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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Axiology
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the study of the general theory of values, including their nature, classification, and justification.
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Consequentialism
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the position that the morality of an action is determined by its consequences.
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Deontology
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a normative system of values which is based on the nature of the acts to be evaluated. This process yields intrinsic value.
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Essentialism
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a deontological theory which is based on the essence of the acts to be evaluated. Syn.- Deontology
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Divine Command Theory
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a deontological theory that says one should always do the will of God.
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Hedonism
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the theory that pleasure is to be intrinsically valued.
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Instrumental Value
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based on the goal or consequences of an act.
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Intrinsic Value
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based on the nature or essence of an act itself.
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Qualitative Hedonism
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a pleasure based value system which judges the type or quality of the pleasure involved.
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Quantitative Hedonism
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a pleasure based value system which judges the amount or quantity of the pleasure involved.
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Situation ethics
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belief that the moral action produces the greatest amount of Christian love.
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Teleology
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a normative system of values based on the goal or consequences of the acts to be evaluated. This process yields instrumental value.
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Utilitarianism
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the theory that one should act so as to produce the greatest happiness for the most people.
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Values
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anything to which a person attaches worth or significance.
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Teleological
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Based on the goal or consequences of the acts to be evaluated. This process yields instrumental value.
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Teleological
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1. “Teleos” – end, goal, consequences.
2. EMPHASIS – the consequences of the act. 3. ILLUSTRATIONS – “some situations demand dishonesty”, “dishonesty can bring about good. 4. RESULT – instrumental value – X is right because it maximizes good. 5. BIBLICAL APPLICATION – matters of expediency. 6. DIVERSITY IS ALLOWED. |
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Deontological
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a normative system of values which is based on the nature of the acts to be evaluated. This process yields intrinsic (based on the nature of essence of the act) value.
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Deontological
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1. DEONTOS – essence.
2. EMPHASIS – the act itself. 3. ILLUSTRATIONS: “honesty is the best policy”, “tell the truth regardless of the outcome”. 4. RESULT – intrinsic value. 5. BIBLICAL APPLICATION – matters of faith. 6. UNITY IS DEMANDED |
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Values
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are not necessarily ethics but ethics are always values.
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ETHICS IS USED IN THREE DIFFERENT BUT RELATED WAYS:
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1. A general pattern or way of life. Similar to our word “religion”.
2. Signifies a set of rules of conduct or moral code, Professional ethics; (GAAP – Accounting Code of Ethics). 3. Metaethics – the study of why’s. It is wrong, but why is it wrong? |
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What do you mean by the ethical words you use?
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Examples:
- Good/bad - Right/wrong - Moral/immoral - Good/evil - Innocent/guilty - Legal/illegal - Appropriate/inappropriate - Valuable/non-valuable |
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TWO COMPONENTS OF CRITICAL THINKING:
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1. A set of skills to process and generate information and beliefs.
2. The habit, based on intellectual commitment, of using those skills to guide behavior. |
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Critical thinking is to be contrasted with:
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- The mere acquisition and retention of information alone.
- The mere possession of a set of skills. - The mere use of those skills without acceptance of the results. |
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SELF-DETERMINATION
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any moral code you follow must be your own, arrived at through your powers of reason and reflection on your own experience.
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RIGHT INTENTION
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a necessary ingredient of the true moral act. Outside forces should not be our primary reasons for acting morally (giving primarily as a tax write off, etc.)
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CONSIDERATION OF THE CONSEQUENCES
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One may be morally self-determining and have the right intention and still do something heinous.
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METAPHYSICS
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A study of what is real, being, reality.
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EPISTEMOLOGY
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A study of knowing, truth
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AXIOLOGY
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A study of values and ethics.
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The moral dimension of human life seems to presuppose three points:
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1. There is a real and important difference between actions that are right and actions that are wrong.
2. In many cases, we have the capacity to know or at least to have justified beliefs about which actions are right and which actions are wrong. 3. This knowledge (or justified belief) of what is right and what is wrong can impact our behavior. |
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Is there any difference between factual judgments and value judgments?
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1. Factual judgments – based on objective evidence that all will generally see alike – Red hair, Green eyes, Long hair.
2. Value judgments – based on subjective feelings instead of objective evidence and will differ from person to person – Attitude, Personality, Integrity. |
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THEOLOGY
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Rules come from God – Bible.
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SOCIETY
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Rules believed in by most of society’s members.
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RULE CONSEQUENTIALISM
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the proper moral rules are those which, when followed, lead to better consequences than following any alternative moral rule. The difference in this and consequentialism is the conformity to a proper moral rule that consistently produces the best consequences.
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INTUITION
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man intuitively knows through a special faculty of moral intuition which rules possess the intrinsic characteristics of being proper and the same is true with actions.
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TWO TYPES OF DEONTOLOGICAL SYSTEMS.
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1. THEOLOGICAL
2. NON-THEOLOGICAL |
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THEOLOGICAL
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1. Divine Command – says that one should always do the will of God.
2. Essentialiasm – based on the essence of the acts to be evaluated – a synonym for deontology. |
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NON-THEOLOGICAL
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1. Kant’s Catagorical Imperative - one should act in such a way that the general rule governing actions could become universal law.
2. Ross’s Prima Facie Duties – (on the surface) – generally obligate us to act in certain ways although these duties may be overridden in certain circumstances. |
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TWO TYPES OF TELEOLOGY
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1. HEDONISM
2. NON-HEDONISM |
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HEDONISM
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1. Quantitative hedonism – Judges the amount or quantity of pleasure.
2. Qualitative hedonism – judges the quality of pleasure. |
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NON-HEDONISM
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There is greater good than simply seeking pleasure.
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NON-HEDONISM
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1. Self-realization – the accomplishment of being all you can be is more important than pleasure.
2. Reason – Using logic and reasoning ability to determine the best actions for good. |
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BASIC THESIS OF CONSEQUENTIALISM:
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“The right action in given circumstances is the one which will lead to the best consequences for those circumstances.”
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TWO AMBIGUITIES OF THIS THESIS:
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1. Whose interests do we consider?
-EGOISM – seeking the best outcome for self. -ALTRUISM – seeking the best outcome for others. 2. What standard do we use? - HEDONISM – Quantitative or Qualitative - NON-HEDONISM |
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ARETAIC – “Virtue”
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1. EMPHASIS – the character of the one performing the act.
2. ILLUSTRATIONS: “One’s motive is more important than anything else”, “A good person cannot do a bad thing”. 3. RESULT: instrumental value – X is right if performed by a virtuous person. 4. BIBLICAL APPLICATION – Matters of motivation. 5. UNITY IS DESIRED. |
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WRONG
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Arbitrariness of God – He randomly chose things and made them good or bad. i.e., Is the decision to lie an arbitrary decision by God or did God have to make the decision that lying is wrong?
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RIGHT
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Things were good/bad, then God told us what we could and could not do. i.e., Lying is always wrong and there will never be an instance where lying is right.
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THE TELEOLOGICAL SIDE OF THE BIBLE
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THERE ARE AREAS OF JUDGMENT WHERE ONE THING MAY BE RIGHT IN ONE SITUATION AND WRONG IN ANOTHER (eating meat, observing special days – Rom. 14).
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TWO CRITERIA TO CONSIDER:
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1. Should not offend my brother by my actions.
2. Should not offend your conscience intentionally, it is a sin (Rom. 14:23). |
