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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What drug helps to prevent NSAID induced peptic ulcers?
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Misoprostol = PGE1 analog
- ↑ mucous production - ↓ acid production |
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What are the anthracycline chemotherapeutics, what is their MOA and their SE? How can you prevent SE?
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-rubicin's = Doxorubicin, daunorubicin etc.
Generate Free Radicals Cardiotoxicity (dilated cardiomyopathy after "myofibrillary dropout"); PPx = Dexrazoxane (Fe chelator) |
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What is an IHF for mesenchymal origin tumors?
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Vimentin (intermediate filament)
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What IHF stain works for neuroendocrine tumors?
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Chromogranin A
Neuron specific Enolase |
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What vasculitis is a/w transmural inflammation w/ fibrinoid necrosis? What infection is it a/w?
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Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN)
a/w HBV infx (30%) |
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What is the most serious SE of halothane?
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Massive Hepatic Necrosis
d/t halothane metabolites LM = massive centrilobar hepatic necrosis |
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What deficiency underlies Fabry's disease? What are the effects?
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XLR deficiency of α-galactosidase A
Leads to accumulation of Ceramide Trihexoside (can't convert to glucocerebroside) Effects = PN (acroparesthesia), Angiokeratomas (b/w umbilicus and knees) & if not supplemented w/ enzymes, will lead to RENAL FAILURE |
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Which lysosomal storage diseases cause cherry red spot on macula? How do you differentiate?
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Tay-Sachs (NO HSM)
- Hexosaminidase A - GM2 ganglioside Niemann-Pick (HSM) - Sphingomyelinase - Sphingomyelin |
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What lysosomal storage diseases cause PN?
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Fabry's Dz
- α-galactosidase A - Ceramide trihexoside Krabbe's Dz - ß-galactocerebrosidase - Galactocerebroside |
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What lysosomal storage disease is a/w HSM, aseptic necrosis of the femur & bone crises?? (kinda like a sickle cell pt?)
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Gaucher's disease
- Glucocerebrosidase - Glucocerebroside - Gaucher's cells = macrophages ~ crumpled tissues MOST COMMON lysosomal storage dz |
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What does cryptorchidism predispose someone to?
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1) Infertile d/t seminal vessicles being sensitive to Temp - hyalinize and ↓inhibin secretion (therefore ↑FSH from pituitary)
2) if not corrected (w/ Orchioplexy b/4 2 y/o → increased risk for germ cell tumors (35x!!) |
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What is NF-kB? What are 2 diseases it's a/w?
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An intracellular receptor in most cells that detects microbes that have invaded and stimulates TNF-α response.
In Crohn's = mutation of NOD2 might overstimulate Asthma = is the target for beclomethasone & prednisone |
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How is bile made?
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1) Free cholesterol → bile acids (cholic & chenodeoxycholic acids)
2) Conjugation w/ Glycine & Taurine (bile salts) |
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What keeps cholesterol from precipitating out in the gallbladder?
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1) Bile acid
2) Phosphatidylcholine |
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What parasites are treated w/ Metronidazole?
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GI infections:
- Giardia - Entamoeba STD - Trichomonas vaginalis |
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What are the treatments for Malaria?
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1) Chloroquine
- OR meflo-quine in resistant places like Africa 2) Primaquine (for the dormant hypnozoites of VIVAX & OVALE) |
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What are the components of endotoxin and what stimulates the body's response?
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3 parts:
- Lipid A - O Antigen - Core polysaccharide Lipid A activates macrophages → Inflammatory cytokines |
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What causes essential fructosuria?
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Lack of Fructokinase
Benign (increased fructose in urine and blood) Some fructose used by cells d/t action of Hexokinase that makes F6P → glycolysis |
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What does neuraminidase do?
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Relase of virus from infected cells.
Inhibitors = Tamiflu (OselTAMIvir) |
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What are the penicillinase-resistant penicillins?
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Nafcillin
Methicillin Oxacillin Good for empiric Tx of Staph aureus |
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What is amitryptaline? What are its SE's?
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It's a TCA - blocks NE and 5HT reuptake.
SE are mainly anticholinergic (atropine-like) |
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What's the difference b/w Rubella and Rubeola?
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Rubella = Togavirus w/ post-auricular LA (aka GERMAN measles)
Rubeola = Paramyxovirus Both have rash that starts on head/face and descends |
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What is Dobutamine?
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ß1 Agonist that:
1) ↑ HR 2) ↑ Contractility 3) ↑ Conduction velocity 4) ↑ Myocardial O2 consumption |
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What is hemiballismus and what causes it?
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Sudden unilateral flailing of an extremity.
d/t damage to the subthalamic nucleus (can't stimulate globus palladus externus to inhibit thalamus from stimulating movement) Usually d/t lacunar infarct d/t longstanding HTN |
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What is AZT and how does it work?
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AZT = Zidovudine, a nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)
It inhibits reverse transcriptase. AZT is a thymidine analog but lacks a 3'-OH group, so it's incorporated into DNA but can't form phosphodiester link w/ next nucleotide |
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What are the symptoms of diabetic occulomotor neuropathy?
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1) Ptsosis
2) "Down and Out" gaze (Accomodation & light pupil response are unchanged) |
