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54 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Liquefactive necrosis occurs in?
Brain
Bacterial abscesses
Pleural effusion
Coagulative necrosis occurs in?
Heart
Liver
Kidney
Fatty necrosis occurs in?
Pancreas (lipases)
Breast (traumatic/non-enzymatic)
What happens if fas ligand is mutated?
SLE-like condition develops
(impaired apoptosis)
Fas receptor?
CD95
- binds Fas ligand
Hemorrhagic infarcts occur in?
Loose tissues/collateral supply:
- Liver
- Lungs
- Intestine
or following reperfusion
Pale infarcts occur in?
Solid tissues/single blood supply:
- Heart
- Kidney
- Spleen
Term for reduction in size vs number of cells?
Reduced size: autophagy
Reduced #: apoptosis
What is brown atrophy?
Lipofuscin accumulation (in lysosomes)
- often occurs in hearts of elderly people
Factors that inhibit restoration of normal structure following inflammation?
Infection, DM, low protein, vitamin C, Zn, or Cu deficiency, glucocorticoids
Reversible changes in cell injury?
Decreased ATP synthesis
Cellular swelling (impaired Na/K pump)
Nuclear chromatin clumping
Decreased glycogen
Fatty change
Ribosomal detachment (decreased protein synthesis)
Causes of decreased ESR?
Sickle cell
Polycythemia
CHF
Causes of increased ESR?
Pregnancy
Malignancy
Inflammation
Infection
SLE
Anemia
Granulomatous diseases?
TB
Leprosy
Sarcoidosis
Berylliosis
Cat scratch fever
Fungal infections (histo)
Syphilis
Crohn's disease
What aspect of leukocyte extravasation do IL-1 and TNF affect?
Stimulate rolling and tight binding of neutrophils
What inhibits LFA-1 (integrin) binding to ICAM-1?
Catecholamines, steroids, lithium
- all inhibit tight binding
Mechanisms to eliminate free radicals?
Catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, spontaneous decay, antioxidants (vit A, C, E), selenium
Ways that free radicals damage cells?
Membrane lipid peroxidation
Protein modification
DNA breakage
Causes of free radical formation?
Radiation exposure
Metabolism of drugs (phase I)
Redox reactions (xanthine oxidase)
Nitric oxide
Transition metals
Leukocyte oxidative burst
What does CCl4 lead to?
Liver necrosis (fatty change)
Zone in liver of acetaminophen toxicity?
Zone III is worst
(most CYP, NAPQI)
Gene changes necessary for metastasis?
Decreased cadherin
Increased laminin, integrin receptors
Enzymes needed for cancer cell to invade BM?
Collagenases and hydrolases
Source of amyloid in senile cardiac amyloidosis?
Transthyretin (AF)
Beta2 microglobulin amyloid is formed from what in what situation?
Formed from MHC Class I protein and is dialysis associated
Serum amyloid-associated (SAA) protein does what?
Can form AA amyloid in chronic inflammatory disease (form of secondary amyloidosis)
Metastases to brain?
Lung
Breast
Skin (melanoma)
Kidney
GI (colon)
Metastases to liver?
Colon
Stomach
Pancreas
Breast
Lung
Metastases to bone?
Prostate
Thyroid
Testes
Breast
Lung
Kidney
Carcinoma is derived from what?
Epithelial origin (endo or ectoderm)
- squamous, glandular, or transitional
Reversible "plasia"s?
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Dysplasia

(ana/neo/desmo are irreversible)
What types of tissue resist invasion by tumor cells?
Cartilage and elastic tissue
Actions of E6 and E7 in HPV?
E6 inhibits TP53
E7 inhibits Rb
Besides Kaposi's sarcoma, what other malignancy can HHV-8 cause?
Body cavity fluid B-cell lymphoma
Cancers that can make ACTH?
Small cell lung cancer
Medullary thyroid cancer
Cancers that can make PTHrP?
Squamous cell lung cancer
Renal cell carcinoma
Breast carcinoma
- also make TGF-beta, TNF, IL-1 (can lead to lytic lesions in bone)
Tumors that can make EPO?
Renal cell carcinoma
Hemangioblastoma
HCC
Pheochromocytoma
Li Fraumeni syndrome: mutation and chromosome?
p53 tumor suppressor gene mutation
Chromosome 17p
Tumor suppressor gene mutated in melanoma and chromosome?
p16 (9p)
Rb and p53 chromosomes?
Rb (13q)
p53 (17p)
Bombesin: marker for?
Neuroblastoma, lung, gastric cancer
S-100: marker for?
Melanoma, neural tumors, astrocytomas
Breast cancer marker?
CA 15-3
CD45 is a marker for?
Malignant lymphoma
Tumors that can produce CEA?
Colorectal and pancreatic
- also gastric, breast, thyroid medullary cancer
Tuberous sclerosis neoplasm associations?
Astrocytoma
Angiomyolipoma
Cardiac rhabdomyoma
Paget's disease neoplasm associations?
Secondary osteosarcoma, fibrosarcoma
Radiation exposure neoplasm risk?
Sarcoma, papillary thyroid cancer
Tyrosine kinase oncogenes?
erb-B2 (breast, ovarian, gastric cancer)
abl (CML)
ret (MEN II)
Product of c-kit gene?
Cytokine receptor
- gain of function in GIST
sis gene and associated cancer?
Growth factor synthesis
- osteosarcoma, astrocytoma
Vinyl chloride effect?
Liver angiosarcoma
Effects of arsenic?
Skin and lung SCC, liver angiosarcoma
Alkylating agent malignancy risks?
Leukemia and malignant lymphoma