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218 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Neuroectoderm
|
Central
CNS neurons ependymal cells oligiodendroglia astrocytes |
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Neural crest
|
Peripheral
Schwann cells PNS neurons |
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Mesoderm
|
microglial
-cns macrophages |
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|
Astrocytes
-marker -role |
+GFAP
supportive blood brain barrier K+ metabolism neutrotransmitter removal reactive gliosis |
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Microglia
|
CNS phagocytes
form multinucleated giant cells mesodermal |
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Oligodendroglia
-origin -location -role -destroyed in ___ -looks like __ on H&E |
neural ectodermal
central 1: myelinates 30 CNS neurons destroyed in multiple sclerosis fried egg |
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Schwann
-origin -location -destroyed in ___ -tumor -looks like __ on H&E |
neural crest
peripheral 1: mylinates 1 PNS neuron Guillain-Barre Acoustic neuroma (CN8) |
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|
Free nerve endings
-fiber type -sensation -location |
C, A-delta
pain temperature skin, viscera |
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Meissner's corpusule
-location -function |
Meissner's
"palmar fine touch " hairless skin fine touch |
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|
Pacinian corpusle
-appearance -location -function |
onion
deep dermis Pacinian pressure, vibration |
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Merkel's disks
-appearance -location -function |
-disk bulb
-HAIR FOLLICLES -shapes, edges |
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NOREPINEPHRINE
location of synthesis high levels cause ______ low levels cause ______ |
Norpepinephrine
"Nore, are you cerulus?" locus cerulus ++anxiety (-) depression |
|
|
DOPAMINE
location of synthesis high levels = low levels = |
Dopamine
ventral tegmentum substantia nigra ++Schizophrenia (-) Parkinson's |
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SEROTONIN
location of synthesis high levels = low levels = |
Serotonin
"seraphim" Raphe nucleus ++anxiety (-) depression |
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Ach
location of synthesis low levels = |
Ach
Basal nucelus of Maynert (-) Alzheimer's, Huntington |
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Supraoptic nucelus makes
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ADH
|
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Paraventricular nucleus makes
|
oxytocin
|
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Hypothalamus - Lateral
-function |
hunger
stimulated by leptin |
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Hypothalamus - Ventromedial
-function |
saiety
inhibited by leptin |
|
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Hypothalamus - Anterior
-function |
cooling body
parasympathetic |
|
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Hypothalamus - Posterior
-function |
generating body heat
sympathetic |
|
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Hypothalamus - Septal
-function |
sex
|
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Hypothalamus - Suprachiasmic nuc
-function |
sleep
circadian rhythm |
|
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Adenohypophysis =
|
anterior pituitary
|
|
|
Neurohypopophysis=
|
posterior pituitary
supraoptic--> ADH paraventricular-->oxytocin |
|
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Thalamus
-lateral geniculate nucleus LGN |
LGN
lateral = light visual input--> cortex |
|
|
Thalamus
-medial geniculate nucleus MGN |
MGN
medial =music auditory--> cortex |
|
|
Thalamus
-ventral lateral/anterior nucleus VA/VL |
VA/VL
motor -corticobulbar, spinal input--> cortex |
|
|
Thalamus
-ventral posterior nucleus, medial VPM |
VPM
CN 5 facial sensation--> cortex |
|
|
Thalamus
|
Thalamus
body sensory information to the cortex motor information from cortex to body |
|
