Val's #2 A&p I

Front 1

Nervous System

Back 1

master controlling and communicating system ; all thoughts, action, and emotions

Front 2

Nervous System Functions

Back 2

1.Uses sensory receptors to monitor changes
2.Process and interpret the sensory input and make decisions
3.Effects a response by activating a muscle or a gland

Front 3

Stimuli

Back 3

the change

Front 4

Sensory Input

Back 4

the gathered information

Front 5

Integration

Back 5

decision making

Front 6

Motor output

Back 6

muscle response

Front 7

Uses sensory receptors to monitor changes

Back 7

Stimuli
Sensory Input:

Front 8

Process and interpret the sensory input and make decisions

Back 8

Integration

Front 9

Effects a response by activating a muscle or a gland

Back 9

Motor output

Front 10

ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Back 10

divided by its structures or activities

Front 11

Structural Classification (2 types)

Back 11

1.Central Nervous System (CNS)
2.Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Front 12

Central Nervous System (CNS)
a. includes the
b. located in the
c. interprets

Back 12

a.brain and spinal cord
b.dorsal body cavity
c.incoming sensory and put out instructions

Front 13

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
a. located
b.consists of _____ & ______ nerves
c. is a big

Back 13

a.outside of the CNS
communication line

Front 14

cranial nerves

Back 14

carry impulses to and from the brain

Front 15

spinal nerves

Back 15

carry impulses to and from spinal cord

Front 16

PNS Funcitonal Classification
1.based on the
2.has ___ divisions

Back 16

1.Peripheral Nervous System
2. 2

Front 17

PNS Sensory (afferent)

Back 17

nerve fibers take impulses to the CNS from the sensory receptors

Front 18

PNS somatic sensory fibers

Back 18

skin and skeletal muscles

Front 19

PNS visceral sensory fibers (_________)

Back 19

(afferents)
visceral organs

Front 20

PNS Motor (________)

Back 20

(efferent)
carries impulse from the CNS to effector organ

Front 21

somatic nervous system (_______ n.s.

Back 21

(voluntary N.S.)
consciously, voluntarily controls skeletal muscles

Front 22

autonomic nervous system (_______ n.s.)

Back 22

(involuntary N.S.) autonomic, involuntary

Front 23

NERVOUS TISSUE

Back 23

STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

Front 24

NERVOUS TISSUE
-Neuroglia

Back 24

supporting cells lumped together; support, insulate, and protect neurons; nicknamed “glia”

Front 25

NERVOUS TISSUE
-astrocyte
a.
b.
c.

Back 25

a.star-shaped
b.half of all neurologlia
c.found between capillaries and neurons
iv. help control chemical environment in brain

Front 26

NERVOUS TISSUE
-microglia:
a.
b.
c.

Back 26

a. spiderlike
b. phagocytosis – eat dead brain cells
c. connect neurons only

Front 27

NERVOUS TISSUE
-ependymal cells:
a.
b.

Back 27

a. line cavities of the brain and spinal cord
b. help to circulate cerebrospinal fluid

Front 28

NERVOUS TISSUE
-oligodendrocytes:
a.
b.

Back 28

a. wrap around nerve fibers
b. produce fat to insulate (myelin sheath)

Front 29

NERVOUS TISSUE
Differences to Neurons
a.
b.

Back 29

a. Cannot transmit nerve impulses
b. Can always divide

Front 30

Can brain tumors (gliomas) which are made of neuroglia cells, keep dividing?

Back 30

Yes- they are supporting cell nervous tissue

Front 31

PNS Supporting Cells

Back 31

a. Schwann cell
b. Satellite cell

Front 32

Schwann cell
a.
b.

Back 32

a. Covers nerve fiber
b. Makes myelin sheath

Front 33

Satellite cell
a.
b.

Back 33

a. Protect and cushion
b. Covers the cell body

Front 34

Neuron or “Nerve Cell”

Back 34

specialized to transmit messages from one body part to another

Front 35

Neuron or “Nerve Cell” Anatomy:
a.Cell body:
b.Processes:

