Uworld Educational Objectives

Front 1

Surfactant

Back 1

- made by lamellar bodies of Type II Pneumocytes
- these store & release surfactant into the fluid layer lining the inner surfaces of alveoli

- reduces surface tension

- deficiency can cause patchy atelectasis --> as seen in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

Front 2

2,3-BPG and HbF

Back 2

- normally forms ionic bonds with the two beta subunits of HbA in the tissues after Hb has been deoxygenated --> reduces HbA's affinity for O2

- HbF binds O2 with a higher affinity due to its inability to interact with 2,3-BPG --> allows HbF to extract O2 from maternal Hb in the placenta

Front 3

Recombination

Back 3

- gene exchange that occurs through the crossing over of 2 dbl-stranded DNA molecules

- genome recombination b/t 2 defective viruses co-infecting the same host cell can yield a cytopathic wild-type genome

Front 4

Reassortment

Back 4

- the mixing of genome segments in 2 or more segmented viruses that infect the same host cell

- can cause sudden alterations in surface antigens of the viral progeny, as observed with the influenza virus

Front 5

Inflammatory Traveler's Diarrhea

Back 5

- stool containing blood and mucus

- tx w/ ciprofloxacin or another fluoroquinolone

Front 6

Mebendazole

Back 6

- anti-helminthic
- acts on the MT's of roundworms:
- Ancylostoma
- Ascaris
- Enterobius

Front 7

Albendazoe

Back 7

- used to treat the tapeworm (cestode) Echnicoccus granulosus which causes cysts in the liver and elsewhere

Front 8

Loperamide

Back 8

- an opiate anti mobility drug that may be prescribed in some cases of Traveler's diarrhea where there is no fever of blood in the stool

Front 9

Giardia lamblia

Back 9

- iodine-stained stool smear shows ellipsoid cysts
- the MC enteric parasite in the US and Canada
- the MCC of diarrhea in campers/hikers

- DOC is metronidazole

Front 10

Giardiasis

Back 10

- chronic diarrhea
- malabsorption
- flatulence

- DOC id metronidazole

Front 11

Metronidazole

Back 11

- Giardia lamblia
- H. pylori
- amebiasis
- Trichomoniasis

Front 12

Primary HSV-1 infection in a chinld 1-3 years old

Back 12

- Gingivostomatitis w/ ulcerative lesions
- fever
- lymphadenopathy

Front 13

Herpesviruses

Back 13

- intranuclear inclusions
- enveloped with nuclear membrane
- ds-DNA genome

Front 14

Risk

Back 14

- the probability of getting a disease over a certain period of time

- divide the # of diseased subjects by the total # of subjects in the corresponding group (ie. all the people at risk)

Front 15

MCC of Non-Communicating Hydrocephalous

Back 15

- obstruction of the Cerebral Aqueduct between the 3rd and 4th ventricles

Front 16

Morphine Tolerance

Back 16

- may involve increased phosphorylation of opioid receptors, increased adenylyl cyclase activity, or increased NO levels

- activation of NMDA receptors by glutamate is believed to enhance morphine tolerance by increasing phosphorylation of opioid receptors and increasing NO levels

Front 17

NMDA Receptor Antagonists

Back 17

- ketamine

- block the actions of glutamate and effectively decreases morphine tolerance

Front 18

N. gonorrhea and immunity

Back 18

- an infection does not result in lasting immunity b/c of the ability of these bugs to modify their outer membrane proteins by Antigenic Variation

- abs generated during one infection will only be specific for that single antigenic epitope

- repeated N. gonorrhea infections can be caused by terminal complement deficiencies leading to an inability to form the membrane attack complex

Front 19

Bicornuate Uterus

Back 19

- a partially septate uterus attached to a single cervix and vagina
- due to incomplete fusion of paramesonephric ducts to form:
- uterine tubes
- uterus
- cervix
- upper 1/3 of the vagina

Front 20

Uterus Didelphys

Back 20

- when there is total nonfusion of the paramesonephric ducts

- have two separate vaginas, cervices, and uterine horns

Front 21

1 gram of fat produces?

Back 21

9 calories

Front 22

1 gram of protein or carb produces?

Back 22

4 calories

Front 23

1 gram of alcohol produces?

Back 23

7 calories

Front 24

Transketolase and Transaldolase

Back 24

- carry out the non oxidative reactions of the HMP shunt

- some cells do not use the oxidative phase reaction to produce cytosolic NADPH (only the liver, adrenal cortex, gonads, adipose tissue and erythrocytes), but all cells synthesize ribose from fructose-6-phosphate using the non oxidative reactions

Front 25

Pulsatile administration of GnRH agonists

Back 25

- stimulates FSH and LH release
- useful for tx of infertility

Front 26

Nonpulsatile (constant) infusion of GnRH

Back 26

- supresses FSH and LH release
- useful for the tx of:
- precocious puberty
- prostate cancer
- endometriosis
- dysfunctional uterine
bleeding

Front 27

"White Coat Syndrome"

Back 27

- classical conditioning to the white coat

Front 28

Operant Conditioning

Back 28

- positive reinforcement can condition individuals to repeat a particular action

Front 29

Rationalization

Back 29

- an immature defense mechanism where one invents logical reasons to explain actions actually performed for other reasons --> usually to avoid self blame

Front 30

Abciximab

Back 30

- a blocker of GP IIb/IIIa receptor on platelets so that is can't bind fibrinogen and form a platelet clump

- mimics the congenital condition of Glanzmann Thrombasthenia

Front 31

Glanzmann Thrombasthenia

Back 31

- deficient of defective GP IIb/IIIa receptor on platelets so that they can't bind fibrinogen and clump

- Abciximab blocks GP IIb/IIIa receptors and mimics this disease