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351 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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where does the proximal 2/3 vagina/uterus drain to
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obturator, external iliac and hypogastric nodes
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what kinds of things can collect in pouch of douglas
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unclotted blood (ectopic pregnancny), implants in endometriosis, seeding in uterine cancer
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what does the suspensory ligament of the ovary connect
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ovary to pelvic wall
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what does the cardinal ligament connect
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cervix to pelvis
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what does the round ligament of the uterus connect
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uterine fundus to labia majora
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what does the broad ligament connect
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uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries to pelvic wall
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what does the ligament of the ovary (i.e. ovarian ligament) connect
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ovary to lateral uterus
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what structures does the suspensory ligament contain
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ovarian vessels
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what structures does the cardinal ligament contain
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uterine vessels
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what structures does the broad ligament contain
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fallopian tube, ovaries, round ligaments of uterus
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what female reproductive structure contains simple cuboidal epithelium
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ovary
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name the structures sperm passes through as it is ejected
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SEVEn UP - seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts, urethra, penis
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what structure in the penis contains the penile urethra
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corpus spongiosum
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how does the autonomic nervous system control erection
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parasympathetics stimulate NO release which leads to vasodilation and erection. NE leads to calcium release which leads to vasoconstriction
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what nerve controls erection
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pelvic nerve (parasympathetic)
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what nerve controls emission
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hypogastric nerve (sympathetic)
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what nerve controls ejaculation
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pudendal n
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emission vs ejaculation
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emission is up until prostatic urethra. Ejaculation is afterwards
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what nerve roots does pelvic nerve contain
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S234
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what is the acrosome of the sperm derived from
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golgi apperatus
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what organelles are contained in the neck of the sperm
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mitochondria
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what is the energy source for sperm
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fructose
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5 functions of sertoli cells
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1. inhibitin 2. androgen binding protein 3. blood testis barrier 4. spermatogenesis 5. antimullerian hormone
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3 functions of FSH
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1. prepares follicle 2. makes aromatase 3. increases LHr
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3 functions of LH
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1. increases testosterone synthesis in theca cells 2. promotes synthesis of progesterone 3. LH surge -> ovulation
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what things increase sex hormone binding globulin
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estrogen
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what things decrease sex hormone binding globulin
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androgen, obesity, hypoT
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does sex hormone binding globulin have higher affinity for estrogen or testosterone
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testosterone
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how long does spermatogenesis take to complete
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2mo
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what is a spermatid that has completed spermiogenesis
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spermatozoan
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if meiosis 1 is blocked, what cells in spermatogenesis will accumulate
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1* spermatocyte
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do spermatogonium exist inside or outside of the blood testis barrier
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outside
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review HP-testis axis picture
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p481
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rank the androgens in order of potency
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DHT > testosterone > androstenedione
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5 functions of testosterone
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1. differentiation of mesonephric derivatives (SEED) 2. 2* sex characteristics (muscles, vocal cord, hair, bones) 3. spermatogenesis 4. closing of epiphyseal plates 5. libido
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functions of DHT
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early - differentiation of external genetalia and prostate. Late - balding and sebaceous gland activity
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what produces most of DHEA? Androstenedione?
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DHEA is mostly in adrenal cortex. Androstenedione is 50/50 adrenal/ovaries
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why does exogenous testosterone result in infertility
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decreased intratesticular testosterone shrinks size of testes
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what estrogen is associated with normal female physiology
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estradiol
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what estrogen is associated with postmenopausal? Where is it from?