|
Thalamus
-ventral posterior nucleus, lateral VPL |
VPL
body sensation spinothalamic dosal column-medial leminiscus |
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Limbic system components
|
cingulate gyrus
hippocampus fornix mamillary bodies |
|
|
Limbic function
|
feeding
fleeing fighting feeling sex memory |
|
|
Cerebellum
-fiber type -input -function |
climbing and mossy fibers
middle cerebral peduncle -contralateral cortex inferior cerebral peduncle -ipsilateral proprioception |
|
|
Cerebellum
-fiber type -output -function |
purkinje fibers
deep nuclei- superior cerbellar peduncle output to contralateral cortex modulate movement |
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Name the deep cerebellar nuclei and function
|
"don't eat greasy foods"
dentate emboliform lateral= voluntary extremity mvt globose fastigial medial = truncal balance |
|
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corticospinal tract
|
truncal/body motor
|
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corticobulbar tract
|
head/neck motor
|
|
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spinothalamic tract
-lateral -anterior |
lateral = pain, temperature
anterior = gross touch |
|
|
dorsal column-medial leminisicus
|
FINE touch (Meissner's)
vibration (Pacinian) |
|
|
basal ganglia function
|
recieves cortical input
modulates movement via negative feedback to cortex -globus pallidus -substantia nigra -striatum -caudate (cognitive) -putamen (motor) |
|
|
basal ganglia D1 receptor
-function -pathway |
D1 = DIrect
Excitatory --> motion, thought (caudate, putamen) |
|
|
basal ganglia D2 receptor
-function -pathway |
Indirect
Inhibitory |
|
|
Parkinson's inclusion bodies
|
Lewy bodies
-alpha-synuclein |
|
|
Parkinson's cerebral appearance
|
depigmentation of SNc
lewy bodies |
|
|
cogwheel rigidity
tremor at rest postural instability Lewy bodies depigmentation of Snc |
PARKINSON'S
-possible link to MPTP |
|
|
contralateral subthalamic nucleus damage
|
hemiballismus
|
|
|
Huntington cerebral apperance
|
caudate atrophy
enlarged ventricles (loss of GABAergic neurons) |
|
|
depression
chorea progressive dementia chr 4 |
Huntington
|
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|
slow, writhing movement
fingers> |
athetosis
|
|
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sudden jerky movement
|
chorea
|
|
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Friedrich's ataxia
-inheritance -defect -sx |
auto r
GAA repeat ataxia hypertrophic cardiomyopathy spasticity loss of joint sensation decreased joint sensation -posterior spinal cord spasticity -lateral spinal cord |
|
|
Werdnig-Hoffman
-inheritance -defect -sx |
auto r
anterior horn LMN degeneration floppy baby spinal muscular atrophy tongue fasiculations death median 7 mts |
|
|
severe abdominal pain
psychosis peripheral neuropathy dementia |
Acute intermittent prophyra
-autoD (-)uroporphyrogen snythase PBG, delta-ALA accumulation wine urine on oxidation |
|
|
Acute intermittent porphyra
-inheritance -defect -accumulation -sx |
autoD
(-)uroporphyrogen synthase PBG, delta-ALA accumulation wine urine on oxidation severe abdominal pain psychosis peripheral neuropathy dementia |
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|
Broca lesion
|
expressive aphasia
difficulty speaking understanding intact |
|
|
fluent speech
difficulty understanding poor repetition |
Wernicke's receptive aphasia
neologisms |
|
|
fluent speech
good understanding poor repetition |
Arcuate conduction aphasia
|
|
|
poor speech
good understanding poor repetition |
Broca's expressive aphasia
|
|
|
fluent speech
difficulty understanding repetition intact |
transcortical sensory
|
|
|
poor speech
difficulty understanding repetition intact |
transcortical mixed
-can only repeat |
|
|
poor speech
difficulty understanding poor repetition |
global
-profound -nonverbal |
|
|
bilateral amygdala lesion
|
amygdala-la land of sex
Kluver-Bucy syndrome -disinhibition -hyperorality -hypersexuality |
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Frontal lobe lesion
|
disinhibition
