Utt Philosophy Unit

Front 1

Metaphysics

Back 1

study of ultimate reality – how reality works and how it is organized

Front 2

Epistemology

Back 2

study of knowledge – what we mean when we say we know something

Front 3

Cosmology

Back 3

study of the structure, origin, and design of the universe

Front 4

Ontology

Back 4

study of the existence of being – what we mean when we say something exists

Front 5

Mind/Body

Back 5

study of the relationship of the mind to the physical body

Front 6

Christianity
Main Philosophy

Back 6

Supernaturalism
Realism

Front 7

Christianity
Metaphysics

Back 7

God is the source of all reality

Front 8

Christianity
Epistemology

Back 8

Faith precedes reason – All knowing requires faith

Front 9

Christianity
Cosmology

Back 9

Intelligent Design

Front 10

Christianity
Ontology

Back 10

God is the supreme source of all being and reality.

Front 11

Christianity
Mind/Body

Back 11

Dualism – mind is immaterial, body is material

Front 12

W.J. Niedhardt

Back 12

Faith correctly viewed is that illumination by which true rationality begins.

Front 13

C.S. Lewis

Back 13

In science we have been reading the notes of the poem; in Christianity we find the poem itself.

Front 14

Sir John Eccles

Back 14

Having a mind means one is conscious and that consciousness is a mental event not a material one.”

Front 15

4 Discoveries that support that God exists

Back 15

1. Second Law of Thermodynamics
2. Impossibility of spontaneous generation of life from non-life;
3. Genetic information theory;
4. Anthropic Principle

Front 16

Islam
Main Philosophy

Back 16

Supernaturalism

Front 17

Islam
Metaphysics

Back 17

Reality composed of both permanent and change

Front 18

Islam
Epistemology

Back 18

Knowledge is perfection and perfection is happiness.

Front 19

Islam
Cosmology

Back 19

Kalam Cosmological Argument

Front 20

Islam
Mind/Body

Back 20

Dualism – mind is immaterial, body is material

Front 21

Islam
Ontology

Back 21

Necessary existence in intellect is the basis for Necessary Existent

Front 22

Blaise Pascal

Back 22

Any man can do what Mohamet has done; for he performed no miracles…No man can do what Christ has done.

Front 23

Islam
Kalam Cosmological Argument

Back 23

1) Did the universe have a beginning or has it always existed?
2) Was the beginning caused or uncaused?
3) Is the agent of cause personal or impersonal?

Front 24

Islam
Other

Back 24

Greatly influenced by Greek philosophers

Front 25

Secular Humanism
Main Philosophy

Back 25

Naturalism

Front 26

Secular Humanism
Metaphysics

Back 26

Science as the ultimate means of knowledge and truth

Front 27

Secular Humanism
Epistemology

Back 27

We know everything in the physical world through science.

Front 28

Secular Humanism
Cosmology

Back 28

Eternal matter spontaneously generated life and the human mind through the evolutionary process.

Front 29

Secular Humanism
Ontology

Back 29

Matter is all there is.

Front 30

Secular Humanism
Mind/Body

Back 30

Monism – the body and mind are both material substances

Front 31

Carl Sagan

Back 31

the cosmos is all that is or ever was or all that will be.

Front 32

Marxism-Leninism
Main Philosophy

Back 32

Dialectical Materialism
thesis---->antithesis--->synthesis

Front 33

Marxism-Leninism
Metaphysics

Back 33

Opposed to metaphysics because there is the assumption that matter is stagnant and the dialectic view of life is an ever-changing process

Front 34

Marxism-Leninism
Epistemology

Back 34

True belief only becomes knowledge when backed by some kind of investigation and evidence.

Front 35

Marxism-Leninism
Cosmology

Back 35

The universe is the only thing that exists. It always has and always will.

Front 36

Marxism-Leninism
Ontology

Back 36

Ultimate substance and cause is ever-changing dialectical matter

Front 37

Marxism-Leninism
Mind/Body

Back 37

Mental functions are functions of highly developed matter, namely, the brain

Front 38

Karl Marx

Back 38

As long as we actually observe and think, we cannot possibly get away from materialism.

Front 39

Frederick Engels

Back 39

the world is not to be comprehended as a complex of ready-made things, but as a complex of evolutionary processes.

Front 40

V.I. Lenin

Back 40

Matter is primary nature. Sensation, thought, consciousness are the highest products of matter organized in a certain way.

Front 41

Cosmic Humanism
Main Philosophy

Back 41

Non-Naturalism

Front 42

Cosmic Humanism
Epistemology

Back 42

When we get in touch with the higher self, we can intuitively know truth without limits.

Front 43

Cosmic Humanism
Ontology

Back 43

All things are honored and precious manifestations of God.

Front 44

Cosmic Humanism
Mind/Body

Back 44

Monism – All is one, but the ultimate reality is spiritual not material.

Front 45

Joseph Campbell

Back 45

What’s the meaning of the universe? … It’s just there. That’s it. And your own meaning is that you’re there.

Front 46

Shakti Gawain

Back 46

"When we consistently suppress and distrust our intuitive knowingness, looking instead for external authority, validation and approval from others, we give our personal power away.

Front 47

Cosmic Humanism
Other

Back 47

Rooted in Romantic poets of 1800s like Emerson, Whitman, Thoreau.

Front 48

Postmodernism
Main Philosophy

Back 48

Anti-Realism

Front 49

Postmodernism
Metaphysics

Back 49

Human reason is inadequate for achieving truth.

Front 50

Postmodernism
Epistemology

Back 50

There is no universal Truth, only personal, subjective truths.

Front 51

Postmodernism
Ontology

Back 51

Reality is constructed by language

Front 52

Richard Rorty

Back 52

truth is whatever his community of scholars allows him to get away with.

Front 53

Jean Francois Lyotard

Back 53

metanarrative is incredulous

Front 54

Vanhoozer Four Points to Summarize

Back 54

1. Knowledge – local narratives;
2. Reason – situated within a particular narrative, tradition, institution, practice;
3. Metanarratives – a unifying story that seeks to explain how the world is.
4. Human beings – individuals not autonomous.

Front 55

Equivocation

Back 55

Use different definitions for the same word or when a word is taken a different way than meant

Front 56

Appeal to Pity

Back 56

Invoking the listener to feel sorry for the individual or group for whom one is arguing

Front 57

Ad Hominem

Back 57

Instead of dealing with what a person is arguing, someone attacks his or her character

Front 58

Appeal to Ignorance

Back 58

Just because there is no proof against your position does not prove your position is true.

Front 59

Red Herring

Back 59

Introduction of an irrelevant side issue of an argument which distracts and confuses the case being presented.

Front 60

Hasty Generalization

Back 60

A person gathers too little information to support the conclusion being argued.

Front 61

Sweeping Generalization

Back 61

A general rule is applied to all instances, not recognizing there are exceptions.

Front 62

Begging the Question

Back 62

One simply assumes what he or she is trying to prove.

Front 63

Faulty Dilemma

Back 63

There are only a certain number of options and you must choose between them.

Front 64

Complex Question

Back 64

You have to show the question is not fair.

Front 65

False Analogy

Back 65

It compares two objects that are actually relevantly dissimilar.

Front 66

False Cause

Back 66

A person believes that just because one thing followed another there must be a causal connection.

Front 67

Straw Man

Back 67

A person misrepresents another’s view so as to easily discredit it.

Front 68

Appeal to Majority

Back 68

We appeal to a group of people to prove that something is true or false, right or wrong.

Front 69

Appeal to Tradition

Back 69

One appeals to either what is old, or to what is new in the attempt to establish the truth.