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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
High AFP
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NT defects
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Low AFP
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Downsyndrome
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Neural crest gives rise to: (name 10)
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PNS
Multipolar ganglion cells: autonomic ganglia Pseudounipolar ganglion cells: Spinal and Cranial nn ganglia Pigment cells - melanocytes Odontoblasts Chromaffin cells - adrenal medulla Parafollicular cells - C cells Schwann cells Leptomeninges - pia & arachnoid Skeletal and connective tissue components of the pharyngeal arches |
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Failure of anterior neuropore to close -->
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Anencephaly - when closes it forms the lamina terminalis
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Myelination in the cerebral association cortex continues until...
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The third decade.
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In new born, the conus meduallaris ends at
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L3
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From what secondary vesicle is th optic nn and chiasma derived?
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Diencephalon
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The two embryologic substrata from which the hypophysis is derived:
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Adenohypophysis - anterior lobe is from ectodermal diverticula of Rathke's pouch. Craniopharyngioma is tumor of remnant of rathke's pouch.
Neurohypophysis is from the ventral evagination of the hypothalamus - neuroectoderm of neural tube. |
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Spinal bifida is due to:
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Failure of posterior neuropore to form. Sacrolumbar area
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Which maternal infections can lead to hydrocephalus due to stenosis of cerebral aqueduct in babe.
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CMV and toxoplasmosis
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Manifest of Fetal ETOH syndrome
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microcephaly, CHD, holoprosencephlay (most severe)
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Name the most common supratentorial tumor in childhood
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Craniopharyngioma --> hypopituitarism
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Abnormalities in Arnold-Chiari malformation
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Broken tectal plate -- Stenosis -f aqueductal tract -- transforaminal herniation of medulla -- unrolling and herniation of cerebellum vermis -- meningomyelocele.
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Dandy-walker malformation - B2 deficiency, posterior fossa trauma or viral infection.
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Foremen Luschka and magendie fail to form, form occipital meningocele, agenesis of cerebellar vermis and corpus calosum -- enormous dilation of 4th ventricle
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Where are bipolar neurons found?
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Retina
Cochlear and vestibular ganglia Olfactory - unmyelinated |
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MOA of colchicine in inhibition of microtubule transport in neurons
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Depolymerization
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Wallerian degeneration
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Anterograde deger. - affected axons and myelin sheath and prolife of schwann cells. Both in CNS and PNS.
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Retrograde degen
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chromatolysis
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Macroglia
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astrocytes and oligodendrocytes
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Tanycytes
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modified ependymal cells that mediate transport betw ventricles and neuropil and regulate release of gonadotropins from adenohypophysis - actually project to these nuclei
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Lipofuscin
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residula bodies from lysosomes that accumulate in the cytoplasm with aging
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Melanin in the CNS
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Susbtancia nigra and Locus cereules
intracytoplasmic inclusion |
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Lewy bodies
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Neuronal inclusions
Parkinsons |
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Negri bodes
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intracytoplasmic inclusions
Found in purkinje cells of cerebrellum and pyramidal cells of hipocampus. Pathognomic for rabies. |
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Hirano bodies
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Alzheimer patients
intranueronal inclusions - rod like - eosenophilic In hippocampal neurons |
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Neurofibrillary tangles
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intracytoplasmic - degen neurofilaments
Alzheimers |
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Cowdry type A inclusions
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Herpes simplex encephalitis
intranuclear inclusions in infected glia and neurons |
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Most metastatic brain tumors are from:
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Lung --> breast --> GI --> melanoma --> kidney
1/3 brain tumors - mets 2/3 are primary tumors |
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The five most common brain tumors are:
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1. Glioblastoma multiforme
2. Meningioma - convexity and falx - benign 3. Schwannoma - benign 4. Ependymoma 5. Medulloblastoma |
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Most common pediatric intracranial tumor
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Cerebellar astrocytoma - pilocytic astrocytes and rosenthal fibers
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Medulloblastoma
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Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor - PNET, 2nd most common in children in posterior fossa, radiosensitive
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Hemangioblastoma
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common in cerebellum
If cerebellum and retina - think VHL |
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Ependymoma
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Most common spinal cord glioma
third most common infratentorial tumor in children 60% - are infratentorial |
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Meningioma
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Benign --> concentric whorls and psammoma bodies, more in females --> assoc. with NF2
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Glioblastoma multioforme
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Repidly progressive and fatal astrocytotic tumor -- frontal, temporal lobes and basal ganglia -- butterfly glioma --pseudopalisades & perivascular psuedorosettes
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Oligodendrogliomas
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cells look like fried eggs - perinuclear halos
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Most common of the supratentorial tumors in children
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Craniophayngioma
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Spinal cord address of phrenic nucleus
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C3 - C6
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Spinal cord address of SPINAL ACCESSORY nucleus
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C1 - C6
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Spinal cord address of PARASYMPATHETIC nucleus
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S2 - S4
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Spinal cord address of nucleus OF DORSALIS CLARK
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C8 - L3 -- SPINOCEREBELLAR TRACT
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Hypothalamospinal tract
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Descend uninterrupted to T1/T2 to ciliospinal center of intermediolateral cell column. If interrupted - ipsilateral horners sign
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Werdnig Hoffman disease
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Progressive infantile muscular atrophy - LMN disease
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90% of time, intervertebral disc herniation is at:
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L4-L5 or L5-S1
10% C5-C6 or C6-C7 |
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Pathogenesis of intervertebral disk herniation
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Have defective annulus fibrosis and nucleus propulsus herniates through this into vertebral canal
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List muscles innervated by the trigemminal nn - SVE.
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Mylohyoid
Anterior belly of digastric tensori tympani veli palatini muscles that move jaw: lateral and medial pterygoids. |
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Role of Lateral Pterygoid muscle
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Bilateral innervation - forward protrusion of tip of mandible along midline. Also responsible for opening the jaw. Denerv. -- deviated to ipisilateral side
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Drug of choice use to treat idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia
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Carbamazepine
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Contents of the carvenous sinus
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CN III, IV, V1 & postganglionic sympathetics, V-2, siphon of internal carotid
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What do the corneal relfex,oculocardiac reflex and tear reflex have in common
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inn by V-1, ophthalmic nerve branch of the trigemminal.
For the tearing and corneal, CN VII is the efferent limb. Oculocardiac - Efferent is CN X |