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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How does furosemide work? What drugs will reduce its function? What's an alternative drug?
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1) Blocks Na/K/2Cl symporter in TALoH from reabsorbing; the indirect Ca2+/Mg2+ paracellular absorption is also prevented. Also stimulates PGE synthesis (↑GFR→ ↑Rx delivery to loop)
2) NSAIDS will block its PGE inducing action 3) Alternative = Ethacrynic Acid (not a sulfa drug) |
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What are the treatments for Tonic-Clonic seizures?
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PVC:
-Phenytoin -Valproate -Carbamazepine |
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What are the types of errors in statistics?
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Type 1 = α - rejecting null when there really isn't any difference/effect (false-pos)
Type II = ß - failing to reject the null when in reality, there is a difference/effect (false-neg) |
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What is the main cause of PID (acute)?
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Neisseria gonorrhea
Often along w/ Chlamydia trachomatis (subacute) = #1 bacterial STD in US Major RF for ectopic pregnancy |
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What is a non-GU effect of PID?
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Perihepatitis (Fitz-Hughes-Curtis syndrome)
Infection of the liver capsule and "violin string" adhesions of the parietal peritoneum to the liver |
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What is the empiric treatment of PID?
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P-oliticians I-n D-enial from C-oral G-ables to D-C:
- Ceftriaxone (Gonorrhea) - Doxycycline (Chlamydia) |
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What nerves are associated with the 1st branchial arch?
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TM = 1st is TradeMarked
Nerve = T-rige-M-inal - V-Two - V-Three |
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What muscles are associated with the 1st branchial arch?
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TM = 1st is TradeMarked
Muscle = of M-astication - T-emporalis - M-asseter - pT-erygoids - M-ylohyoid - T-ensor (tympani, veli palatini) - an-T-erior belly of digastric |
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What bone/cartilage is associated with the 1st branchial arch?
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TM = 1st is TradeMarked
M-eckel's cartilage: - M-andible - M-alleus - spheno-M-andibular ligament - T-emporal bone - incus |
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What is an abnormality a/w 1st Branchial Arch development?
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TM = 1st is TradeMarked
T-reacher Collins syndrome = failure of neural crest migration: - M-andibular hypoplasia - Facial abnormalities |
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What nerves are associated with the 2nd branchial arch?
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2nd is S-econd = S's:
Nerve = S-even (VII = facial nerve) |
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What muscles are associated with the 2nd branchial arch?
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2nd is S-econd = S's:
Muscles: - S-tapedius - S-tylohyoid - of facial expre-SS-ion - po-S-terior belly of digastric |
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What bone/cartilage is associated with the 2nd branchial arch?
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2nd is S-econd = S's:
Reichert's cartilage: - S-tapes - S-tyloid proce-SS - S-tylohyoid ligament - le-SS-er horn of hyoid |
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What are the toxicities of ACE-I tx?
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the -prils, e.g. CAPTOPRIL:
- Cough - Angioedema - Proteinuria - Taste change - hyp-O-tension - Pregnancy problems - Rash - Increased renin - Lower AII |
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What lab values would you expect to change if starting someone on ACE-I?
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↑Creatine (30% in 2-5 days)
d/t preventing the EFFerent arterioles from constricting → ↓GFR AVOID ACE-I if there's bilateral RAS |
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What tx is used for acute thyrotoxicosis to handle symptoms? What isn't helped?
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1) ß-Blockers
2) Exophthalmos doesn't respond b/c it's an increase in tissue (not an autonomic problem) |
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If a patient has angina, but is allergic to Aspirin, what can you give them?
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Clopidogrel
MOA = Irreversibly blocks ADP-R → prevents GpIIb/IIIa expression → prevents fibrinogen binding |
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What causes Lyme disease and what are the symptoms of each stage?
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E-very B-ody K-nows to A-void BOR-is' key LYME pie:
- E-rythema chrnoicum migrans (Stage 1) - B-ell's palsy (Stage 2) - K-ardiac block (Stage 2) - A-rthritis (Stage 3) - BOR-relia burgdorferi |
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What gene mutation leads to uncontrolled cell proliferation of adenomatous polyps in the colon?
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K-ras
Size of polyps is important: - <1cm → 0% chance - >4cm → 40% chance |
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What stains amyloid?
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Congo Red
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What is the sequence of gene mutations in most CRC?
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1) APC (normal mucosa → small polyp)
2) k-RAS (increase size) 3) p53 & DCC (malignant transformation) |
