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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When and where is Aortic Regurgitation murmur best heard?
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It's loudest @ the beginning of diastole (greatest gradient b/w Aorta and the LV)
Left sternal border, leaning forward, end expiration |
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What is a rule of thumb about anaerobic coverage?
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Above diaphragm = Clindamycin
Below diaphragm = Metronidazole |
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What knee injury is common during football?
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"Unhappy Triad"
d/t lateral force on the knee: - ACL - MCL - Lateral Meniscus |
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Which drugs interfere with Viral DNA polymerase but don't need to be activated by kinases?
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Foscarnet
Cidofovir Both used for: - CMV (ganciclovir resistant) - HSV (acyclovir resistant) |
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Which drugs are guanosine analogs that are used to inhibit viral DNA polymerase?
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Acyclovir (HSV, VZV, EBV)
Ganciclovir (CMV) Need to be activated by viral thymidine kinases |
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What are the causes of nongonococcal urethritis? What is the Tx?
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NGU = Chlamydia trachomatis & Ureaplasma urealyticum
Tx = Azithromycin (macrolide) [or doxycycline (tetracycline)] Chlamydia lacks peptidoglycan, and ureaplasma has no cell wall, so anything that affects cell walls won't work! |
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What are the Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes and what do they cause?
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A, B, C = Africa, Blindness (d/t follicular conjunctivitis), Chronic infection
D-K = GU problems (incl neonate passing thru): - NGU - PID (& ectopic preg) - Neonatal pneumonia - Neonatal conjunctivitis L1, L2, L3 = Lymphogranuloma venereum (lymph node) |
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What causes a staccato cough in a neonate?
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Neonatal pneumonia d/t Chlamydia trachomatis
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What is Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome?
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aka Peri-Hepatitis
Pus from PID leads to scar tissue b/w the peritoneum and the liver capsule ("violin string" adhesions) |
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What is the MOA of Shiga and Shiga-like toxins? What is a common manifestation of both?
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S-higa = 60-S = HU-S
Inactivate the 60S subunit by cleaving rRNA ST = SHigella SLT = EHEC O157:H7 Both cause HUS |
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How can you differentiate EHEC from other E. coli?
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Does not fermet SORBITOL
Does not produce GLUCORONIDASE |
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What is responsible for elastin's plasticity and ability to recoil?
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Desomosine crosslinking b/w four different lysine residues on four different elastin chains
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What accumulates in Niemann-Pick disease and what are the features?
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Sphingomyelin (lack sphingomyelinase)
- Failure to thrive - HSM (foamy macros full of sphingo accum in liver/spleen/skin) - Neruodegeneration (lose prev. motor skills → hypotonia & blind by age 1) Death by age 3 |
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What infection are people with reduced IgA prone to?
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Giardiasis
Giardia lamblia e.g. Bruton's agammaglobulinemia |
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What are B-Cell specific surface markers?
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CD 19, 20, 21
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How do TZD's treat diabetics?
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Glitazones/Thiazolidinediones
- Pioglitazone - Rosiglitazone Bind Nuclear PPAR-gamma (transcription regulator) Induce gene transcription to ↑adiponectin and ↑insulin sensitivity |
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What is an Immunohistochemisitry stain for epithelial cells?
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Keratin
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What is an Immunohistochemisitry stain for lymphocytes?
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CD3 (pan TCell marker)
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What is an Immunohistochemisitry stain for muscle?
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Actin (smooth muscle0
Caldesmon Desmin |
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What is an Immunohistochemisitry stain for endothelium?
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CD34
vWF |
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What is an Immunohistochemisitry stain for glial cells?
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GFAP
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What is pathognomonic for acute tubular necrosis?
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Granular "muddy brown" casts
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What are the most serious complications of the maintenance and recovery phases of ATN?
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Maintenance = ↑K+
Recovery = ↓K+ |
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What is the most common type of chronic gastritis and what causes it? What is it a RF for?
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Type B = Antrum Chronic Gastritis
- H. pylori infection - lymphocytic/plasma cell infiltrate - RF for MALT lymphoma (low grade B Cell) |
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What is a positive Nikolsky's sign?
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Sloughing off of epidermal layer; seen in:
- SJS/TEN - Pemphigus vulgaris (helps differentiate from Bullous pemphigoid) |