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estrone. From fat cells
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what estrogen is associated with pregnancy
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estriol
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rank the estrogens in order of potency
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estradiol > estrone > estriol
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is estrone and estradiol increased in pregnancy
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yes, but much less than estriol
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5 functions of estrogen
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1. 2* sex characteristics 2. follicle growth, endometrial proliferation, and myometrial excitability 3. upregulates estrogen, LH, progesterone receptors; feedback on FSH, LH 4. increases transport proteins 5. increase hmg coa reductase, increase hdl, decrease ldl
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what steroid synthesis enzyme is theca cell lacking
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aromatase
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what steroid synthesis enzyme is granulosa cell lacking
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17alpha
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what hormone stimulates endometrial glandular secretion and spiral artery development
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progesterone
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what hormone decreases myometrial excitability
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progesterone
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what hormone causes production of thick cervical mucus
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progesterone
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what hormone increases basal body temperature
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progesterone
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effect of progesterone on smooth muscle
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relaxes smooth muscle everywhere
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effect of progesterone on estrogen receptors
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decreases receptor sensitivity
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length of follicular phase of menstrual cycle vs luteal phase
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luteal phase is always 14d. Follicular phase varies
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what is oligomenorrhea
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>35d
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what is polymenorrhea
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<31d cycle
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what is the main cause of menstrual cramping
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prostaglandins
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what are three layers of endometrium
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basalis, spongiosum, compactum. All but basalis is shed
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during ovulation, what is concentration of gnrh receptors on pituitary
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increased
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what is mittelschmerz
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blood from ruptured follicle irritates peritoneum that can imitate peritonitis
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what stage are oocytes arrested after birth
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prophase of meiosis I (until ovulation)
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what stage are oocytes arrested after ovulation
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metaphase of meiosis II (until fertilization)
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most common location of fertilization
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ampulla
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when does fetus implant after fertilization
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6d
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how quickly can bhcg be detected in blood after pregnancy? Urine?
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1w. 2w
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effect of estrogen on prolactin
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increases synthesis, but blocks its effect
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what are normal changes in pregnancy: increased plasma volume, decreased rbc mass, decreased ratio of plasma volume to rbc mass, increased gfr, respiratory acidosis, hypothyroid, hypercortisol, hypocoagulability, insulin resistance
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all are true except: increased RBC mass, respiratory alkalosis (cuz estrogen and progesterone stimulate respiratory center), increased T4 and cortisol, and hypercoagulability (cuz don't want hemorrhage in baby), and HPL stimulates insulin resistance so more for baby
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what is responsible for morning sickness
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progesterone and hcg (inhibits GI)
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what causes menopause
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decrease in follicles
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risk factor for earlier menopause
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smoker
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what is source of estrogen after menopause
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from fat (estrone)
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what is the best test to confirm menopause
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increased FSH (not LH even tho that's increased)
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sx of menopause
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HAVOC - hirsutism, hot flash (diaphoresis + palpitation + sweating), atrophy of vagina, osteoporosis, CAD
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this pt with tall long extremeties. Male with external genetalia, but testicles atrophied. See barr body in genetic scan
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klinefelter (XXY)
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what is pathogenesis of klinefelter
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testicular atrophy leads to dysfunction of sertoli cells (decreased inhibitin and increased fsh), and leydig dysfunction leads to decreased testosterone and increased lh (thus increased estrogen)
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absent knucle on 4th metacarpal
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turner
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absent knucle on 4th AND 5th metacarpal
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pseudohypoparathyroid
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short female with weak pulses and hx of amenorrhea and webbed neck
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turner
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heart changes in turners
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preductal coarc, BICUSPID AORTIC VALVE
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turners pts have risk of developing what tumor
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dysgerminonma
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are XYY pts fertile
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yes
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increased testosterone and lh
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androgen insensitivity
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increased testosterone but decreased lh
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testosterone secreting tumor, steroids
