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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Chromatin |
Stretched out, invisible, interphase |
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Chromosome |
bundled tight packages of DNA (mitosis) Pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I. |
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Chromatid |
Single side of chromosome -before replication- pairing of sister chromatids in mitosis and meiosis ii |
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gene |
one segment of chromosome codes for one protein |
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Gene Expression |
the process by which the genotype becomes expressed as the phenotype |
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Cellular Differentiation |
The process of a cell changing from one cell type to another. Certain genes are turned on and off. Cells become specialized in structure and function |
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Cancer |
Cells reproducing out of control |
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Benign |
Localized |
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Malignant |
cancerous-invading other tissues |
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metastasis |
Spreading to other tissues |
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An example of a gamete is an egg or sperm True or False |
True Gametes are haploid somatic cells |
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During Phrophase I, _________ |
Tetrads form and crossing over occurs |
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Karotype |
is a picture of the chromosomes of an individual or species. Can determine number of chromosomes (like Trisomy) and sex. |
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A carrier would have which genotype? |
Heterozygous |
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In order to determine the genotype of individual who expresses a dominant trait, you would cross that individual with and individual who_____ |
Is homozygous recessive for that trait. |
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If one strand of DNA double helix has the sequent GTCCAT, what is the sequence of the other strand? |
CAGGTA |
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Homozygous |
When an organism has identical alleles for a gene. (AA or aa) |
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Hererozygous |
When an organism has different alleles for a gene. (Aa) |
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Phenotype |
is the physical characteristics of the trait. It is what we "see" |
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Genotype |
the Genetic makeup of an organism. |
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Incomplete Dominance |
In incomplete dominance F1, hybrids have an appearance in between the phenotype of the two parents. |
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mRNA |
single stranded, ribose sugar, has Uracil necleotide in place of Thymine |
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Nucleotide to Amino Acid |
Language of DNA is sequence of nucleic acids. DNA transcribed into RNA. RNA translated into sequence of amino acids in polypeptide (protein). |
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Transcription |
DNA to mRNA (messenger RNA). Takes place in the Nucleus |
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Translation |
mRNA to tRNA (transfer RNA). Takes place in the ribosomes of the cytoplasm. A Ribosome binds mRNA to tRNA. Anticodons of tRNA attach to the codons on mRNA. Anticodons for specific amino acids. |
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Polygenic inheritance |
is the additive effects of two or more genes on a single phenotype |
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Pleiotropy |
is the impact of a single gene on more than one characteristic. -Sickle Cells Disease -Malaria Resistance |
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Codon |
A three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or polypeptide termination signal; The basic unit of the genetic code. |
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DNA |
Deoxyribonucleic Acid |
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Purines |
Contain 2 rings -Adenine (A) -Guanine (G) |
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Pyrimidines |
Contain 1 ring -Thymine (T) -Cytosine (C) |
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Protein Synthesis |
The process of MAKING proteins. |
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Differences in RNA |
1. Single Stranded 2. Ribose Sugar 3. Base uracil instead of thymine 4. Three Kinds of RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA) 5. RNA found in the nucleus and cytoplasm 6. Smaller in size |
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Gene Regulation |
is the on-off switch of genes. |
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Epigenetics |
The study of changes in gene expression that are independent of DNA sequence itself. |
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Cloning |
Using a cell from a multi-cellular organism to grow a new organism genetically identical to the original. |
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recombinant DNA |
combine nucleotide sequences (pieces of DNA) from two different sources to form a single DNA molecule. |
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sticky ends |
are single-stranded end of DNA or RNA having nucledotide base sequence complimentary to that of another strand, enabling the two strands to be connects by the base pairing, |
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DNA Fingerprinting (profiling) |
analysis of DNA samples that can be used to determine whether the samples come from and individual in question. |
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Pharming |
using agricultural plants or animals to produce genetically modified products |
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Three phases of cellular respiration |
glycoysis krebs cycle electron transport chain |
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Carrying Capacity |
The maximum population size that can be supported by the available environmental resources
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Ecological footprint |
the impact of a person or community on the environment, expressed as the amount of land required to sustain their use of natural resources |
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What is used to calculate the difference in population between New Jersey (small land mass) and Alaska (large land mass) residents? |
Population Density |
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All of the organisms and nonliving components of a particular environment are referred to as |
ecosystem |
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Which type of organelle is responsible for storing genetic material? |
Nucleus |
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What is used for dietary energy? |
Carbohydrates |
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What is used for long term energy storage? |
Lipids |
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Fatty acids are the monomer for which polymer? |
Lipids |
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Which of the following macromolecules contains nitrogen? a) lipids b) proteins c) carbohydrates d) nucleic acids |
d) nucleic acids |
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what is used for enzymes, structure and function? |
proteins |
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plant cells have |
cell wall (and cell membrane), one large central vacuole, chloroplasts |
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animal cells have |
only cell membrane, many small vacuoles, centrioles, lysosomes and flagellum |
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The most abundant element found in the human body based on weight it? |
oxygen |
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epigenetics |
the stud of changes in gene expression that are independent of the DNA sequence itself. |
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Cloning |
using a cell from a multi-cellular organism to grow a new organism (or organ) genetically identical to the original. |
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Cellular differentiation |
the process of a cell changing from one cell type to a another |
