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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Trachea-- What is it? |
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Trachea-- Where is it? |
extends from the larynx into the thorax
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What does it divide into? |
the two main bronchi that enter the lungs |
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Trachea-- What is it composed of? |
fibrous tissue and smooth muscle held open by hyaline cartilage rings
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What is it lined with? |
ciliated epithelium |
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Trachea-- C-shaped rings of... |
hyaline cartillage |
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Trachea-- Open part of trachea rings _____. |
dorsally |
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Gap between the ends of each ring bridged by ______ _______. |
smooth muscle |
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What does each bronchus divide into? |
bronchus-->smaller bronchi-->even smaller bronchi--> tiny bronchioles |
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Bronchial Tree-- What do bronchioles subdivide into? |
alveolar ducts |
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Bronchial Tree-- How do alveolar ducts end? |
in groups of alveoli |
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Bronchial Tree-- How are alveoli arranged? |
like bunches of grapes |
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What are alveolar sacs? |
groups of alveoli |
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Alveoli-- What are alveoli the site of? |
external respiration |
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Alveoli-- What are alveoli? |
tiny, thin-walled sacs of simple squamous epithelium for gas exchange |
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What are they surrounded by? |
networks of capillaries |
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What are they lined with? |
fluid that contains surfactant |
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Alveoli-- What do they do? |
reduce surface tension, keeps alveoli from collapsing on self |
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What does each lung have? |
a base, an apex, and a convex lateral surface |
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Lungs-- Where is the base? |
in caudal part of thoracic cavity |
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Lungs-- Where to they lie? |
directly on cranial surface of diaphragm |
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What are they an important muscle for? |
respiration |
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Lungs-- What do they separate? |
the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity |
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Lungs-- Where does the apex lie? |
in cranial portion of thoracic cavity |
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Where does the convex lateral surface lie? |
against inner surface of the thoracic wall |
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What is the mediastinum? |
area between the lungs (e.g. heart, trachea, blood vessels, nerves, esophagus, lymph vessels, and lymph nodes) |
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How are lungs divided? |
into lobes in most species |
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Lungs-- How are lobes distinguished? |
by the major branches of the bronchi |
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Lungs-- What is the hilus? |
--Only place in thoracic cavity where lungs are fastened into place. |
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Pulmonary circulation-- Where does deoxygenated blood enter the lungs? |
from right ventricle of heart through the pulmonary artery |
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Pulmonary circulation-- The pulmonary artery splits into left and right pulmonary arteries that enter the... |
two lungs |
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Pulmonary circulation-- What do pulmonary arterioles enter? |
capillary networks around the alveoli |
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What is its primary function? |
bring O2 into the body and CO2 out of it |
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Respiratory system-- What does it work together with? |
the cardiovascular system |
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Respiratory system-- What are secondary functions? |
--phonation (voice production) --regulation of body temp --regulation of acid-base balance --sense of smell |
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What is external respiration? |
exchange of O2 and CO2 between the inhaled air and blood flowing through the pulmonary capillaries |
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Respiration-- What is internal respiration? |
exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood and the systemic capillaries and all cells and tissues of the body |
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Structures of respiratory system-- Upper respiratory tract: |
--outside the lungs --includes nostrils, nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea |
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Nasal septum: |
separates the left and right nasal passage |
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Hard palate: |
separates the nasal passages from the mough |
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What are the nasal passages lined with? |
pseudostratisfied columnar epithelium |
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Nose and Nasal passages-- Cilia project form the cell surfaces up into what? |
a layer of mucus |
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What is mucus secreted by? |
mucous glands and goblet cells |
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What do the nasal passages do to inhaled air? |
warm, humidify, and filter it |
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Nasal passages functions-- How is air warmed? |
by blood flowing through blood vessels just beneath the nasal epithelium |
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How is air humidified? |