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decreased testosterone, increased lh
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1* hypogonadism
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decreased testosterone and lh
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hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
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what is pseudohermaphroditism
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desagreement b/w phenotypic and gonadal sex
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mcc of female pseudohermaphroditism
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excessive exposure to androgens during early gestation (CAH, exogenous during pregnancy)
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mcc of male pseudohermaphroditism
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androgen insensitivity
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are uterus and uterine tubes present in androgen insensitivity syndrome
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no (cuz sertoli cells can secrete mif just fine)
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where are testes located in pt with androgen insensitivity
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usually in labia majora, therefore often removed to prevent malignancy
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girl who is just going through puberty, who has just recently grown a penis
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5alpha reductase deficiency
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what is kallman syndrome
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hypothalamic hypogonadism (lack of GnRH) + anosmia. Do not see 2* sex characteristics
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review SRY pathway
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p486
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most common precursor of choriocarcinoma
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hydatidiform mole
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honeycombed uterus
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hydatidiform mole
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painless vaginal bleeding w/ sx of eclampsia in 1st trimester -- must rule out
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hydatidiform mole
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snowstorm appearance on ultrasound
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hydatidiform mole
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tx for hydatiform mole
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methotrexate and d&c
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genotype: complete vs partial mole
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46 vs 69
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what is neoplastic tissue in hydatidiform mole
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complete chorionic villus (benign tumor)
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hcg levels: complete vs partial mole
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much higher in complete, less so in partial
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uterus size: complete vs partial mole
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complete has highly enlarged uterus
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conversion to choriocarcinoma: complete vs partial mole
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complete has a 2% conversion
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presence of fetal parts: complete vs partial mole
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partial has some fetal parts
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gonadal tissue present: complete vs partial mole
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both have 2 sperm, partial has 1 gg, whereas complete has an empty egg
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risk of malignancy: complete vs partial mole
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complete has higher risk
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most comon cause of recurrent miscarriage during first weeks
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low progesterone levels
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mcc of recurrent miscarraiges during 1nd trimester
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chromosomal abnormalities
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mcc of recurrent miscarraiges during 2nd trimester
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bicornucate uterus
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triad of preeclampsia
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htn + proteinuria + pitting edema
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what is eclampsia
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preeclampsia + seizures
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when does preeclampsia usually occur
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3rd trimester. 1st trimester preeclampsia can be sx of hydatidiform mole
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risk factor for preeclampsia
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htn, dm, ckd, autoimmune
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what is pathogenesis of preeclampsia
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placental vascular insufficiency due to impaired vasodilation of spiral arteries
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what is HELLP syndrome
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hemolysis, elevated lfts, and low platelets. Assoc w/ preeclampsia
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cause of death in preeclampsia
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cerebral hemorrhage, ARDS
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lab findings in preeclampsia
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thrombocytopenia and hyperuricemia
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tx for preeclampsia
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delivery ASAP, try bed rest and salt restriction. But can use IV MgSO4 and diazepam
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relationship of afp to gestational age
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afp increases w/ age
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ddx of increased afp
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ntd, anterior abdominal wall defect, multiple gestation, underestimation of age
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decreased estriol may indicate
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placental insufficiency
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increased hcg may indicate
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placental malignancy or multiple gestation
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reflexes and preeclampsia
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increased reflexes in preeclampsia
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painful bleeding in 3rd trimester may indicate
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abruptio placentae
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painless bleeding in any trimester may indicate
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placenta previa
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what is abruptio placentae
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detachment of placenta, may cause dic
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what increases risk of abruptio placentae
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smoking, htn, cocaine
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what is placenta accretia
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decidua attaches to myometrium, so it cannot separate after birth.
