Usmle - Things I Can't Seem To Remember

Front 1

High AFP

Back 1

NT defects

Front 2

Low AFP

Back 2

Downsyndrome

Front 3

Neural crest gives rise to: (name 10)

Back 3

PNS
Multipolar ganglion cells: autonomic ganglia
Pseudounipolar ganglion cells: Spinal and Cranial nn ganglia
Pigment cells - melanocytes
Odontoblasts
Chromaffin cells - adrenal medulla
Parafollicular cells - C cells
Schwann cells
Leptomeninges - pia & arachnoid
Skeletal and connective tissue components of the pharyngeal arches

Front 4

Failure of anterior neuropore to close -->

Back 4

Anencephaly - when closes it forms the lamina terminalis

Front 5

Myelination in the cerebral association cortex continues until...

Back 5

The third decade.

Front 6

In new born, the conus meduallaris ends at

Back 6

L3

Front 7

From what secondary vesicle is th optic nn and chiasma derived?

Back 7

Diencephalon

Front 8

The two embryologic substrata from which the hypophysis is derived:

Back 8

Adenohypophysis - anterior lobe is from ectodermal diverticula of Rathke's pouch. Craniopharyngioma is tumor of remnant of rathke's pouch.
Neurohypophysis is from the ventral evagination of the hypothalamus - neuroectoderm of neural tube.

Front 9

Spinal bifida is due to:

Back 9

Failure of posterior neuropore to form. Sacrolumbar area

Front 10

Which maternal infections can lead to hydrocephalus due to stenosis of cerebral aqueduct in babe.

Back 10

CMV and toxoplasmosis

Front 11

Manifest of Fetal ETOH syndrome

Back 11

microcephaly, CHD, holoprosencephlay (most severe)

Front 12

Name the most common supratentorial tumor in childhood

Back 12

Craniopharyngioma --> hypopituitarism

Front 13

Abnormalities in Arnold-Chiari malformation

Back 13

Broken tectal plate -- Stenosis -f aqueductal tract -- transforaminal herniation of medulla -- unrolling and herniation of cerebellum vermis -- meningomyelocele.

Front 14

Dandy-walker malformation - B2 deficiency, posterior fossa trauma or viral infection.

Back 14

Foremen Luschka and magendie fail to form, form occipital meningocele, agenesis of cerebellar vermis and corpus calosum -- enormous dilation of 4th ventricle

Front 15

Where are bipolar neurons found?

Back 15

Retina
Cochlear and vestibular ganglia
Olfactory - unmyelinated

Front 16

MOA of colchicine in inhibition of microtubule transport in neurons

Back 16

Depolymerization

Front 17

Wallerian degeneration

Back 17

Anterograde deger. - affected axons and myelin sheath and prolife of schwann cells. Both in CNS and PNS.

Front 18

Retrograde degen

Back 18

chromatolysis

Front 19

Macroglia

Back 19

astrocytes and oligodendrocytes

Front 20

Tanycytes

Back 20

modified ependymal cells that mediate transport betw ventricles and neuropil and regulate release of gonadotropins from adenohypophysis - actually project to these nuclei

Front 21

Lipofuscin

Back 21

residula bodies from lysosomes that accumulate in the cytoplasm with aging

Front 22

Melanin in the CNS

Back 22

Susbtancia nigra and Locus cereules
intracytoplasmic inclusion

Front 23

Lewy bodies

Back 23

Neuronal inclusions
Parkinsons

Front 24

Negri bodes

Back 24

intracytoplasmic inclusions
Found in purkinje cells of cerebrellum and pyramidal cells of hipocampus.
Pathognomic for rabies.

Front 25

Hirano bodies

Back 25

Alzheimer patients
intranueronal inclusions - rod like - eosenophilic
In hippocampal neurons

Front 26

Neurofibrillary tangles

Back 26

intracytoplasmic - degen neurofilaments
Alzheimers

Front 27

Cowdry type A inclusions

Back 27

Herpes simplex encephalitis
intranuclear inclusions
in infected glia and neurons

Front 28

Most metastatic brain tumors are from:

Back 28

Lung --> breast --> GI --> melanoma --> kidney
1/3 brain tumors - mets
2/3 are primary tumors

Front 29

The five most common brain tumors are:

Back 29

1. Glioblastoma multiforme
2. Meningioma - convexity and falx - benign
3. Schwannoma - benign
4. Ependymoma
5. Medulloblastoma

Front 30

Most common pediatric intracranial tumor

Back 30

Cerebellar astrocytoma - pilocytic astrocytes and rosenthal fibers

Front 31

Medulloblastoma

Back 31

Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor - PNET, 2nd most common in children in posterior fossa, radiosensitive

Front 32

Hemangioblastoma

Back 32

common in cerebellum
If cerebellum and retina - think VHL

Front 33

Ependymoma

Back 33

Most common spinal cord glioma
third most common infratentorial tumor in children
60% - are infratentorial

Front 34

Meningioma

Back 34

Benign --> concentric whorls and psammoma bodies, more in females --> assoc. with NF2

Front 35

Glioblastoma multioforme

Back 35

Repidly progressive and fatal astrocytotic tumor -- frontal, temporal lobes and basal ganglia -- butterfly glioma --pseudopalisades & perivascular psuedorosettes

Front 36

Oligodendrogliomas

Back 36

cells look like fried eggs - perinuclear halos

Front 37

Most common of the supratentorial tumors in children

Back 37

Craniophayngioma

Front 38

Spinal cord address of phrenic nucleus

Back 38

C3 - C6

Front 39

Spinal cord address of SPINAL ACCESSORY nucleus

Back 39

C1 - C6

Front 40

Spinal cord address of PARASYMPATHETIC nucleus

Back 40

S2 - S4

Front 41

Spinal cord address of nucleus OF DORSALIS CLARK

Back 41

C8 - L3 -- SPINOCEREBELLAR TRACT

Front 42

Hypothalamospinal tract

Back 42

Descend uninterrupted to T1/T2 to ciliospinal center of intermediolateral cell column. If interrupted - ipsilateral horners sign

Front 43

Werdnig Hoffman disease

Back 43

Progressive infantile muscular atrophy - LMN disease

Front 44

90% of time, intervertebral disc herniation is at:

Back 44

L4-L5 or L5-S1

10% C5-C6 or C6-C7

Front 45

Pathogenesis of intervertebral disk herniation

Back 45

Have defective annulus fibrosis and nucleus propulsus herniates through this into vertebral canal

Front 46

List muscles innervated by the trigemminal nn - SVE.

Back 46

Mylohyoid
Anterior belly of digastric
tensori tympani
veli palatini
muscles that move jaw: lateral and medial pterygoids.

Front 47

Role of Lateral Pterygoid muscle

Back 47

Bilateral innervation - forward protrusion of tip of mandible along midline. Also responsible for opening the jaw. Denerv. -- deviated to ipisilateral side

Front 48

Drug of choice use to treat idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia

Back 48

Carbamazepine

Front 49

Contents of the carvenous sinus

Back 49

CN III, IV, V1 & postganglionic sympathetics, V-2, siphon of internal carotid

Front 50

What do the corneal relfex,oculocardiac reflex and tear reflex have in common

Back 50

inn by V-1, ophthalmic nerve branch of the trigemminal.
For the tearing and corneal, CN VII is the efferent limb.
Oculocardiac - Efferent is CN X