Back 21

The ventral angle or articular end of the humerus. It articulates with the head of the humerus

Front 22

SPINE OF SCAPULA

Back 22

Divides the scapula into two nearly equal fossae

Front 23

INFRAGLENOID TUBERCULE OF SCAPULA

Back 23

Proximal to the ventral angle of the thick caudal border. The teres minor m. and long head of the triceps m. arises here

Front 24

SUPRAGLENOID TUBERCULE OF SCAPULA

Back 24

An eminence at the cranial part of the glenoid cavity.The biceps brachii m. arises here

Front 25

CORACOID PROCESS OF SCAPULA

Back 25

Slight medial inclination in the supraglenoid tubercule. The coracobrachialis m. arises here

Front 26

SERRATED FACE OF SCAPULA

Back 26

A small proximal and cranial rectangular area that serves as insertion for the serratus ventralis m.

Front 27

ACROMION OF SCAPULA

Back 27

Truncated process at the distal end where the deltoideus m. arises

Front 28

INTERTUBERCULAR GROOVE

Back 28

It lodges the tendon of origin of the biceps brachii and is deflected toward the median plane by the greater tubercule.

Front 29

TERES MAJOR TUBEROSITY OF THE HUMERUS

Back 29

The crest of the lesser tubercule ends distally at the teres major tuberosity. The teres major and latissimus dorsi insert here.

Front 30

CREST OF THE LESSER TUBERCULE OF THE HUMERUS

Back 30

It crosses the proximal end of the medial surface and ends distally at the teres major tuberosity.

Front 31

TUBEROSITY OF THE TERES MINOR OF THE HUMERUS

Back 31

Lies adjacent to the proximal extremity of the tricipital line.

Front 32

GREATER TUBERCULE OF THE HUMERUS

Back 32

Recieves the insertions of the supraspinatus m., infraspinatus m., infraspinatus m. and part of the deep pectoral m

Front 33

CREST OF THE GREATER TUBERCULE OF THE HUMERUS

Back 33

The ridge that extends proximally in a craniomedial direction. Forms part of the area of insertion of the pectorals and cleidobrachialis

Front 34

LESSER TUBERCULE OF THE HUMERUS

Back 34

Not as high or large as the greater tubercule. Scapularis m. attaches to its proximal border

Front 35

DELTOID TUBEROSITY OF THE HUMERUS

Back 35

deltoideus m. inserts here

Front 36

BRACHIALIS GROOVE OF THE HUMERUS

Back 36

origin of the brachialis m.

Front 37

TRICIPITAL LINE

Back 37

Ridge formed between the greater tubercule to the deltoid tuberosity. Insertion of the lateral head of the triceps

Front 38

LATERAL SUPRACONDYLAR CREST

Back 38

Site of attachment for the extensor carpi radialis and part of the aconeus

Front 39

HEAD OF THE RADIUS

Back 39

It is widest medial to lateral.

Front 40

FOVEA CAPITIS OF THE RADIUS

Back 40

Part of the neck of the radius that articulates that proximally forms an oval, depressed articular surface which articulates with the capitulum of the humerus

Front 41

ARTICULAR CIRCUMFERENCE OF THE RADIUS

Back 41

The smooth caudal border of the head of the radius that articulates wit the radial notch of the ulna

Front 42

RADIAL TUBEROSITY

Back 42

Lies distal to the neck on the medial borde of the bone. The biceps brachii and brachialis m. insert in here

Front 43

BODY OF THE RADIUS

Back 43

It is compressed so that it possess cranial and caudal surfaces and medial and lateral borders. It is slightly convex cranially.