Back 35

a. has nucleus, metabolic center
b. extend from the cell body

Front 36

Dendrite

Back 36

conduct current to the cell body

Front 37

Axon

Back 37

conduct current away from the cell body

Front 38

axonal terminal

Back 38

the end where chemicals are released

Front 39

neurotransmitter

Back 39

the chemical released

Front 40

synaptic cleft

Back 40

the space between the neurons

Front 41

synapse

Back 41

the joining of the cleft

Front 42

myelin

Back 42

white fat that covers the nerve fiber, increases nerve impulse rate

Front 43

Schwann Cell

Back 43

a supporting cell that wraps around an axon

Front 44

Myelin sheath

Back 44

tight coil of membranes that encloses the axon

Front 45

Neurilemma

Back 45

outermost part; outside of the myelin sheath

Front 46

Nodes of Ranvier

Back 46

gap between the Schwann cells

Front 47

Multiple Sclerosis

Back 47

myelin sheath is destroyed therefore control is lost

Front 48

Neuron Classification (function and structure

Back 48

i. Based on the direction the nerve impulse travels to the CNS

Front 49

Sensory (afferent)
1.
2.
3.

Back 49

1. from sensory receptor > CNS
2. tells us what goes on in and out of the body
3. receptors pick up information

Front 50

Neuron Classification
Proprioceptors =

Back 50

Sensory (afferent)

Front 51

Proprioceptors

Back 51

stretch, muscle, tendon

Front 52

Motor (efferent)
1.
2.

Back 52

1. nerve impulses from the CNS > viscera or muscle
2. causes the reaction

Front 53

Association Neurons(interneurons)
1.

Back 53

1. connect sensory and motor neurons

Front 54

Neuron Classification
Functional:(3)

Back 54

1.Sensory (afferent)
2.Motor (efferent)
3.Association Neurons(interneurons)

Front 55

Neuron Classification
Structural:(3)

Back 55

1.Multipolar neuron
2.Bipolar neuron
3.Unipolar neuron

Front 56

Neuron Classification
Structural Based on:

Back 56

the number of processes

Front 57

Multipolar neuron
1.
2.

Back 57

1.several processes
2.most common

Front 58

Bipolar neuron
1.
2.
3.

Back 58

1. 2 processes
2. 1 axon and 1 dendrite
3. rare; only in the eye and the ear

Front 59

Unipolar neuron

Back 59

1. 1 process
2. very short process

Front 60

Neuron Physiology
2 major functions

Back 60

1. Irritability
2. Conductivity

Front 61

Irritability

Back 61

ability to respond to a stimulus and convert it into a nerve impulse

Front 62

Conductivity

Back 62

ability to transmit impulses to other neurons, muscles, or glands

Front 63

Nerve Impulse Steps

Back 63

a.Polarized or “Resting Stage"
b.Depolarization
c.Action Potential
d.Repolarization

Front 64

Polarized or “Resting Stage”

Back 64

Fewer + ions inside the cell than outside of the cell

Front 65

Depolarization

Back 65

Na+ ions from the outside diffuse inside to the neuron and therefore the inside now has more + ions

Front 66

Action Potential

Back 66

The depolarization activates the neuron to transmit a nerve impulse down the length of the axon

Front 67

Repolarization

Back 67

K+ ions now move out of the cell, causing the inside to become negative again, returning to the resting stage

Front 68

Reflex

Back 68

rapid, predictable and involuntary response to a stimuli

Front 69

Reflex arc

Back 69

the path a reflex takes

Front 70

Autonomic reflex
1.regulates:
(4) Examples:

Back 70

1.regulates smooth muscle, heart, and glands
EX:saliva, eye pupils, digestion, blood pressure

Front 71

Somatic reflex

Back 71

all reflexes that stimulate the skeletal muscles

Front 72

2 types of reflexes

Back 72

1.Autonomic reflex
2.Somatic reflex

Front 73

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
3 Major components

Back 73

Neural tube
Central canal
Ventricles

Front 74

Neural tube

Back 74

in the embryo, the first sign of the CNS development

Front 75

Neural tube:
anterior end=

Back 75

Where the brain forms

Front 76

Neural tube:
posterior end=

Back 76

Where the spinal cord forms

Front 77

Central canal

Back 77

continues from the brain to the spinal cord; enlarged into 4 regions of the brain

Front 78

Ventricles=
Known as:

Back 78

four regions of the brain
1.Cerebral Hemispheres
2.Diencephalon or “interbrain”
3.Brain Stem
4.Cerebellum

Front 79

Cerebral Hemispheres

Back 79

Larger than all of the other 3 regions put together

Front 80

Gyri

Back 80

elevated ridges

Front 81

Sulci

Back 81

shallow grooves between gyri

Front 82

Fissures

Back 82

deeper grooves

Front 83

Parietal lobe

Back 83

1.somatic sensory area
2.pain, cold, touch, taste, speech

Front 84

Occipital lobe

Back 84

visual area

Front 85

Temporal lobe

Back 85

olfactory, auditory, memory

Front 86

Frontal lobe

Back 86

1.primary motor area
2.face, mouth, hands

Front 87

Broca’s area

Back 87

speech, in left hemisphere

Front 88

Gray matter

Back 88

outside tissue (cerebral cortex)

