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34 Cards in this Set
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Growth Hormone |
Increased height during childhood. * Increases calcium retention, and strengthens and increases the mineralization of bone* Increases muscle mass through sarcomere hypertrophy * Promotes lipolysis * Increases protein synthesis * Stimulates the growth of all internal organs excluding the brain * Plays a role in homeostasis * Reduces liver uptake of glucose * Promotes gluconeogenesis in the liver * Contributes to the maintenance and function of pancreatic islets * Stimulates the immune system * Increases deiodination of T4 to T3 |
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Serum gastrin |
peptide hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid (HCl) by the parietal cells of the stomach and aids in gastric motility. It is released by G cells in the pyloric antrum of the stomach, duodenum, and the pancreas. * Stimulates parietal cell maturation and fundal growth. * Causes chief cells to secrete pepsinogen, the zymogen (inactive) form of the digestive enzyme pepsin. * Increases antral muscle mobility and promotes stomach contractions. * Strengthens antral contractions against the pylorus, and constricts the pyloric sphincter, which diminishes the rate of gastric emptying. * Plays a role in the relaxation of the ileocecal valve. * Induces pancreatic secretions and gallbladder emptying. * May impact lower esophageal sphincter (LES) tone, causing it to contract, - although pentagastrin, rather than endogenous gastrin, may be the cause. |
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Parietal cell |
stomach epithelial cells that secrete gastric acid (HCl) andintrinsic factor.
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Pepsinogen/pepsin |
enzyme released by the chief cells in the stomach and that degrades food proteins into peptides. |
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Hypothalmic GHRH |
Releasing hormone for growth hormone. It is a 44[1]-amino acid peptide hormone produced in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. |
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Somatostatin |
Anterior pituitary In the anterior pituitary gland, the effects of somatostatin are: * Inhibit the release of growth hormone (GH)(thus opposing the effects of growth hormone-releasing hormone(GHRH))* Inhibit the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) * Inhibit adenylyl cyclase in parietal cells. * Inhibits the release of prolactin (PRL) * Gastrin * Cholecystokinin (CCK) * Secretin * Motilin * Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) * Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) * Enteroglucagon * Decrease rate of gastric emptying, and reduces smooth muscle contractions and blood flow within the intestine * Inhibits insulin release when somatostatin is released from delta cells of pancreas * Inhibits the release of glucagon * Suppresses the exocrine secretory action of pancreas. |
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Luteinizing hormone |
Hormone produced by gonadotroph cells in the anterior pituitary gland. In females, an acute rise of LH ("LH surge") triggers ovulation and development of the corpus luteum. In males, where LH had also been called interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH), it stimulates Leydig cell production oftestosterone. It acts synergistically with FSH. |
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Human Chorionic gonadotropin |
Human chorionic gonadotropin interacts with the LHCG receptor of the ovary and promotes the maintenance of the corpus luteum during the beginning of pregnancy. |
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Prolactin |
Protein that enables females to produce milk |
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Follicle-stimulating hormone |
FSH regulates the development, growth, pubertal maturation and reproductive processes of the body. FSH and luteinizing hormone (LH) act synergistically in reproduction. |
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adrenocorticotropin |
ACTH stimulates secretion of glucocorticoid steroid hormones from adrenal cortex cells |
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vascular endothelial growth factor |
Signal protein produced by cells that stimulates vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. It is part of the system that restores the oxygen supply to tissues when blood circulation is inadequate. |
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Endostatin |
Derived from type XVIII collagen. It is reported to serve as an anti-angiogenic agent, similar to angiostatin and thrombospondin. |
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Angiostatin |
It is an endogenous angiogenesis inhibitor (i.e., it blocks the growth of new blood vessels), and it is currently undergoing clinical trials for its use in anticancer therapy. |
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Platelet Derived Growth Factor |
One of the numerous growth factors, or proteins that regulate cell growth and division. In particular, it plays a significant role in blood vessel formation (angiogenesis), the growth of blood vessels from already-existing blood vessel tissue. |
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Transformation Growth Factor |
* TGFα is upregulated in some human cancers. It is produced in macrophages, brain cells, and keratinocytes, and induces epithelial development.
