Validity

Front 1

Extraneous Variable

Back 1

a variable that MAY compete with the independent variable in explaining the outcome of a study

Front 2

Confounding Variable

Back 2

(also called a third variable) is a variable that DOES cause a problem because it is empirically related to both the independent and dependent variable.

Front 3

Statistical Conclusion Validity

Back 3

The degree to which one can infer that the independent variable (IV) and dependent variable (DV) are related and the strength of that relationship.

Front 4

Internal Validity

Back 4

The degree to which one can infer that a causal relationship exists between two variables

Front 5

Construct Validity

Back 5

The extent to which a higher-order construct is well represented (i.e., well measured) in a particular research study.

Front 6

External Validity

Back 6

The extent to which the study results can be generalized to and across populations of persons, settings, times, outcomes, and treatment variations

Front 7

Null Hypothesis Significance Testing

Back 7

is used to determine whether we can reject the null hypothesis (which says there is NO relationship present) and accept the alternative hypothesis (which says there IS a relationship).

Front 8

Effect Size Estimation

Back 8

· involves the use of some type of effect size indicator (such as the percentage of variance explained, the size of the correlation, the size of the difference between two group means, etc.) to inform you of the size or strength of an observed relationship.

Front 9

Cook and Cambell Internal validity

Back 9

“approximate validity with which we infer that a relationship between two variables is causal”

Front 10

Causal Description

Back 10

involves describing the consequences of manipulating an independent variable.

Front 11

Causal Explanation

Back 11

involves explaining the mechanisms through which and the conditions under which a causal relationship holds.

Front 12

Three necessary conditions for cause and effect

Back 12

) Variable A and variable B must be related (the relationship condition), 2) Proper time order must be established (the temporal antecedence condition), and 3) The relationship between variable A and variable B must not be due to some confounding extraneous or third variable (the lack of alternative explanation condition).

Front 13

Ambiguous temporal precedence

Back 13

· the inability of the researcher (based on the data) to specify which variable is the cause and which is the effect.

Front 14

History Threat

Back 14

· any event, other than the planned treatment event, that occurs between the pretest and posttest measurement and has an influence on the dependent variable.

Front 15

Maturation Threat

Back 15

any physical or mental change that occurs over time that affects performance on the dependent variable.

Front 16

Testing Threat

Back 16

any change in the scores on the second administration of a test that results from having previously taken the test.

Front 17

Instrumentation Threat

Back 17

any change that occurs in the way the dependent variable is measured over time.

Front 18

Regression Artifact Threat

Back 18

the tendency of very high scores to become lower over time and for very low scores to become higher over time.

Front 19

Selection History Effect

Back 19

occurs when an event occurs in a multi-group design that differentially affects the different comparison groups.

Front 20

Selection Maturation Effect

Back 20

· occurs when an event occurs in a multi-group design where the participants in one of the groups experience a different rate of maturation than the participants in a different group.

Front 21

Attrition threat

Back 21

When participants sometimes drop out of a research study

Front 22

Differential Attrition Threat

Back 22

· can occur in a multi-group design (not a single group design), and it is defined as the differential loss of participants from the various comparison groups.

Front 23

Population Validity

Back 23

the degree to which the results of the study can be generalized to individuals that were not included in the study.

Front 24

Ecological Validity

Back 24

the degree to which one can generalize the results of the study across different settings and different contexts

Front 25

Temporal Validity

Back 25

the degree to which one can generalize the results of the study across time

Front 26

Treatment Variation Validity

Back 26

the degree to which one can generalize the results of the study across variations of the treatment

Front 27

Outcome Validity

Back 27

the degree to which one can generalize the results of the study across different but related dependent variables

Front 28

Operationalism

Back 28

refers to the process of representing constructs by a specific set of steps or operations

Front 29

Multiple operationalism

Back 29

the degree to which the results of the study can be generalized to individuals that were not included in the study.

Front 30

Treatment Diffusion

Back 30

participants in one treatment condition are exposed to information from the other treatment condition.

Front 31

Researcher bias

Back 31

occurs when a researcher selectively notices only the results that are consistent with what he/she wants/expects to find

Front 32

Reflexivity

Back 32

Refers to self-reflection by the researcher on his/her biases and predispositions (point is to minimize the influence of personal biases)

Front 33

Descriptive Validity

Back 33

Refers to the facutual accuracy of the account as reported by the researchers

Front 34

Interpretive Validity

Back 34

means that the qualitative researcher accurately portrays the meanings given by the participants to what is being studied.

Front 35

Theoretical Validity

Back 35

· refers to the degree to which a theoretical explanation developed to explain the data actually fits the data.