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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Active form of vitamin D?
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1,25 (OH)
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Which hormones act by signaling cAMP?
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FLAT ChAMP
FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, CRH, hCG, ADH(v2 receptor), MSH, PTH also: calcitonin, GHRH, glucagon |
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Which hormones act by signaling IP3?
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GOAT HAG GnRH, Oxytocin, ADH, TRH, Histamine, Angiotensin II, gastrin |
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What do the pancreatic delta cells secrete?
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Somatostatin
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What are insulin dependent glucose transporters and where can they be found?
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GLUT 4- found in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle
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What are insulin independent transporters and where can they be found?
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GLUT 1- found in RBCs, brain, cornea
GLUT 5- Spermatocytes, GI tract GLUT 2- B islet cells, liver, kidney, small intestine |
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Where is preproinsulin synthesized?
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RER
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In what form is insulin stored in secretory granules?
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Proinsulin
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Hyperosmolar coma is characteristic in.....
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Type 2 DM
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DKA is characteristic in....
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Type 1 DM
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Which type of DM has a greater genetic predisposition?
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Type 2
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What type of DM has association with HLA system?
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Type I (HLA-DR3 and 4)
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DKA treatment
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IV fluids, IV insulin and K+
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Out of DKA and HHS (hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state), which tends to have a higher glucose level?
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HHS, usually above 800 because they have NO insulin whatsoever
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Which tissues have both aldose reductase and sorbitol dehyrdrogenase?
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Liver, ovaries, and seminal vesicles
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Which tissues have only aldose reductase? What consequences does this have?
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Schquann cells, retina, kidneys, lens (primarily).
Can cause sorbitol accumulation, causing osmotic damage (cataracts, retinopathy, and peripheral neuropathy seen with chronic hyperglycemia) |
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What does the enzyme aldose reductase catalyze?
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glucose--> sorbitol
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What does the enzyme sorbitol dehydrogenase catalyze?
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Sorbitol-->Fructose
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First line therapy in type 2 DM
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Biguanides (Metformin)
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Most serious SE of metformin
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Lactic acidosis (thus contraindicated in renal failure)
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Mechanism by which sulfonyureas act?
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Close K+ channels in Beta cell membrane so the cell depolarizes, causing Ca2+ influx and insulin release
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In what patients can sulfonyureas be prescribed?
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DM type 2 because some islet function is required
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Most important SE of sulfonyureas
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Hypoglycemia
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Most common sulfonyureas used today?
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2nd generation: Glyburide, glimepiride, glipizide
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Mechanism by which glitazones act?
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Increases insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissure by binding to PPAR-y nuclear transcription regulator.
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Most dangerous SE of glitazones?
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HF (worsens CHF, rosiglit has increased risk of MI), hepatotoxicity, risk of bladder CA (pioglit.)
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Pioglitazone and risoglitazone belongs to ____________ drug class.
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Glitazone
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Drug class that inhibits intestinal brush border (a-glucosidases) and delays sugar hydrolysis and absorption
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a-glucosidase inhibitors (Acarbose, miglitol)
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Most dangerous GLP-1 analog SE
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Pancreatitis
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Exenatide and liraglutide belong to which drug class?
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GLP-1 analog
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Pramlintide belongs to which drug class?
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Amylin analogs
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Linagliptin, saxagliptin, sitagliptin belong to which drug class?
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DPP-4 inhibitors
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Which hypothalamus nuclei are related to hunger?
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Paraventricular, dorsal medial, arcuate, lateral, ventromedial
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90% of hypercalcemia is due to...
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Primary hyperparathyroidism (solitary parathyroid adenoma 95%, parathyroid hyperplasia 5%)
Malignancy |
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"Stones, bones, groans and psychiatric overtones"
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Primary Hyperparathyroidism
- Stones (Renal; nephrocalcinosis, polyuria, uremia), - Bones (osteitis fibrosa, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, osteomalasia) - Groans (constipation, indigestion, N/V, peptic ulcers) - Psychiatric overtones (Lethargy, pschosis, confusion) |
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Causes of hypoparathyroidism
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Accidental surgical excision of parathyroid glands, autoimmune destruction or Digeorge sx
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Diabetes drugs that increase insulin and decrease glucagon release |
DDP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1 analogs |
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What is the action of amylin analogs? |
Decrease gastric emptying, glucagon |
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Canagliflozin |
SGLT-2 inhibitor: Blocks reabsorption of glucose inPCT |