mood changes difficulty concentrating |
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parietal lobe lesion
|
contralateral hemineglect
|
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Midbrain reticular activating system
|
reduced arousal, activity
|
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bilateral mammary bodies
|
Wernicke-Korsakoff
-ataxia, confusion, confabulation -ophthlamoplegia -psychosis -anterograde amnesia |
|
|
-ataxia, confusion, confabulation
-ophthlamoplegia -psychosis -anterograde amnesia |
Wernicke's-Korsakoff
|
|
|
truncal ataxia
poor motor speech/dysarthria |
cerebellar vermis
|
|
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contralateral hemiballismus
|
subthalamic nucleus
-basal ganglia |
|
|
anterograde amnesia
|
hippocampus
|
|
|
paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF)
-location -unilateral lesion |
pons
eyes look AWAY from side of lesion contralateral gaze deviation uPP(RF) and AWAY |
|
|
Frontal eye fields lesion
|
inability to initiate voluntary mvmt
eyes look TOWARDS lesion sit TOWARDS the FRONTal |
|
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Broca's area location
|
inferior frontal gyrus
|
|
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Wernicke's location
|
superior temporal gyrus
|
|
|
contralateral loss of pain, temp
visual field loss w/ macular sparing ispilateral oculomotor nerve palsy hemiparesis,hemiplegia. Horner's |
PCA
-midbrain -optic tracts -thalamus |
|
|
foot and leg paralysis
foot and leg sensory loss gait disturbance transcortical motor aphasia (left stroke) |
contralateral ACA
(stroke prior to the anterior communicating artery okay b/c collateral circulation) |
|
|
circle of willis aneurysm
-artery 1,2 -defect 1, 2 |
anterior communicating artery
bitemporal hemianopsia posterior communicating artery CN III palsy frontal lobe disinhibition/psychosis |
|
|
face-trunk-arm paralysis
face-trunk-arm loss of sensation Broca's/Wernicke's aphasia hemineglect (parietal lobe) vision loss |
contralateral MCA
|
|
|
oculomotor palsy
|
posterior communicating artery
PCA |
|
|
bitemporal hemianopsia
|
Acomm a. aneurysm
Pituitary adenomas Craniopharyngiomas. |
|
|
pure motor hemiparesis following stroke
-artery -patholocation |
lateral striate/ MCA
lacunar infarct of internal capsule |
|
|
severe vertigo
nystagmus ipsilateral ataxia difficulty swallowing Horner's |
PICA
|
|
|
paralysis of all extremities
profound loss of sensation respiratory difficulty |
basilar artery infarct
"locked in syndrome" |
|
|
nuchal rigidity
worst headache of life bloody, xanthrochromic tap |
subarachnoid hemorrhage
-berry aneurysm rupture -AVM |
|
|
cresentic hematoma
crosses sutures delayed onset of symptoms flux of consciousness bridging veins elderly, alcohol, shaken baby whiplash |
subdural hematoma
|
|
|
hematoma crosses falx, tentorum
|
epidural
|
|
|
hematoma crosses suture
|
subdural
|
|
|
() biconvex hematoma
lucid interval middle meningeal artery temporal bone fracture |
epidural hematoma
middle meningeal artery |
|
|
CSF drainage
Lateral ventricle to.... |
lateral ventricle
Monro 3rd ventricle cerebral aqueduct 4th ventricle Luschka, Magendie subarachnoid space |
|
|
hydrocephalus
paralysis of upward gaze dilated lateral, munro, 3rd ventricle |
congenital stricture of aqueduct of sylvius
|
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dilated lateral, munro, 3rd ventricle, sylvian aqueduct, 4th ventricle
|
Dandy Walker
foramen of Luschka, Magendie stenosis |
|
|
___ exit above vertebral foramena
|
C1-C7
|
|
|
spinal tap structures are pierced ...
|
SLED SAS
skin/superficial fascia ligaments: supraspinatus interspinatous flavus -epidural space -dura mater -subdural space -arachnoid -subarachnoid space |
|
|
fasciculus cuneatus
|
dosal column sensory spinal area
--upper body --lateral |
|
|
fasciculus gracilis
|
dosal column sensory spinal area
--lower body is graceful --lateral |
|
|
legs/LE are lateral in _________
legs/LE are medial in_________ |
LE lateral in corticospinal, spinothalamic tract
LE medial in dorsal column |
|
|
fasiculation occurs in L or UMN?