Front 44

TROCHLEA OF THE RADIUS

Back 44

Distal extremity of the radius

Front 45

ULNAR NOTCH OF THE RADIUS

Back 45

Lateral surface of the distal extremity. Its carpal articular surface is concave

Front 46

SYLOID PROCESS OF THE RADIUS

Back 46

Medial surface of the distal extremity .It is concave area with a facet for articulation with the ulna

Front 47

TROCHLEAR NOTCH OF THE ULNA

Back 47

Proximally the ulna is medial to the radius and articulates with the trochlea of the humerus by this notch

Front 48

RADIAL NOTCH OF THE ULNA

Back 48

Proximally the ulna is medial to the radius and articulates with the circumference of the radius. This

Front 49

OLECRANON OF THE ULNA

Back 49

Proximal extremity of the ulna which includes the tuber and the aconeal process. It serves to lever area for the extensor of muscles of the elbow

Front 50

OLECRANON TUBER OF THE ULNA

Back 50

Its proximal end is grooved cranially and enlarged and rounded caudally.

Front 51

TROCHLEAR NOTCH OF THE ULNA

Back 51

Smooth, vertical, alf moon shaped concavity facing cranially. Articulates with the trochlea fo teh humerus

Front 52

ACONEAL PROCESS OF THE ULNA

Back 52

Fits into the olecranon fossa of the humerus when the elbow joiint is extended

Front 53

MEDIAL AND LATERAL CORONOID PROCESS OF THE ULNA

Back 53

Distal end of the notch which articulate with the humerus and radius

Front 54

BODY OF THE ULNA

Back 54

The ulna has 3 sides

Front 55

ULNAR TUBEROSITY

Back 55

Small, elongated eminence on the medial surface of the bone at its proximal end, just distal to the medial coronoid process

Front 56

TEROSSEOUS BORDER OF ULNA

Back 56

Distinct, rough, and irregular, especially at the junction of the proximal and middle thirds of the bone, where a large, expansive, but low eminence is found

Front 57

STYLOID PROCESS OF ULNA

Back 57

Distal extremity that is prominent. A part of this process articulates with the ulnar and accessory carpal bones. The head articulates medially with the radius

Front 58

INTERMEDIORADIAL CARPAL (RADIAL CARPAL)

Back 58

The proximal row contains three bones. The intermedioradial carpal (radial carpal) is the largest, lies on the medial side and articualtes proximally with the radius

Front 59

ULNAR CARPAL

Back 59

The proximal row contains three bones. The ulnar carpal is on th elateral side, its palmar portion projects distally palmar and lateral to the fourth carpal bone.

Front 60

ACCESSORY CARPAL

Back 60

The proximal row contains three bones. The accessory carpal, the palmar member, is a short rod of bone that articulates with the styloid process of the ulna and the ulnar carpal bone. It serves as a lever arm for some of the flexor muscles of the carpus

Front 61

FIRST, SECOND, THIRD, FOURTH CARPAL BONES

Back 61

The distal row consists of four bones numbered from the medial side, these are the first, second, third and fourth carpal bones. The fourth is the largest and articulates with the base of the fourth and fifth metacarpals

Front 62

BASE, BODY, HEAD OF METACARPAL BONES

Back 62

The metacarpal contains five bones. They are long bones in miniature, possesing a slender body, and large extremities. The proximal extremity is the base, and the distal one is the head

Front 63

BASE, BODY, HEAD OF PHALANGES

Back 63

There are three phalanges for each of the four main digits. Each proximal and middle phalanx has a proximal base, body, and distal head

Front 64

UNGUAL CREST OF PHALANGES

Back 64

It is a thin shelf of bone located on the distal phalanx that overlaps the claw and forms a band of bone around the proximal portion of the claw

Front 65

EXTENSOR PROCESS OF PHALANGES

Back 65

It is the dorsal rounded part of the base which the common digital extensor tendon is inserted

Front 66

FLEXOR TUBERCLE OF PHALANGES

Back 66

It is a small process on the palmar surface for the insertion of the deep digital flexor tendon

Front 67

PROXIMAL SESAMOID BONES OF PHALANGES

Back 67

They are located in the interosseous tendons on the palmar surface of each metacarpophalangeal joint

Front 68

UNGUAL PROCESS OF THE PHALANGES

Back 68

It is a curved conical extension of the distal phalanx into the claw

Front 69

DORSAL SESAMOID BONES OF THE PHALANGES

Back 69

They are four smaller dorsal sesamoid bones that are embedded in the common digital extensor tendons as they pass over the metacarpophalangeal joint