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258 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does Candida albicans do that distinguishes it from other fungi?
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It forms a germinal tube at 37°C.
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What protozoal parasite results in dysentery with blood and pus in the stool, is transmitted via fecal-oral route, is diagnosed by cysts or trophozoites in the stool, and forms liver abscesses and inverted flask-shaped lesions in the large intestine?
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Entamoeba histolytica (treat with metronidazole)
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What is the most likely causative organism for a patient with folliculitis after spending time in a hot tub?
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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What two viruses get their envelope not from budding but from coding?
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HIV and poxvirus
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Which type of hepatitis can cause hepatocellular carcinoma?
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Hepatitis B
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Gas gangrene is associated with which Clostridium species?
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Clostridium perfrigens
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Which dimorphic fungus is found as hyphae with nondescript conidia in rotting wood in the Upper Great Lakes, Ohio, Mississippi, eastern seaboard of the United States, and southern Canada?
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Blastomyces dermatitidis
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Which parasitic organism, when it crosses the placenta, results in intracerebral calcifications, chorioretinitis, microcephaly, hydrocephaly, and convulsions?
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Toxoplasma gondii
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What staphylococcal species is positive for Beta-hemolysis and coagulase?
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Staphylococcus aureus
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What vector is associated with malaria?
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Anopheles mosquito
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What is the term for hyphae with constrictions at each septum that are commonly seen in Candida albicans?
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Pseudohyphae
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Which cestode infection results in alveolar hydatid cyst disease?
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Echinococcus multilocularis
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Which hepatitis virus is in the Flaviviridae family?
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Hepatitis C
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What nonmotile gram-negative, non–lactose-fermenting facultative anaerobic rod uses the human colon as its only reservoir and is transmitted by fecal-oral spread?
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Shigella
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What is the only Rickettsia that is stable in the environment?
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Coxiella burnetii
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Regarding the viral growth curve, is the internal virus present before or after the eclipse period?
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After the eclipse period
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What Ab is an indication of recurrent disease for hepatitis?
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HBc Ab
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What small gram-positive, non–spore-forming rod is a facultative intracellular parasite that grows in the cold and is associated with unpasteurized milk products?
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Listeria monocytogenes
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What is the only DNA virus that is not icosahedral?
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Poxvirus
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Which organism causes trench mouth?
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Fusobacterium
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True or false? All of the following are inactivated vaccines available in the United States: influenza, Vibrio cholera, hepatitis A, rabies, and adenovirus.
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False. Adenovirus vaccine is a live pathogenic virus in an enteric coated capsule. All of the others are inactivated vaccines.
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Name the Plasmodium species based on the following information:
No persistent liver stage or relapse; blood smear shows multiple ring forms and crescent-shaped gametes; irregular febrile pattern; associated with cerebral malaria |
Plasmodium falciparum
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Name the Plasmodium species based on the following information:No persistent liver stage or relapse; blood smear shows rosette schizonts; 72-hour fever spike pattern
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Plasmodium malariae
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Name the Plasmodium species based on the following information:Persistent hypnozoite liver stage with relapses; blood smear shows amoeboid trophozoites with oval, jagged infected RBCs; 48-hour fever spike pattern
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Plasmodium ovale
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Name the Plasmodium species based on the following information:
Persistent hypnozoite liver stage with relapses; blood smear shows amoeboid trophozoites; 48-hour fever spike pattern; the most prevalent form worldwide |
Plasmodium vivax
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True or false? A positive PPD skin test indicates the patient has active pulmonary disease.
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False. The PPD tests exposure to TB.
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What viral infection is known to cause intracerebral calcifications?
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CMV; Toxoplasma also causes intracerebral calcifications but it is a parasite.
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What viruses are associated with cervical carcinoma?
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HPVs 16 and 18
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What motile, gram-negative spiral bacillus with flagella is oxidase positive, urease positive, and associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and stomach cancer?
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Helicobacter pylori
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What glycoprotein in the HIV virus is used for fusion?
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GP41
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What Ag is needed to diagnose an infectious patient with hepatitis B?
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HBeAg
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Which organism causes multiple infections by antigen switching?
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Borrelia recurrentis
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What is the first Ag seen in an individual with hepatitis?
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HBsAg (incubation period)
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With which DNA virus are Guarnieri bodies associated?
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Variola (smallpox)
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What nematode is known as pinworms? What is the treatment?
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Enterobius vermicularis; the treatment is albendazole.
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What protein allows Mycoplasma to attach to the respiratory epithelium?
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P1 protein
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What organism is associated with the following types of diarrhea?
Day care–associated diarrhea in infants |
Rotavirus
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What organism is associated with the following types of diarrhea?
Watery diarrhea from beef, poultry, or gravies |
Clostridium perfringens
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What organism is associated with the following types of diarrhea?
Rice water stools |
Vibrio cholera
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What organism is associated with the following types of diarrhea?
