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24 Cards in this Set

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Allport - Traits
Internal structures that render many stimuli functionally equivalent and yield similar adaptive and expressive behaviours. Personality trait inside the person that made external stimuli seem the same to that person; ex shy – see social situations as threatening – nervous at parties, nervous if presenting, nervous at lots of things/places; wide variety of social situations would be similar because of that personality trait; very few exceptions;
Allport - Traits
Traits express what a person generally does across situations. Inconsistency does not mean that traits doesn’t exist - situations also have influence whether, where and how traits expressed
Lack of sociability at a funeral
Allport three types of traits
cardinal
Single characteristic that directs most of a person’s activities; Few people have them
- single characteristic that directs everything that person does; it has a strong influence over their life; few people have this; rare; don’t over use the term; Mother Theresa – helpful, better for the poor; Superman – 1 prime directive: fighting crime
Allport three types of traits
Central
Main characteristic of an individual
Usually 5 – 10
People tend to describe others at this level where there is balance btw trait generality & behaviour specificity.
Extraverted vs. sociable vs. talks a lot

main characteristics of a person; how you would describe a person; 5 -10 central traits you would use to describe a person; balance btw very general & very specific; ex. Extraverted = general vs talks a lot = very specific, so a more general trait would be = very sociable
Allport three types of traits
Secondary
Characteristics that affect behaviour in fewer situations & are less influential; More easily modified than Central Traits; Preference for dark chocolate, dislike for rap music...
s/t affecting is spec situations; easier to change;
Raymond Cattell
Empirical approach to trait theory
Reduction of 4,500 trait words (left by Allport) to 16 most basic personality dimensions
Removed synonyms; Collected ratings on remaining traits
Used factor analysis to reduce
Major Divisions of Traits
Constitutional (biological) vs. environment-mold (learned)
bio based genetic or part of the fact that we are human; Enviro – they are learned traits
Major Divisions of Traits
Ability vs. temperament vs. dynamic
Ability vs. temperament vs. dynamic
ability to deal with complexity – Cattell’s definition of intelligence; fluid & crystallized intelligence – fluid to think in reason, not learned, use your mind effectively, born with, can develop – crystallized in contrast is the stuff you learn/know ie. Facts, math, spelling, who is PM of Canada
Temperament – easy difficult or slow to warm up from Dev Psych; appears early, level of energy sociable they are, friendly, how regular their daily cycles are, mood, interest in interacting with others
Dynamic(37:45) motivations; ambition or competitive nests; drive you or prevent you from making progress
Major Divisions of Traits
ABILITY
• Skill in dealing with complexity
• = intelligence
• Fluid
• Crystallized
Temperament
General traits that appear present early
Dynamic traits
Motivations
• Ambition, competitiveness, etc.
Cattell: Factor Analysis
Summarizes how a large # of variables are related
many different measures are administered to many respondents; Some scores will be positively correlated; others negatively correlated
Correlations might reflect more basic, underlying factor
16 PF Results
1. Warmth
2. Reasoning ability - intelligence
3. Emotional stability – neuroticism
4. Dominance
5. Liveliness
6. Rule consciousness
7. Social boldness
8. Sensitivity
9. Vigilance
10. Abstractness
11. Privateness
12. Apprehension
13. Openness to change
14. Self reliance
15. Perfectionism
16. Tension
Second Order Factors
Further factor analysis to reduce Cattell’s 16 (or other trait taxonomies) to a lower number; often results in 3 or 5 factors. You want to have the minimum number of dimensions/traits that give you the maximum ability to explain the difference btw people.
Hans Eysenck
Theoretical approach
Biological/neurological causes of personality /behaviour
Personality - individual differences in bio/neuro functioning
Eysenck Personality Types
Focused on higher levels of trait organization called types
Types incorporate traits
Traits incorporate habits
Eysenck: 3 Bipolar dimensions
Extraversion: outgoing, sociable
Psychotism: towards psychosis and/or sociopathy but to a lesser extent (ex reckless, a disregard for common sense or conventions, degree of inappropriate emotional expression) -
Neuroticism: emotional instability
Eysenck: Bio Basis for Personality
Individual differences in introversion-extraversion
Introverts experience more cortical arousal from events (ex intense social stimuli over-arouse, leading to inhibition & withdrawal)
Extraverts experience less cortical arousal than introverts from the same stimulus (ex due to under-arousal, extroverts seek social stimuli)
Eysenck: Evidence for Bio Theory
Individual differences in introversion-extraversion stable over time
Introversion-extraversion cross-cultural
Indices of biological functioning correlate with introversion-extraversion scores
Brain activity
Heart rate
Hormone level – part. Stress hormones
Sweat gland activity
OPENESS TO EXPERIENCE:
high - more adventurous low - more conventional
Imaginative – practical
Preference for variety – preference for routine
Independent – conforming
EXTRAVERSION:
Sociable – retiring
Fun-loving – sober
Affectionate - reserved
AGREEABLENESS –
– how nice you are to others; helpful
Soft-hearted – ruthless
Trusting – suspicious
Helpful – uncooperative
EMOTIONAL STABILITY - NEUROTICISM – low- calm, happy with yourself – high – more anxious, not sure of yourself
Calm – anxious
Secure – insecure
Self-satisfied – self-pitying
Left side is almost middle of the road; Low is almost not caring; smoke weed, live in parent’s basement; like a cat
CONSCIENTIOUSNESS – care in your work, how careful you are
Organized – disorganized
Careful – careless
Disciplined – impulsive
Low – last minute, lack discipline