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risks for placenta accretia
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prior c section, inflammation, and placenta previa
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massive bleeding after delivery
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placenta accretia
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risk factors for placenta previa
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multiparity and prior c section
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how to confirm ectopic pregnancy
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first do hcg, and then get US
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risk factors for ectopic pregnancy
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hx of infertility, PID, ruptured appendix, prior tubal surgery
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risk of retained placental tissue
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postpartum hemorrhage
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what is polyhydramnios
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>1.5L amniotic fluid
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what is polyhydramnios assoc w
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esophageal/duodenal atresia, anencephaly
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what is oligohydramnios
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<.5L amniotic fluid
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what is oligohydramnios assoc w
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placental insufficiency, bilat renal agenesis, posterior urethral valves in males
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risk factors for cervical dysplasia
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MULTIPLE SEXUAL PARTNERS, smoking, early sex, HIV
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what is seen on pap smear that can indicate cancer
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kiolocytes
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cause of death from invasive cervical cancer
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invasion to ureters that can cause kidney fail
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correlation of endometriosis w anemia
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not very good, cuz you're not bleeding out
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what is endometriosis
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endometrial tissue outside endometrium
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cyclic bleeding (corresponds w/ menstruation), see blood filled cysts
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endometriosis
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what does pain in endometriosis correspond w/
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menstruation
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complication of endometriosis
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infertility
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causes of endometriosis
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retrograde propagation or ascending infection
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what is adenomyosis
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endometrial tissue within myometrium
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sx of adenomyosis
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similar sx to endometriosis except uterus enlarged
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can endometriosis cause dyspareunia
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yes
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postmenopausal vaginal bleeding
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endometrial hyperplasia
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risk factors for endometrial hyperplasia
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anovulatory cycles, hrt, pcos, granulosa cell tumor (i.e. anything which increases estrogen)
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age relationship of gyn cancers
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30=leiomyoma. 45 = cervical. 55=endometrial. 65=ovarian
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risk factors for endometrial carcinoma
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HONDA = HTN, obesity, nulliparity, DM (linked to obesity), anovulatory state
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what is an anovulatory cycle
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menstrual cycle where interval varies and luteal phase is absent. Bleeding is caused by the fact that proliferative effects of estrogen eventually break through and cause bleeding
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what race has increased leiomyomas
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black
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what gyn tumors are estrogen sensitive
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endometrial, LEIOMYOMA, breast,
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whorled pattern of smooth muscle bundles
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leiomyoma
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what does leiomyosarcoma arise from
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usually de novo
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what is premature ovarian failure defined as
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menopause after puberty but before 40
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causes of anovulation
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pcos, obesity, asherman syndrome, HPO axis problem, premature ovarian failure, hyperprolactin, thyroid issue, eating disorder, cushing, adrenal insufficiency
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infertility and insulin resistance
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pcos
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labs for pcos
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increased LH leads to increased estrogen and testosterone, but decreased FSH cuz of feedback (LH doesn't respond to feedback)
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most common ovarian mass in young women
|
follicular cyst
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what is a follicular cyst
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distended unruptured follicle
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what is a CL cyst
|
hemorrhage into persistant CL
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what is a theca lutein cyst
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excess gonadotropin stimulation leads to cyst, often bilateral and multiple
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what neoplasm is theca lutein cyst assoc w
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choriocarcinoma and mole
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where do chocolate cysts often occur
