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21 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What conditions can vitamin A help to treat?
1) Measles
2) AML (subtype M3)

meAsles
A-mL
(m - 3)
What is India Ink stain used to detect?
Cryptococcus neoformans

Neo = New (New Delhi = India)

"halo" d/t the thick polysaccharide coat (crypt) around the yeast.
What is the culture medium for fungi?
Sabourad's Agar
(e.g. for Cryptococcus neoformans)
What are the mature ego defense mechanisms?
SASH
- Sublimation
- Altruism
- Suppression
- Humor

(Mature women wear a SASH)
What are the mature ego defense mechanisms?
SASH
- Sublimation
- Altruism
- Suppression
- Humor

(Mature women wear a SASH)
What crystal is needle-shaped and negatively birefringent?
Monosodium Urate (Gout)

Accumulate as Tophi (nodules)
What is serum sickness?
A type III hypersensitivity rxn (now usually d/t drugs e.g. SMX).

Ig-Ag complexes deposit in membranes and:
- fix complement
- recruit PMN's

Findings:
- Fever
- Urticaria
- Arthralgias
- Proteinuria (GBM damage)
- LA
Can lead to vasculitis (w/ fibrinous necrosis)
What is Niacin derived from? What is it a constitutive of?
Vit B3 = Niacin

Derived from Trp (tryptophan)
Consitutent of NAD+ & NADP+
What diseases are assoicated w/ Vitamin B3?
Pellagra = severe deficiency (the 3 D's of B3):
- Diarrhea
- Dermatitis
- Dementia

Hartnup Disease = ↓ Trp absorption

Carcinoid syndrome (↑ Trp metabolism)

INH use (↓B6)
What are the possible sites for UMN lesions?
1) Spine = corticospinal tracts
2) Brainstem:
- midbrain
- pons
- medulla
3) Brain:
- internal capsule
- pre-central gyrus (1º motor cortex)
What is the name of a single mRNA molecule that codes for more than one protein?
Polycistronic mRNA (usually prokaryotes)
What part of the brain is affected in Wilson's Disease?
Putamen (exterior most part of the basal ganglia)
What part of the brain is affected in Huntington's Disease?
Caudate nucleus (C-shaped, inferolateral walls of the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles)
What are the characterstics of Wilson's Dz?
C-opper is H-ella B-A-D:

C (3):
- cirrhosis → carcinoma (HCC)
- cornea (kaiser-fleisher rings)
- ceruloplasmin ↓
H = Hemolytic anemia
B = Basal ganglia (putamen; parkinsonian syx)
A = Asterixis
D (3):
- Dementia
- Dyskinesia
- Dysarthria
What is the flow of CSF?
CSF is made in Choroid plexus (lateral and 4th ventricles)

1) Lateral ventricles
→ Interventricular foramen (of Monro)
2) 3rd Ventricle
→ Cerebral aqueduct
3) 4th Ventricle
→ foramen of Luschka (Lateral)
→ foramen of Magendie (Medial)
4) Sub-arachnoid space

Resorbed in the arachnoid granulations → Venous sinuses
What is noncommunicating hydropcephalus and what are its causes?
A structural blockage of CSF circulation within the ventricular system.

Causes (ABCD's of W-ater on the brain)
- Aqueductal stensosis
- Budd-Chiari syndrome
- Dandy-Walker syndrome
What are the causes of acute pancreatitis?
All result in autodigestion of the pancreas by its own enzymes (lipase and amylase):
GET SMASHED
G - gallstones
E - EtOH
T - trauma
S - steroids
M - mumps
A - autoimmune
S - scorpion bites
H - hyperCa / hyperTG
E - ERCP (procedure)
D - drugs (sulfa)
How does 3º Syphilis cause heart disease?
1) Vasa vasorum arteritis/obliteration

2) Inflammation, ischemia → weakening of the aortic adventitia

3) Thoracic aortic aneurysm → mediastinal widening on CXR and also can dilate the aortic valve ring → AR
What is the vaccine, prophylaxis, and treatment for Neisseria meningitides?
Vaccine = capsular polysaccharide vaccine (doesn't work for type B)

PPx = Rifampin

Tx = CefTRIaxone & PCN-G
What is a complication of CMV in HIV patients? What is 1st line treatment? If that fails?
CMV Retinitis

1) Ganciclovir
2) Foscarnet
(NOTE: can cause HypoCa and HypoMg)
A smoker with very high fever, diarrhea, confusion, and a cough causing chest pain?
Legionnaire's dz d/t Legionella pneumophila.

Silver stain
Charcoal culture (w/ Iron & cysteine)

Tx = Erythromycin