|
LMN
|
|
|
Dorsal column function
|
fine touch
proprioception vibration |
|
|
Dorsal column pathway
|
meisners, pacinian/DRG
dorsal column fasiculus Nucleus cuneatus/gracillus X medullary decussation X medial leminiscus VPL of thalamus sensory cortex |
|
|
Spinothalamic function
|
pain, temperature
|
|
|
Spinothalamic pathway
|
C, alpha fibers/DRG cell body
Anterolateral cord (legs lateral) X Anterior white commissure X VPL of thalamus sensory cortex |
|
|
Corticospinal pathway
|
motor cortex
internal capsule X medullary pyrimidal decussationX anterior horn LMN NMJ |
|
|
LMN destruction in anterior horn
|
Polio
Werdnig-Hoffmann |
|
|
asymmetric diffuse spinal and cortical lesions in white matter
|
MS
|
|
|
lesions in ventral column
-anterior horn -corticospinal |
ALS
--axial motor defects (ant horn) --UMN/LMN motor defects (corticospinal) |
|
|
anterior spinal artery occulsion
|
spares dorsal column
anterior horn corticospinal tract spinothalamic tract |
|
|
posterior spinal artery occlusion
|
dorsal column
|
|
|
degeneration of dorsal roots, columns
-disease -sx |
tabes dorsalis
locomotor ataxia, (proprioception) impaired touch |
|
|
degeneration of region between anterior horn
-disease -sx |
syringomyelia
-bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation -damages crossing fibers of spinothalamic tract |
|
|
dorsal column
lateral corticospinal spinocerebellar tracts demylenation -disease -sx |
B12 defiency
Fridrick's ataxia hyperreflexia neuropathy ataxia impaired position sense |
|
|
anterior horn destruction
fasciculations, fibrillation muscle weakness, atrophy CSF lymphocytic pleocytosis |
poliomyelitis
-virus replicates in oropharyx, intestines -cx from stool, throat |
|
|
anterior horn destruction
floppy baby tongue fasiculations death at 7 mths |
Werdnig-Hoffman
|
|
|
superoxide dismutase defect
hand atrophy spasticity weakness +babinski |
ALS
|
|
|
rapid sensory motor loss
immunocompromised state oligocyte inclusions -disease, agent |
progressive multifocal leukoenephalopathy
-JC virus |
|
|
parkinsonism
putamen/basal ganglia atrophy, cavitary necrosis hyperpigmentation liver cirrhosis |
Wilson's disease
|
|
|
h/o measles
personality change, seizures, myoclonus, ataxia, photosensitivity, progressive psychomotor decline/death oligodendrocyte inclusions |
subacute sclerosising panencephalitis
-chronic measles infection |
|
|
loss of joint sensation
shooting pain h/o sexual activity loss of DTR locomotor ataxia |
tabes dorsalis
|
|
|
staggering gait
nystagmus hypertrophic cardiomyopathy childhood kphoscoliosis familial frataxin gene repetition |
Friedrich's ataxia
|
|
|
trauma, TB, MS
Hemiparaplesia ispi UMN symptoms ipsi loss of touch, vibration below loss of all motor/sensation at lesion contralateral loss of pain, T +/- Horner's symptoms (above T1) |
hemisection of spinal cord
Brown-Sequard |
|
|
HIV
periventricular calcifications intranucelar basophlic inclusions |
CMV meningitis
|
|
|
Horner's syndrome
-sx -lesion |
ptosis
miosis anhydrosis -spinal cord lesion above T1 |
|
|
Biceps reflex
|
C5
|
|
|
triceps reflex
|
C7
|
|
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patellar reflex
|
L4
|
|
|
Achilles reflex
|
S1
|
|
|
CN superior to pons
|
3 4 5
|
|
|
CN inferior to pons
|
6 7 8
|
|
|
CN at medulla
|
9 10 11 (long) , 12 (medial)
|
|
|
CNIII
|
eye movement
accomodation levator palpebrae eye opening |
|
|
CN IV
|
superior oblique
|
|
|
CN V
|
mastication
facial sensation |
|
|
CN VI
|
lateral rectus
|
|
|
CN VII
|
facial motor