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ovary
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tumor markers of dysgerminoma
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hcg, ldh
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tumor marker for choriocarcinoma
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hcg
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tumor marker for yolk sac tumor
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afp
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another name for yok sac tumor
|
embryonal sinus tumor
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what is most common age group for ovarian GERM CELL tumors
|
adolescent
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is dysgerminoma more or less common than seminoma in males
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much less common
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are chorionic villi present in choriocarcinoma
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no
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risk factors for choriocarcinoma
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hydatidiform mole, spontaneous abortion
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what cells are involved in choriocarcinoma? Where met
|
syncytiotrophoblast, cytotrophoblast. Lung
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where can yolk sac tumor occur
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1. gonads 2. sacrococcygeal area
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schiller duval bodies -- what do they resemble and what do they occur in
|
glomeruli. Yolk sac tumors
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what color are masses in yolk sac tumor
|
yellow
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characteristic locatiosn of teratomas
|
midline structures (pineal gland, anterior mediastinum, ovaries)
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what is the most common benign ovarian tumor
|
mature teratoma
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what type of tumor is struma ovarii? What do they secrete
|
teratoma that secretes thyroid
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mature vs immature teratoma: which has better behavior
|
mature is more well behaved
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what is the general behavior of the ovarian germ cell tumors
|
all are malignant except mature teratoma
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what is the most common ovarian non germ cell tumor
|
serous cystadenocarcinoma
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what is the general genetic associations w ovarian tumor
|
brca1 and hnpcc
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what ovarian cancer has psomma bodies
|
serous cystadenocarcinoma
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what type of ovarian cancer is frequently bilateral
|
serous cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma
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what type of ovarian tumor has intestine like tissue
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mucinous cystadenoma
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what is pseudomyxoma peritonei
|
intraperitoneal collection of tumor from OVARY or APPENDIX
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whatis a brenner tumor
|
surface derived ovarian tumor that looks like bladder
|
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palpable ovaries in elderly
|
CANCER TILL PROVEN OTHERWISE
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what is meigs syndrome
|
ovarian fibroma + ascites + hydrothorax (i.e. pleural effusion)
|
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what are 2 sex cord tumors
|
fibroma, granulosa cell tumor
|
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what are call exner bodies
|
small follicles filled with eosinophilic stuff
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risk factor for vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma
|
des exposure in utero
|
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what is sarcoma botryoides
|
vaginal rhabdomyosarcoma in girls <4yo that has spindle cells w/ desmin
|
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most common gyn tumor in <25yo
|
fibroadenoma of breast
|
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21 year old female pt complains of 2 week unilateral enlargement of breast and is afraid that it's breast cancer
|
fibroadenoma of breast
|
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small, mobile, firm mass with sharp margins in young woman
|
fibroadenoma of breast
|
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what type of benign tumor can grow and compress glands that results in characteristic histological picture
|
fibroadenoma of breast
|
|
|
mcc of bloody nipple in female < 50yo
|
intraductal papilloma
|
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what benign breast tumor has risk for progression to carcinoma
|
intraductal papilloma, phyllodes
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benign tumor that grows in lactiferous ducts usually beneath areola
|
intraductal pailloma
|
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|
large bulky benign tumor of breast
|
phyllodes
|
|
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when does phyllodes tumor usually occur
|
elderly
|
|
|
benign breast tumor that has leaf like projections
|
phyllodes
|
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what is a gonadoblastoma
|
malignant tumor that is dysgerminoma + sex cord tumor. (classified as sex cord tumor). Abnormal sexual development
|
|
|
most common cause of breast lumps in women from 25 to menopause
|
fibrocystic change
|
|
|
what proteins are commonly overexpressed in breast cancer
|
estrogen/progesterone R, erbB2 (HER2)
|
|
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what is the most important prognostic factor in breast cancer
|
axillary node involement
|
|
|
characteristic histologic change in malignant breast cancer
|
loss of myoepithelium
|
|
|
risk factors for breast cacner
|
estrogen exposure, more menstrual cycles, older age at 1st birth, obesity
|
|
|
factors that decrease risk for breast cancer
|
breast feeding and exercise
|
|
|
what types of breast changes have microcalcification
|
DCIS and sclerosing adenosis
|
|
|
what is the worst form of malignant breast cancer
|
invasive ductal carcinoma
|
|
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what is the most common malignant breast cancer
|
invasive ductal carcinoma
|
|
|
histology of invasive lobular carcinoma
|
single file cells
|
|
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what gene is oft inactivated in invasive lobular carcinoma
|
e cadherin
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what type of malignant breast cancer is most likely to be bilateral
|
invasive lobular
|
|
|
what type of invasive breast cancer has caseous necrosis
|
comedocarcinoma
|
|
|
peau d orange apparance of breast
|
inflammatory breast cancer
|
|
|
eczema on nipple w/ cells that have a large clear halo
