Usmle Microbiology Bacteria

Front 1

These Bugs do not gram stain well

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Treponema (to thin)
Rickettsia (intracellular)
Mycobacterium (high lipid content cell wall requires acid-fast)
Mycoplasma (no cell wall)
Legionella pneumophila (primary intracellular)
Chlamydia (intracelluar, lacks muramic acid in cell wall)

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Stains

Geimsa

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Borrelia
Plasmodium
Trypanosomes
Chlamydia

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Stains

PAS(periodic acid-schiff)

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Stains glycogen,
Mucopolysaccharides
Used to diagnose Whipple's Disease

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Stains

Ziehl-Neelson

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Acid-fast organism

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Stains

India ink

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Cryptococcus Neoformans
Some times use Mucicarminecan stain polysacchride capsule red

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Special culture Requirements

H. Influenza

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Chocolate agar with factor V (NAD+) and X (hematin)

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Special culture Requirements

N. Gonorrhea

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Thayer-Martin 0r VPN media

V=vancomycin-->inhibits G+
P=Polymyxin-->inhibits G-
N=Nystatin-->inhibits Fungi

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Special culture Requirements

B. Pertussis

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Bordet-Genou (potato) agar

Will Grow on Chocolate agar, but not on Blood agar

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Special culture Requirements

C. Diphtheriae

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Tellurite plate
Loffler's media

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Special culture Requirements

M. Tuberculosis

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Lowenstein-Jensen Agar

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Special culture Requirements

M. pneumoniae

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Eaton's agar

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Special culture Requirements

Lactose fermenting enterics

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Pink colonies on MacConkey's agar
E. Coli also on eosin-methylene blue (EMB) Blue-black colonies with metallic sheen

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Special culture Requirements

Legionella

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Charcoal yeast extract agar buffered with cysteine

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Obligate aerobes

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"Nagging pests Must Breathe"
Nocardia
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
Bacillus

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Obligate anaerobes

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"Can't Breathe Air"
Clostridium
Bacteroides
Actinomyces

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Obligate intracellular

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Rickettsia
Chlamydia

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Facultative Intracellular

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"Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativLy"
Salmonella
Neisseria
Brucella
Mycobacterium
Listeria
Francisella
Legionella

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Encapsulated bacteria

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"Kapsule Shield SHiN"
Klebsiella pneumonia
Salmonella
Strep Pneumo
HIB
Neiseria Meningitidis

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Urease Positive Bugs

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"Particular Kinds Have Urease"
Proteus
Klebsiella
H. pylori
Ureaplasma

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Pigment Producing Bacteria

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1) Actinomyces israelii-yellow "sulfur" Granules
2) S. aureus-yellow pigment
3) Pseudomonas aeruginosa- blue green pigment
4) Serratia marcescens- red pigment

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Virulence factors

Protein A

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S. Aureus
Binds Fc Region of Ig.
Prevents opsonization and phagocytosis

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Virulence factors

IgA protease

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Enzyme that cleaves IgA to colonize respiratory mucosa
Strep pneumo
HIB
Neiseria

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Virulence factors

M protein

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Group A strep
Helps prevent phagocytosis

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Exotoxins

Super antigens

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Bind directly to MHCII and T-Cell receptor simultaneously activating large numbers of T-cells to stimulate the release of IFN-y and IL-2

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Exotoxins

Staph Aureus

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Superantigen
1) TSST-1--> Toxic shock syndrome (Fever, rash, shock)
2) Enterotoxin-->food poisoning
3) Exfoliatin--> Staph Scalded skin syndrome

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Exotoxins

Strep pyogenes

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Scarlet fever- erythrogenic toxin causes toxic shock like syndrome

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Exotoxins

ADP ribosylating A-B toxins

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Interfere with host cell functioning
B-Binds to allow endocytosis
A-Attaches to ADP-ribosyl to a host protein, altering protein function