anterior 2/3 taste lacrimation salivation (subm, subling) stapedius eye closing |
|
|
CN IX
|
posterior 1/3 taste
parotid gland carotid body and sinus receptors stylopharyngeous palate elevation |
|
|
carotid body and sinus chemoreceptors
|
CN IX . glossopharyngeal
|
|
|
aortic chemo/baroreceptors
|
CN X vagus
|
|
|
CN X
|
aorta chemo/baraoreceptors
epiglottic taste palate elevation talking, coughing thorachoabdominal viscera |
|
|
midbrain CN nuclei
|
3, 4
|
|
|
pons CN nuclei
|
5 - 8
|
|
|
medulla CN nuclei
|
9-12
|
|
|
Nucleus solitarium
|
7, 9, 10
taste baroreceptors gut distenstion |
|
|
Nucleus ambigus
|
9-11
swallowing palate elevation |
|
|
dorsal motor nucleus
|
parasympathetic to heart, lung, GI
|
|
|
optic canal
|
opthalmic artery
central retinal vein |
|
|
superior orbital fissure
|
3-6, ( V1)
|
|
|
foramen rotundum
|
V2
|
|
|
foramen ovale
|
V3
|
|
|
foramen spinosum
|
middle meningeal
|
|
|
internal auditory meatus
|
7 8
|
|
|
jugular foramen
|
9-11 , IJ
|
|
|
foramen magnum
|
spinal roots of 11, brainstem
|
|
|
cavernous sinsus
|
3-6 except V3, internal carotid
|
|
|
hypoglossal lesion tongue-->
|
TOngue TOward
|
|
|
V motor lesion jaw-->
|
jaw deviates towards
|
|
|
X lesion uvula-->
|
Uvula AWAY
|
|
|
XI lesion
|
ipsilateral shoulder droop
contralateral neck turn weakness |
|
|
hypoglossus innervates all nerves with glossus except
__________ which is by_______ |
palatoglossus, vagus
|
|
|
vagus innervates all nerves with palato- except ________ which is innervated by _____
|
tensor veli palatini, CN V
|
|
|
perilymph has [ ]
endolymph has [ ] |
Na (like ECF)
k+ (like ICF) |
|
|
conductive hearing loss
-rinne -weber |
BONE conduction >
weber id's AFFECTED ear |
|
|
SNHL
-rinne -weber |
AIR >
weber id NORMAL air SNHL Air is normal |
|
|
CN VI
CN IV CN III EO nerve formula |
LR6 SO4 R3
R= all the rest |
|
|
mydrias
loss of accomdation ptosis |
CN III defect
|
|
|
diplopia looking down
|
CN IV
|
|
|
medially directed eye
|
CN VI
|
|
|
central scotomas
|
macular degeneration
|
|
|
h/o MS
normal convergence nystagmus on abduction of eye medial rectus palsy on lateral gaze |
MLF syndrome
- medial longitudinal fasculus lesion |
|
|
sudden loss of vision
MLF hemiparesis/sensory sx bladder/bowel incontinence scanning speech intention tremor nystagmus |
MS
|
|
|
MS associated with what HLA class
|
DR2
2 Drs can't cure MS |
|
|
postviral
acute perivenular inflammation demyleination |
acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
|
|
|
Metachromatic leukodystophy
-inheritance -deficiency -accumulated substance -disease |
autorecessive
arylsulfatase A deficiency sulfatides buildup impaired myelin sheath |
|
|
CNS symptoms with
adrenal insufficiency familial |
Adrenoleukodystrophy
-autorecessive -LCFA buildup destroys myelin |
|
|
unilateral periorbital pain
brief repetitive headaches ipsilateral lacrimation rhinorrhea Horner's |
cluster headache
|
|
|
medullary cerebral vermis herniation through foramen magnum
dilation of lateral, 3rd, sylvian duct flatten base of skull meningomyocele, syringomelia |
Arnold Chiari
|
|
|
vermis hypoplasia
cystic dilation of lateral, 3rd,sylvian, 4th ventricles, hydrocephalus obstructed foramen Luska/Magn |
Dandy Walker
|
|
|
loss of pain, T in hands
atrophy of intrinsic hand muscles fluid filled cervical cord enlargement anterior horn destruction +/- Chiari herniation |
syringomyelia
|
|
|
port wine stains
leptominingeal angioma, AVM glaucoma seizure hemiparesis MR |
Sturge-Weber
|
|
|
cafe au lait