|
paget dz
|
|
|
prognosis of comedocarcinoma
|
good
|
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what is comedocarcinoma a subtype of
|
DCIS
|
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what type of breast cancer can have signet rings
|
lobular carcinoma in situ
|
|
|
complication of modified radical mastectomy
|
lymphedema, winged scapula
|
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when is gynecomastia normal
|
newborn, elderly, teen
|
|
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are breast cancers in old women likely to have estrogen receptors
|
yes, cuz receptors are upregulated in the estrogen deficient state
|
|
|
is fibrocystic disease unilateral or bilateral
|
tends to be bilateral
|
|
|
what breast diseases are known for fluctuating size w/ menstruation
|
fibrocystic change and fibroadenoma
|
|
|
what is sclerosing adenosis
|
type of fibrocystic change where there are increased acini and intralobular fibrosis. Associated with calcifications
|
|
|
when does acute mastitis usually occur
|
during breast feeding, w/ cracks in nipple. Keep breast feeding
|
|
|
what is breast cancer in males assoc w/
|
BRCA2, klinefelter or choriocarcinoma
|
|
|
what can cause gynecomastia
|
hyperestrogen, klinefelter, drugs
|
|
|
what drugs can cause gynecomastia
|
estrogen, marijuana, heroin, psychoactive drugs, spironolactone, digitalis, cimetidine, alcohol, ketoconazole)
|
|
|
is gynecomastia assoc w breast cancer
|
no
|
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|
what breast dzz tend to occur in nipple
|
paget, abscess
|
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|
what breast dzz tend to occur in lactiferous sinus
|
intraductal papilloma, mastitis
|
|
|
what breast dzz tend to occur in major ducts of breast
|
fibrocystic change (epithelial hyperplasia)
|
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what breast dzz tend to occur in terminal duct
|
tubular carcinoma
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what breast dzz tend to occur in lobules
|
lobular carcinoma, sclerosing adenosis
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what breast dzz tend to occur in stroma
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fibroadenoma, fibrocystic change, phylloses
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is epithelial hyperplasia a precursor for malignant change in breast
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no, it's common. Dysplasia and atypia can increase risk tho
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|
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malignant tumor of breast that occurs in terminal ductules w/ incidence in opposite breast
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tubular carcinoma
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what is most common cause of chronic prostitis
|
abacterial cause
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most common infective agent in prostitis
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>35 = typical UTI bugs. <35 = STD
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what areas of prostate are enlarged in BPH
|
periurethral (lateral and middle)
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complications of bph
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hypertrophy of bladder, hydronephrosis, ckd, uti
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free PSA in bph
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should be high
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what areas of prostate enlarged in prostate cancer
|
posterior lobe
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markers of prostate cancer
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prostatic acid phosphatase, and psa
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why doesn't spermatogenesis occur in cryptoorchidism
|
increased body temp
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risk factor for cryptorchidism
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premature
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complication of cryptorchidism
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germ cell tumors
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are leydig cells affect in cryptorchidms
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no
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most common age of presentaiton for testicular germ cell tumor
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teen
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what type of testicular germ cell tumor is PAINFUL
|
embryonal carcinoma
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general behavior of testicular germ cell tumors
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malignant
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most common testicular tumor
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seminoma
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"fried egg" appearance testicular tumor
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seminoma
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tx for seminoma
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radiosensitive
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what markers are increased in embryonal carcinoma
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afp, hcg
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when do yolk sac tumors tend to occur in boys
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<3yo
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can choriocarcinoma occur in males
|
yes
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how does choriocarcinoma met in males (mechanism)
|
hematogenous
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|
tumor that contains reinke crystal
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leydig cell
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golden brown tumor in testicle
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leydig cell
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most common testicular tumor in older men
|
testicular lymphoma
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what fails to fuse that causes hydrocele
|
processus vaginalis
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what is bowenitis
|
infection of foreskin usually candida
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|
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what is bowen's dz
|
gray solitary plaque on shaft or scrotum. Can progress to scc. Older pts
|
|
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what is erythroplasia of queryat
|
ret velvet plaques usually glans. Otherwise similar to bowne
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what is bowenoid papulosis
|
penile CIS w/ multiple papular lesions in younger pts. Not invasive
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|
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where is scc of penis more common
|
africa, asia, south america
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|
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peyronie's dz? where is defect?