* TGFβ exists in three known subtypes in humans, TGFβ1, TGFβ2, and TGFβ3. These are upregulated in Marfan's syndrome and some human cancers, and play crucial roles in tissue regeneration, cell differentiation, embryonic development, and regulation of the immune system. Isoforms of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β1) are also thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia. TGFβ receptors are single pass serine/threonine kinase receptors. |
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Gamma-amine-butyric acid (GABA) |
It plays the principal role in reducing neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system. In humans, GABA is also directly responsible for the regulation of muscle tone |
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kainate |
Ionotropic receptors that respond to the neurotransmitter glutamate |
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Nicotinic acetylcholine |
Neuron receptor proteins that signal for muscular contraction upon a chemical stimulus. They are cholinergic receptors that form ligand-gated ion channels in the plasma membranes of certain neurons and on the presynaptic and postsynaptic sides of the neuromuscular junction. |
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N-methyl-D-aspartate |
An amino acid derivative that acts as a specific agonist at the NMDA receptor mimicking the action of glutamate, the neurotransmitter which normally acts at that receptor. |
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Serotonin 3 (5-HT3) |
This ion channel is cation-selective and mediates neuronal depolarization and excitation within the central andperipheral nervous systems.
When the receptor is activated to open the ion channel by agonists, the following effects are observed: * CNS: nausea and vomiting center in brain stem, anxiety, seizure propensity* PNS: neuronal excitation (in autonomic, nociceptive neurons), emesis |
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Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) |
Sex steroid and androgen hormone. The enzyme5α-reductase synthesizes DHT in the prostate, testes, hair follicles, and adrenal glands. |
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Forward motility factor |
Binds to the surface of the mature sperm cells to promote their progressive motility. |
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Oxytocin |
Plays an important role in the neuroanatomy of intimacy, specifically in sexual reproduction of both sexes, in particular during and after childbirth. It is released in large amounts after distension of the cervix and uterus during labor, facilitating birth,maternal bonding, and, after stimulation of the nipples, lactation. Both childbirth and milk ejection result from positive feedbackmechanisms. |
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Prostaglandins |
The diversity of receptors means that prostaglandins act on an array of cells and have a wide variety of effects such as: * cause constriction or dilation in vascular smooth muscle cells* cause aggregation or disaggregation of platelets * sensitize spinal neurons to pain * induce labor * decrease intraocular pressure * regulate inflammation * regulate calcium movement * regulate hormones * control cell growth * acts on thermoregulatory center of hypothalamus to produce fever * acts on mesangial cells (specialised smooth muscle cells) in the glomerulus of the kidney to increase glomerular filtration rate * acts on parietal cells in the stomach wall to inhibit acid secretion * brain masculinization (in rats) |
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Inulin |
Inulin and its analog sinistrin are used to help measure kidney function by determining the glomerular filtration rate. |
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Histamine |
* CNS: sleep-wake cycle, body temperature, nociception, endocrine homeostasis, appetite, mood, learning, and memory
* PNS: Causes bronchoconstriction, bronchial smooth muscle contraction,vasodilation, separation of endothelial cells (responsible for hives), and painand itching due to insect stings; the primary receptors involved in allergic rhinitis symptoms and motion sickness
Primarily involved in vasodilation. Also stimulate gastric acid secretion histamine, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin Plays a role in mast cell chemotaxis. |
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Leukotrienes |
One of their roles (specifically, leukotriene D4) is to trigger contractions in the smooth muscles lining the bronchioles; their overproduction is a major cause of inflammation in asthma and allergic rhinitis. |
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Lysozyme |
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Gastric Inhibitory peptide (GIP) |
Induce insulin secretion, which is stimulated primarily by hyperosmolarity of glucose in the duodenum |
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Gastrin |
* Stimulates parietal cell maturation and fundal growth.
* Causes chief cells to secrete pepsinogen, the zymogen (inactive) form of the digestive enzyme pepsin. * Increases antral muscle mobility and promotes stomach contractions. * Strengthens antral contractions against the pylorus, and constricts the pyloric sphincter, which diminishes the rate of gastric emptying. * Plays a role in the relaxation of the ileocecal valve. * Induces pancreatic secretions and gallbladder emptying. * May impact lower esophageal sphincter (LES) tone, causing it to contract, - although pentagastrin, rather than endogenous gastrin, may be the cause |
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Motilin |
Increase the migrating myoelectric complex component of gastrointestinal motility and stimulate the production of pepsin.
Improves peristalsis in the small intestine and clears out the gut to prepare for the next meal. |
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Secretin |
Peptide hormone that regulates water homeostasis throughout the body, and influences the environment of the duodenum by regulating secretions in the stomach and pancreas. |
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Substance P |
Excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate in primary afferents that respond to painful stimulation. |