pigmented iris harmartomas neurofibromas auto d |
neurofibromatosis 1
|
|
|
cavernous hemangiomas
RCC hemangioblastoma in retina |
VHL
|
|
|
corticocerebellar atrophy
central pontine myelosis |
alcholism
|
|
|
mouth drop
difficulty speaking inability to close eye unilateral facial paralysis |
Bell's palsy
|
|
|
Bell's palsy
--unilateral causes -bilateral causes |
HIV, Sarcoidosis
b/l = LYME |
|
|
+ GFAP
pseudopalisading tumor central necrosis, hemorrhage can cross corpus callosum |
GBM astrocytoma
|
|
|
spindle cells
arachnoid cell origin can invade bone psammoma bodies |
meningioma
|
|
|
chicken wire capillaries
frontal lobe calcification fried egg cells |
olgiodendroglioma
|
|
|
+GFAP
posterior fossa eosinophilic corkscrew rosenthal fibers cystic |
pilocystic astrocytoma
|
|
|
neuroectodermal
can compress 4th ventricle hydrocephalus rosettes, perivascular pseudorossets |
medulloblastoma
|
|
|
perivascular pseduorosettes
rod shaped basal ciliary bodies near nucelus hydrocephalus if in 4th ventricle |
ependymoma
|
|
|
vascular tissue
foamy cells polycythemia associated with VHL cerebellar |
hemangioblastoma
|
|
|
herniation under falx cerebri
|
cingulate
|
|
|
dilated pupils
eye down adducted ptosis herniation of medial temporal lobe occipital infarct |
uncal herniation
|
|
|
tonic clonic first line
|
phenytoin
carmnbamazepime depakote |
|
|
absence first line
|
ethosuximide
(depakote ok) |
|
|
phenytoin
-MOA -toxicity |
Na channel inactivation
nystagmus, gingival hyperplasia decreases warfarin |
|
|
BDZ
-MOA -toxicity |
increase GABA conc
sedation, dependence |
|
|
Carbamazepine
-MOA -toxicity |
Na channel inactivation
teratogenic, agranulocytosis, aplasic anemia, diplopia, hepatotoxicity |
|
|
Phenobarbital
-MOA -toxicity |
increases GABA a activity
dependence decreases warfarin |
|
|
Valproic acid
-MOA -toxicity |
Na channel inactivation, increases GABA
teratogenic weight gain fatal hepatotoxcicity spina bifida inhibits phenobarital metabolism |
|
|
Lamotrigine
-MOA -toxicity |
blocks Na channels
Steven Johnsons |
|
|
Gabapentin
-MOA |
GABA analog
|
|
|
Topiramate
|
blocks Na channels
renal stones mental dullness weight loss |
|
|
Ethosuximide
|
blocks thalamic T-Ca channels
|
|
|
Dantrolene MOA
|
prevents release of Ca from SR of skeletal muscle
|
|
|
Bromocriptine
-MOA |
dopamine receptor agonist
|
|
|
Amantadine
-MOA |
increases dopamine release
|
|
|
Ldopa/carbidopa
-MOA |
increases dopamine concentration in synapse
|
|
|
Selegline
-MOA |
selective MAO B inhibitor
prevents dopamine degradation |
|
|
Benztropine
|
antimuscarinic (like atropine)
improves parkinsonian tremor |
|
|
Ldopa overdose give _________
|
clozaprine
|
|
|
Memantine
|
NMDA receptor antagonist
prevents excitotoxicity in Alzhemier's |
|
|
Donepezil
|
Ach inhibitor for parkinsons
|
|
|
dilated pupil
+tachy, hypertension tremor, seizure overdose on _________? |
cocaine
amphetamine caffiene pseudoephedrine |
|
|
dilated pupil
hypervigilence agitation hallucination delirum, coma |
antihistamine
TCA atropine scopolamine Jimson weed antiparkinsonins |
|
|
dilated pupil
hyperthermia, tachy, htn agitation, nystagmus |
PCP (vertical nystagmus)
LSD mescaline MDMA |
|
|
seizure
chorea arrhythmia tachycardia hyper-->hypotension |
TCA overdose
|
|
|
hypothermia
bradycardia CNS depression hyporeflexia pulm edema |
heroin
oxycodone morphine meperidine |
|
|
confusion
coma salivation incontenence diaphroesis bronchoconstriction fasciulation |
organophosphates
pilocarpine phyostigme edrophonium bethanecol |