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Exotoxins

Corynebacterium diptheriae

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Inactivates EF-2 (similar to Psuedomonas exotoxin A)
Causes pharyngitis and a "pseudomembrane" in throat

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Exotoxins

Vibrio cholerae

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ADP ribosylation of G protein stimulates adenylyl cyclase.
Increasepumping of Cl- into gut, and decrease of Na+ absorption
H20 moves into gut lumen causing voluminous amounts of "rice water" stools

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Exotoxins

E. Coli

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1) Heat labile toxin stimulates Adenylate cyclase
2) Heat stable toxin stimulates Guanylate cyclase
3) Both cause diarrhea

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Exotoxins

Bordetella pertussis

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1) Increase cAMP by inhibiting G-alpha i
2) Causes Whooping cough
3) Inhibits chemokine receptor, causing lymphocytosis

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Exotoxins

Clostridium perfringens

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1) Alpha toxin causes gas gangrene
2) Double zone of hemolysis on blood agar

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Exotoxins

C. Tetani

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1) Blocks the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters GABA and glycine,
2) Causes lockjaw

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Exotoxins

C. Botulinum

Back 34

Blocks the release of ACh
Causes anticholinergic symptoms
CNS paralysis, esp. Cranial nerves
Spores found in canned food, honey (floppy baby syndrome)

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Exotoxins

Bacillus anthracis

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Edema factor, part of toxin complex is an adenylate cyclase

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Exotoxins

Shigella

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Shiga toxin (E. Coli O157:H7)
Cleaves host rRNA (inactivates 60s ribosome)
Enhanced cytokine release causing HUS

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Exotoxins

S. pyogenes

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Streptolysin O is a hemolysin
Antigen for ASO antibody which is used for the diagnosis of rheumatic fever.

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Which five genes are encoded in a lysogenic phage?

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"ABCDE"
ShigA-like toxin
Botulinum toxin
Cholera toxin
Diptheria toxin
Erythrogenic toxin of Strep pyogenes

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Gram positive

Rods

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Clostridium (anaerobe)
Corynebacterium
Listeria
Bacillus

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Gram positive

Catalase Positive
Coagulase Positive

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Staphylococcus Aureus

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Gram positive

Catalase positive
Coagulase Negative

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1) Staph Epidermidis (Novobiocin sensitive)
2) Staph saprophyticus (Novobiocin resistant)

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Gram positive
Catalase negative
alpha hemolysis
Quellung positive
Optochin Sensative
Bile soluble

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Strep pneumoniae

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Gram positive
Catalase negative
alpha hemolysis
Optochin resistant

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Strep. Viridans

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Gram positive
Catalase negative
Beta hemolysis
Bacitracin sensitive

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Group A Strep
Strep Pyogenes

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Gram positive
Catalase negative
Beta hemolysis
Bacitracin resistant

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Group B Strep
S. agalactiae

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Gram positive
Catalase negative
Gamma hemolysis

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Enterococcus (E. Faecalis)
Peptostreptococcus (Anaerobe)

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Gram positive
Beta hemolytic

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S. Aureus
S. Pyogenes
S. Agalactiae
Listeria Monocytogenes

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Gram Negative

Coccoid Rods

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Haemophilus Influenza
Pasturella (Animal bites)
Brucella
Bordetella pertussis

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Gram Negative

Cocci
Maltose fermenter

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Neisseria Meningitidis

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Gram Negative

Cocci
Maltose nonfermenter

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Neisseria Gonorrheae

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Gram Negative

Rod
Fast Lactose fermenter

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Klebsiella
E. coli
Enterobacter

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Gram Negative

Rod
Slow Lactose fermenter

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Citrobacter
Serratia

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Gram Negative

Rod
Lactose non-fermenter
Oxidase positive

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Pseudomonas

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Gram Negative

Rod
Lactose non-fermenter
Oxidase negative

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Shigella
Salmonella
Proteus