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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Allport - Traits
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Internal structures that render many stimuli functionally equivalent and yield similar adaptive and expressive behaviours. Personality trait inside the person that made external stimuli seem the same to that person; ex shy – see social situations as threatening – nervous at parties, nervous if presenting, nervous at lots of things/places; wide variety of social situations would be similar because of that personality trait; very few exceptions;
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Allport - Traits
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Traits express what a person generally does across situations. Inconsistency does not mean that traits doesn’t exist - situations also have influence whether, where and how traits expressed
Lack of sociability at a funeral |
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Allport three types of traits
cardinal |
Single characteristic that directs most of a person’s activities; Few people have them
- single characteristic that directs everything that person does; it has a strong influence over their life; few people have this; rare; don’t over use the term; Mother Theresa – helpful, better for the poor; Superman – 1 prime directive: fighting crime |
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Allport three types of traits
Central |
Main characteristic of an individual
Usually 5 – 10 People tend to describe others at this level where there is balance btw trait generality & behaviour specificity. Extraverted vs. sociable vs. talks a lot main characteristics of a person; how you would describe a person; 5 -10 central traits you would use to describe a person; balance btw very general & very specific; ex. Extraverted = general vs talks a lot = very specific, so a more general trait would be = very sociable |
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Allport three types of traits
Secondary |
Characteristics that affect behaviour in fewer situations & are less influential; More easily modified than Central Traits; Preference for dark chocolate, dislike for rap music...
s/t affecting is spec situations; easier to change; |
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Raymond Cattell
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Empirical approach to trait theory
Reduction of 4,500 trait words (left by Allport) to 16 most basic personality dimensions Removed synonyms; Collected ratings on remaining traits Used factor analysis to reduce |
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Major Divisions of Traits
Constitutional (biological) vs. environment-mold (learned) |
bio based genetic or part of the fact that we are human; Enviro – they are learned traits
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Major Divisions of Traits
Ability vs. temperament vs. dynamic |
Ability vs. temperament vs. dynamic
ability to deal with complexity – Cattell’s definition of intelligence; fluid & crystallized intelligence – fluid to think in reason, not learned, use your mind effectively, born with, can develop – crystallized in contrast is the stuff you learn/know ie. Facts, math, spelling, who is PM of Canada Temperament – easy difficult or slow to warm up from Dev Psych; appears early, level of energy sociable they are, friendly, how regular their daily cycles are, mood, interest in interacting with others Dynamic(37:45) motivations; ambition or competitive nests; drive you or prevent you from making progress |
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Major Divisions of Traits
ABILITY |
• Skill in dealing with complexity
• = intelligence • Fluid • Crystallized |
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Temperament
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General traits that appear present early
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Dynamic traits
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Motivations
• Ambition, competitiveness, etc. |
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Cattell: Factor Analysis
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Summarizes how a large # of variables are related
many different measures are administered to many respondents; Some scores will be positively correlated; others negatively correlated Correlations might reflect more basic, underlying factor |
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16 PF Results
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1. Warmth
2. Reasoning ability - intelligence 3. Emotional stability – neuroticism 4. Dominance 5. Liveliness 6. Rule consciousness 7. Social boldness 8. Sensitivity 9. Vigilance 10. Abstractness 11. Privateness 12. Apprehension 13. Openness to change 14. Self reliance 15. Perfectionism 16. Tension |
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Second Order Factors
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Further factor analysis to reduce Cattell’s 16 (or other trait taxonomies) to a lower number; often results in 3 or 5 factors. You want to have the minimum number of dimensions/traits that give you the maximum ability to explain the difference btw people.
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Hans Eysenck
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Theoretical approach
Biological/neurological causes of personality /behaviour Personality - individual differences in bio/neuro functioning |
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Eysenck Personality Types
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Focused on higher levels of trait organization called types
Types incorporate traits Traits incorporate habits |
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Eysenck: 3 Bipolar dimensions
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Extraversion: outgoing, sociable
Psychotism: towards psychosis and/or sociopathy but to a lesser extent (ex reckless, a disregard for common sense or conventions, degree of inappropriate emotional expression) - Neuroticism: emotional instability |
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Eysenck: Bio Basis for Personality
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Individual differences in introversion-extraversion
Introverts experience more cortical arousal from events (ex intense social stimuli over-arouse, leading to inhibition & withdrawal) Extraverts experience less cortical arousal than introverts from the same stimulus (ex due to under-arousal, extroverts seek social stimuli) |
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Eysenck: Evidence for Bio Theory
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Individual differences in introversion-extraversion stable over time
Introversion-extraversion cross-cultural Indices of biological functioning correlate with introversion-extraversion scores Brain activity Heart rate Hormone level – part. Stress hormones Sweat gland activity |
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OPENESS TO EXPERIENCE:
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high - more adventurous low - more conventional
Imaginative – practical Preference for variety – preference for routine Independent – conforming |
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EXTRAVERSION:
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Sociable – retiring
Fun-loving – sober Affectionate - reserved |
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AGREEABLENESS –
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– how nice you are to others; helpful
Soft-hearted – ruthless Trusting – suspicious Helpful – uncooperative |
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EMOTIONAL STABILITY - NEUROTICISM – low- calm, happy with yourself – high – more anxious, not sure of yourself
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Calm – anxious
Secure – insecure Self-satisfied – self-pitying Left side is almost middle of the road; Low is almost not caring; smoke weed, live in parent’s basement; like a cat |
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CONSCIENTIOUSNESS – care in your work, how careful you are
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Organized – disorganized
Careful – careless Disciplined – impulsive Low – last minute, lack discipline |