|
bent penis due to fibrous defect in corpus cavernosus
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|
|
causes of ed
|
Psych - performance anxiety, depression
Disease - diabetes, atherosclerosis, prolactinoma, hypogonadism Drugs - alcohol, bb, ssri, neuroleptic |
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|
review HPG axis diagram and pharmacologic intervention
|
p497
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what drug can be used to tx uterine fibroids
|
leuprolide
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what is leuprolide
|
gnrh agonist
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|
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what drug can be used to tx er positive breast cancer
|
testosterone, tamoxifen, raloxifene
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|
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what repro drug can help to promote recovery after burn or injury
|
testosterone
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|
lipid profile after testosterone use
|
increase ldl, decrease hdl
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|
|
why should testosterone be avoided in childre
|
close epiphyseal plate
|
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what can beused to tx bph and also prevent hair loss
|
finasteride
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mechansim of flutamide
|
competitive testosterone inhibitor
|
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|
mechanism of ketoconazole
|
inhibits desmolase and blocks steroid synthesis
|
|
|
mechanism of spironolactone
|
competitive testosterone inhibitor
|
|
|
what drugs can be used for pcos
|
ketoconazole, spironolactone, clomiphene
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|
|
tx for prostate cancer
|
leuprolide+flutamide, estrogens
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|
|
what are aromatase inhib used for
|
breast cancer
|
|
|
what are the aromatose inhib
|
anastrazole, exemestane
|
|
|
mechanism of clomiphene
|
serm. pt agonist at estrogen receptor in brain, which turns on LH and FSH, which causes ovulation
|
|
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what repro drug can cause visual disturbances
|
clomiphene
|
|
|
why is progestin added to HRT
|
unopposed estrogen can cause endometrial cancer
|
|
|
mechanism of mifepristone
|
progesterone receptor antagonist
|
|
|
what is mifepristone
|
competitive inhibitor of progesterone receptor used for abortion, used with misopristol (contractions)
|
|
|
mechanism of OCP
|
feedback inhibition results in no ovulation
|
|
|
what cancers can OCPs help to prevent
|
endometrial, ovarian
|
|
|
what repro drug can tx acne
|
ocp
|
|
|
lipid profile after taking ocp
|
increased tg
|
|
|
what cancers do OCPs increase risk for
|
breast, cervical
|
|
|
CI for ocp
|
smokers >35yo, hypercoag pts or pts w/ history of coag or estrogen dep tumor
|
|
|
what is main pathogenic mechanism for ovarian and endometrial tumor
|
correlates with number of cycles
|
|
|
what is main pathogenic mechanism for breast and cervical cancer
|
correlates with chronic estrogen
|
|
|
mechanism of dinopristone
|
PGE2 analog, causes dilation and contraction
|
|
|
what is ritodrine
|
b2 agonist - relaxes uterus and cause contraction
|
|
|
what is terbutaline
|
b2 agonist - relaxes uterus and cause contraction
|
|
|
why is tamsulosin better for bph
|
inhibits smooth muscle contraction and is selective for alpha 1a&d (vascular alpha is alpha1b)
|
|
|
what repro drug can cause dyspepsia
|
phosphodiesterase inhib
|
|
|
what repro drug can can cause blue green color blind
|
phosphodiesterase inhib
|
|
|
what salt can be used to induce ocntraction
|
mgso4
|
|
|
ci for phosphodiesterase inhib
|
nitrates
|
|
|
what bacteria cause donovan bodies
|