by mucus and other fluids on the epithelial surfaces |
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How is air filtered? |
as it passes through the winding passages produced by the turbinates |
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Paranasal sinuses-- What are they? |
ciliated outpouchings of the nasal passages contained within spaces in certain skull bones |
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Paranasal sinuses-- How many are ther? |
2 maxillary (humans have more) |
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What is it? |
common passageway for respiratory and digestive systems |
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Pharynx-- Soft palate divides pharynx into what? |
dorsal nasopharynx (respiratory passageway) and the ventral oropharynx (digestive passageway) |
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What do reflexes control? |
actions of the muscles around the pharynx |
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Pharynx-- Larynx and pharynx work together to do what? |
prevent swallowing from interfering with breathing and vice versa |
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Pharynx-- What happens during swallowing? |
--breathing stops --opening into larynx is covered --material to be swallowed moves to rear of pharynx --esophagus opens |
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What happens after swallowing? |
--larynx is reopened --breathing resumes |
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What is it? |
short, irregular tube connecting pharynx with the trachea |
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Larynx (voice box)-- What is it composed of? |
segments of cartilage that are connected to each other and the surrounding tissues by muscles
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How is it supported in place? |
by the hyoid bone |
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Larynx (voice box)-- Cartilage components: |
--epiglottis --arytenoid cartilages --thyroid cartilages --cricoid cartilage |
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What is the epiglottis? |
single, leaf-shaped; projects forward form the ventral portion of the larynx |
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Larynx cartilages-- What happens during swallowing to the epiglottis? |
it is pulled back to cover the opening of the larynx |
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What are the arytenoid cartilages? |
paired; attachment is the site of the vocal cords
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How do muscles adjust the tension of the vocal cords? |
by moving the arytenoid cartilages |
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What forms the boundaries of the glottis? |
arytenoid cartilages and the vocal cords |
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Voice production: |
vocal cords vibrate as air passes over them |
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Larynx functions-- What do muscles attached to the arytenoid cartilages control the tension of? |
the vocal cords |
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Larynx functions-- What is complete relaxation in voice production? |
fully open glottis with no sound made |
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Larynx functions-- What is lessening tension in voice production? |
lower pitch sounds |
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Larynx functions-- What is tightening tension in voice production? |
high pitch sounds |
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How does it prevent foreign material from being inhaled? |
during swallowing, muscle contractions pull the larynx forward and fold the epiglottis back over its opening |
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Larynx functions-- How does it control airflow to and from the lungs? |
small adjustments in size of the glottis aid movement of air |
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Thoracic cavity-- Where is it? |
bound by:
--the thoracic vertebrae dorsally --ribs and intercostal muscles laterally --the sternum ventrally |
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Thoracic cavity-- What does it contain? |
heart, trachea
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Pleura-- What is is? |
thin membrane that lines the thoracic cavity and covers organs and structures in the thorax |
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Pleura-- What are the 2 layers of the pleura? |
--visceral layer: covers ogans themselves --parietal layer: lines the actual cavity |
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Pleura-- What is pleural fluid? |
small amount of fluid in the space between the the 2 pleural layers (visceral and parietal) |
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Pleura-- What is the job of the pleural fluid? |
to make sure the surface of organs slide smoothly on lining of thorax during breathing |
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Muscles of respiration-- What are inspiratory muscles? |
--diaphragm --external intercostal muscles |
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Muscles of respiration-- What is the diaphragm? |
--inspriatory muscle --thin, dome-shaped muscle sheet that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal |
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Muscles of respiration-- What happens to the diaphragm when you inhale? |
--it contracts and flattens out --this is the caus of thoracic cavity expansion |
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Muscles of respiration-- What are external intercostal muscles? |
--inspiratory muscles --between ribs, hleps expand the thoracic cavity |
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Muscles of respiration-- What are expiration muscles? |
--internal intercostal muscles --abdominal muscle |
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Muscles of respiration-- What are internal intercostal muscles? |
--expiration muscles --rotate ribs backwards and help to decrease the size of the thoracic cavity, and push air out |
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Muscles of respiration-- When are the abdominal muscles important? |
when breathing hard (ex: running around) |