Front 89

White matter

Back 89

deep tissue

Front 90

Corpus callosum

Back 90

connects the right and left hemispheres

Front 91

Basal nuclei

Back 91

islands of gray matter buried into deep white matter

Front 92

Basal nuclei

Back 92

regulate voluntary motor control

Front 93

Huntington’s Chorea

Back 93

genetic disorder in which you cannot control muscles; jerky movements; basal nuclei problem

Front 94

Parkinson’s Disease

Back 94

can’t get muscles to move; hand tremors; missing dopamine neurotransmitter

Front 95

Diencephalon or “interbrain”

Back 95

Sits on top of the brain stem

Front 96

Diencephalon or “interbrain”
3 major structures

Back 96

1.thalamus
2.
3.

Front 97

Diencephalon: Also known as the "_____-______"

Back 97

interbrain

Front 98

thalamus

Back 98

can tell good and bad sensation

Front 99

hypothalamus or “floor”:

Back 99

1.regulates body temperature, water balance, and metabolism
2.limbic system or emotional drives

Front 100

epithalamus or “roof”:

Back 100

has choroids plexus which forms cerebrospinal fluid

Front 101

Brain Stem

Back 101

Path for ascending and descending tracts

Front 102

Brain Stem

Back 102

Made of reticular formation (gray matter)

Front 103

Reticular activating system (RAS):

Back 103

Awake/sleep cycle

Front 104

Brain Stem 3 parts

Back 104

1.Midbrain
2.Pons
3.Medulla Oblongata

Front 105

Midbrain

Back 105

bision and hearing

Front 106

Pons

Back 106

controls breathing

Front 107

Medulla Oblongata

Back 107

heart rate, blood pressure, swallowing, breathing, vomiting, and anger

Front 108

Cerebellum
a.Has __ hemispheres
b.Controls ______ & ________
c.Damage will cause ______ or _______ _________.

Back 108

a. 2
b. balance and equilibrium
c.ataxia, or clumsy movements

Front 109

Meninges

Back 109

connective tissue membranes that cover and protect the CNS

Front 110

Meninges:3 types

Back 110

a.dura mater
b.arachnoid mater
c.pia mater

Front 111

Meninges:
dura mater

Back 111

-outermost double layer
-surrounds brain

Front 112

Meninges:
dura mater

Back 112

-leathery in texture
-"tough or hard mother"

Front 113

arachnoid mater

Back 113

-middle layer
-web-like, similar to a spider web

Front 114

pia mater

Back 114

-innermost layer
-“gentle mother”

Front 115

Meningitis

Back 115

-Inflamed meninges
-Can spread to nervous tissue of the CNS

Front 116

Encephalitis

Back 116

Inflamed brain

Front 117

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Back 117

a. watery broth
b. low in protein, high in vitamin C
c. formed from choroids plexuses

Front 118

Lumbar Spinal Tap

Back 118

CSF sample

Front 119

Hydrocephalus:

Back 119

1. water on the brain
2. CSF accumulates and a shunt is needed

Front 120

Cerebral Edema

Back 120

Swelling of the brain due to head blows

Front 121

Contusion

Back 121

Tissue destruction causing a coma

Front 122

Concussion

Back 122

Slight brain injury including dizziness, stars, brief unconsciousness

Front 123

Cerebrovascular accidents

Back 123

Also called “strokes”

Front 124

Alzheimer’s Disease

Back 124

-Also called dementia or mental deterioration
-Protein deposits and calcium

Front 125

Cerebrovascular accidents

Back 125

Third leading cause of death in the U.S.