calymmatobacterium granulomatosis
|
|
|
raised painless genital sore that heals with scar and doesn't produce lymphadenopathy
|
granuloma inguinale (calymattobacterium)
|
|
|
another name for calymmatobacterium granulomatosis
|
klebsiella granulomatosis
|
|
|
incubation period of chlamydia
|
7-12d
|
|
|
chlamydia infection that produces papules w/ no ulceration
|
lymphogranuloma venerum
|
|
|
painful ulcers w/ inguinal lymphadenopathy
|
hemophilus ducreyi=chancroid
|
|
|
strawberry cervix, red mucosa, painful green/gray discharge
|
t vaginalis
|
|
|
lichen simplex vs lichen sclerosis
|
simplex = achanthosis + pruritis. Sclerosis = post menopoausal THINNING & atrophy that has risk of scc
|
|
|
painful benign tumor of apocrine sweat gland on labia majora
|
papillary hidradenoma
|
|
|
red crusted vulvar lesion that is PAS+ and shows intraepithelial adenocarcinoma in histology
|
extramammary paget
|
|
|
well differentiated vulvar scc w/ pushing border
|
verrucous carcinoma
|
|
|
remnant of wolffian duct on lateral wall of vagina
|
gartner's duct cyst
|
|
|
absence of upper vagina and uterus that leads to amenorrhea
|
rokitansky kuster hauser
|
|
|
glandular epithelium in superficial vagina that is DES+
|
adenosis or clear cell adenocarcinoma
|
|
|
inflammation of cervix w/ lymphoid infiltrate that forms germinal centers
|
follicular cervicitis
|
|
|
2 purposes of pap smear
|
1. rule out dysplasia 2. evaluate hormones (if superficial squamous then estrogen adequate. If intermediate squamous cells then adequate progesterone. If parabasal, then lack of both)
|
|
|
postcoital bleeding and vaginal discharge that does not have HPV+
|
endocervical polyp
|
|
|
postcoital, abnormal vaginal bleeding that can lead to pyelonephritis
|
cervical cancer
|
|
|
events preceding menarche normaly
|
breast bud -> growth spurt -> pubic hair -> axillary hair -> menarche
|
|
|
what is definite sign of virilization
|
cliteromeglay
|
|
|
what is dysfunctional uterine bleeding
|
menstrual bleeding not related to anatomic cause
|
|
|
what is usual cause of dysfunctional uterine bleeding
|
anovulatory cycle
|
|
|
when do anovulatory cycles tend to occur
|
extremes of reproductive life
|
|
|
anovulatory cycle vs inadequate luteasl phase vs irregular shedding/persistent luteal
|
increased estrogen vs decreased progesterone vs increased progesterone
|
|
|
causes of prepubertal abnormal vaginal bleeding
|
vulvovaginits, embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma
|
|
|
causes of abnormal vaginal bleeding: teen
|
anovulatory cycle, vDW
|
|
|
causes of abnormal vaginal bleeding: 20-40
|
pregnancy, ovulatory DUB, PID, endometrial polpp, endometriosis
|
|
|
causes of abnormal vaginal bleeding: 40+
|
anovulatory. Endometrial hyperplasia or cancer
|
|
|
causes of amenorrhea
|
1. HP axis dysfunction 2. ovarian issue 3. defect in genital tract (like RKH syndrome or imperforate hymen)
|
|
|
types of endometrial carcinoma
|
adenocarcinoma, papillary/clear cell
|
|
|
what type of leiomyoma could cause menorrhagia
|
submucosal
|
|
|
fever, lower abdominal pain, cervical motion tenderness, uterine tenderness w/ hx of unprotected sex
|
pid
|
|
|
what is chrioamnionitis
|
infection of fetal membranes
|
|
|
what hormone is responsible for closing of epiphyseal plate
|
estrogen (converted from testosterone)
|
|
|
what are causes of 1* vs 2* dysmenorrhea
|
1* = increased PGF, only seen in ovulatory cycles. 2* = endometriosis, adenomyosis, leiomyoma, cervical stenosis (i.e. anatomic causes)
|
|
|
when does dysfunctional uterine bleeding usually occur. Why?
|
not related to anatomy. Peri/post menopausal. 1 - anovulatory cycle 2. inadequate luteal phase (ovulatory) 3. persistent luteal (ovulatory)
|
|
|
likelihood of cervical dysplasia progressing to invasive carcinoma
|
only 10% progress after 2 yrs
|