Front 126

Alzheimer’s Disease

Back 126

Symptoms of memory loss, irritability, moodiness, confusion, and violence

Front 127

Spinal Cord

Back 127

a 17 inch long continuation of the brain stem

Front 128

Spinal Cord

Back 128

a two-way pathway to and from the brain

Front 129

Spinal Cord
STARTS at:
ENDS at:

Back 129

Start: foramen magnum
Ends: 1st or 2nd lumbar vertebrae

Front 130

Spinal Cord

Back 130

31 pair of spinal nerves

Front 131

cauda equina

Back 131

end of the spinal cord that is the collection of spinal nerves

Front 132

gray matter

Back 132

a. surrounds the central canal of the spinal cord
b. branches off on both sides and then surrounded by white matter

Front 133

white matter

Back 133

a. made of myelinated fibers
b. makes up remaining area of the spinal cord

Front 134

quadriplegic

Back 134

all four limbs are paralyzed

Front 135

paraplegic

Back 135

only legs are paralyzed

Front 136

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Back 136

made of nerves and groups of neural cell bodies

Front 137

nerve

Back 137

a. a bundle of neuron fibers outside of the CNS
b. classified by the directions they carry an impulse

Front 138

mixed nerve

Back 138

1.carry sensory and motor fibers
2.all spinal nerves are mixed

Front 139

afferent or sensory

Back 139

nerve takes impulses to CNS

Front 140

efferent or motor

Back 140

1.carry only motor fiber
2.nerve takes impulses out of the CNS

Front 141

Cranial Nerves

Back 141

a.serve head and neck
b.most are mixed nerves

Front 142

vagus nerves

Back 142

only pair of cranial nerves that go to the thoracic cavity and abdomen

Front 143

sensory nerves

Back 143

optic, olfactory, and vestibulocochlear (hearing and equilibrium)

Front 144

# of spinal nerves

Back 144

31

Front 145

plexuses

Back 145

the networking of nerves

Front 146

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Back 146

involuntary nervous system

Front 147

Pupils dilate, arteries contract= examples of the:

Back 147

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Front 148

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Back 148

a. motor subdivision of the PNS
b. controls body activities automatically

Front 149

Sympathetic NS

Back 149

Prepares body for energy spending, stress, and emergency

Front 150

Parasympathetic NS

Back 150

- Active under normal restful conditions
- Helps to restore body after stress

Front 151

Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic in a car accident:
1._______ will increase the heart rate and breathing rate

Back 151

Sympathetic

Front 152

Sympathetic vs.Parasympathetic in a car accident:
1._______ will lower the heart rate and breathing rate after trauma

Back 152

Parasympathetic

Front 153

Autonomic Transmitter Substances: Preganglionic: always ____ for the ______ and __________

Back 153

-ACTH
-sympathetic
-parasympathetic

Front 154

Autonomic Transmitter Substances: Postganglionic:
-Sympathetic > _________
-Parasympathetic >

Back 154

-norepinephrine
-ACTH

Front 155

ACTH has a ____ term effect because ________ decomposes it

Back 155

-short
-cholinesterase

Front 156

Norepinephrine

Back 156

has prolonged effect

Front 157

Can occur/cause Prebirth
Early infection

Back 157

1.maternal rubella
2.smoking
3.radiation and drugs

Front 158

maternal rubella

Back 158

deafness, CNS damage

Front 159

smoking

Back 159

decrease oxygen in the blood and therefore a decrease in oxygen to the unborn child resulting in brain damage

Front 160

radiation and drugs

Back 160

various brain and CNS problems

Front 161

Cerebral palsy

Back 161

a. Lack of oxygen during birth
b. Largest cause of physical disabilities in children

Front 162

Anecephaly

Back 162

a. Cerebrum doesn’t develop
b. Can’t hear, see, or process sensory inputs

Front 163

Spina bifida

Back 163

Vertebrae do not form completely

Front 164

Hypothalamus

Back 164

regulates body temperature

Front 165

No more _____ form after birth;______ ______grows and matures

Back 165

-neurons
-nervous system

Front 166

Brain

Back 166

a. reaches maximum weight in early adulthood
b. neurons damage and die
c. unlimited neural pathways

Front 167

Orthostatic hypotension

Back 167

lightheadedness when standing up fast

Front 168

Arteriosclerosis

Back 168

artery circulation trouble

Front 169

Senility

Back 169

lack of oxygen causing forgetfulness and irritability

Front 170

Boxers: “punch drunk”

Back 170

slurred speech and tremors due to too much brain bouncing

Front 171

With Aging the ________ nervous system becomes less and less efficient

Back 171

Sympathetic

Front 172

Autonomic Nerve Fibers
a.Mostly motor fibers
CNS--------->GANGLION
^ ^
1ST axon-->________ fiber

Back 172

preganglionic

Front 173

Autonomic Nerve Fibers
a.Mostly motor fibers
GANGLION------------>VISCERA
^ ^
2nd axon--->_______ fiber

Back 173

postganglionic