Diarrhea associated with raw or undercooked shellfish |
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
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What organism is associated with the following types of diarrhea?
Bloody diarrhea associated with hamburger ingestion |
Enterohemorhagic Escherichia coli
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Which fungus is found worldwide on plants, is a cigar-shaped yeast in tissue form, and results in rose gardener's disease?
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Sporothrix schenckii
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Which type of hepatitis is a picornavirus?
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Hepatitis A (infectious)
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What gram-positive rod is distinguished by its tumbling motility?
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Listeria
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What is the vector for Leishmania infections?
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The sandfly
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What is the term of the viral growth period when no viruses can be found intracellularly?
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Eclipse period
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What organism causes Q fever?
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Coxiella burnetii
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What are the three naked RNA viruses?
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1. Picornavirus
2. Calicivirus 3. Reovirus (Remember PCR) |
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HIV's capsid, core nucleocapsid, and matrix proteins are products of what structural gene?
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gag gene
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What facultative intracellular fungus is associated with hepatosplenomegaly?
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Histoplasma capsulatum infects the cells of the RES and can result in hepatosplenomegaly.
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What type of hepatitis has the highest mortality rate among pregnant women?
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Hepatitis E
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Which gram-negative diplococcus ferments maltose?
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Meningococcus (Gonococcus does not)
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Are antibiotics helpful in treating a disease caused by a prion?
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No. Prions are infectious proteins, so antibiotics are useless.
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What bacterium is responsible for woolsorter's disease?
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Bacillus anthracis
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What picornavirus is associated with hand-foot-and-mouth disease?
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Coxsackie A
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What is the only trematode that is not hermaphroditic?
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Schistosoma have separate males and females.
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What water-associated organism is a weakly stained gram-negative rod that requires cysteine and iron for growth?
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Legionella (think air conditioners)
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With what virus are Downey type II cells associated?
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EBV
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True or false? Interferons are eukaryotic proteins that inhibit viral replication by being virus specific.
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False. Interferons are produced by virally infected cells to inhibit viral replication via RNA endonucleases. They do not act directly on the virus, nor are they virus specific.
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What is the vector for yellow fever?
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Aedes mosquito
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What small, facultative gram-negative intracellular rod's transmission is associated with unpasteurized dairy products and undulant fever?
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Brucella
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True or false? All Proteus species are urease positive.
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True
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Which genus of dermatophytes is associated with the following sites of infection?
• Nails and skin only |
Epidermophyton
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Which genus of dermatophytes is associated with the following sites of infection?
• Hair and skin only |
Microsporum
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Which genus of dermatophytes is associated with the following sites of infection?
• Skin, hair, and nails |
Trichophyton
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What protein of the HIV virus does ELISA detect to determine whether a patient is HIV positive?
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P24
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What genus of bacteria is described by catalase-positive, gram-positive cocci in clusters?
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Staphylococcus
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True or false? Vibrio parahaemolyticus require NaCl in its growth medium.
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True. Staphylococcus aureus and group D enterococci also grow in high-salt media.
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What virus causes small pink benign wartlike tumors and is associated with HIV-positive patients?
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Molluscum contagiosum
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What two bacteria are associated with drinking unpasteurized milk?
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Brucella and Listeria (has tumbling motility)
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What cestode causes cysticercosis?
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Taenia solium
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What DNA virus is associated with exanthem subitum (roseola)?
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HHV 6
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Which acid-fast rod is an obligate intracellular parasite?
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Mycobacterium leprae
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What form of the Plasmodium species is ingested by mosquitoes?
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Gametocytes
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What small gram-negative aerobic rod requires Regan-Lowe or Bordet- Gengou medium for growth?
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Bordetella pertussis
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True or false? Streptococci have catalase.
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False. Staphylococci have catalase; streptococci do not.
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What three bacteria are positive to quellung reactive test?
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1. Neisseria meningitidis
2. Haemophilus influenzae 3. Streptococcus pneumoniae |
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A patient goes to the ER with abdominal cramps, vomiting, diarrhea, and sweating less than 24 hours after eating potato salad at a picnic; what is the most likely responsible organism?
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Staphylococcus aureus
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True or false? All spore formers are gram positive.
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True
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What is the only DNA virus that has the reverse transcriptase enzyme?
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Hepadnavirus
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What enzyme does HIV use to integrate the proviral dsDNA into the host?
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Integrase
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What are the two hepatitis viruses that can be chronic and can lead eventually to hepatocellular carcinoma?
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Hepatitis B and hepatitis C
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What gram-positive spore-forming anaerobic rod blocks the release of ACh at the NMJ, resulting in reversible flaccid paralysis?
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Clostridium botulinum
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Name three products of HIV's pol gene.
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Protease, integrase, and reverse transcriptase
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What form of Plasmodium species affects the liver?
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Hypnozoite
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What small coagulase-positive, gram-negative rod with bipolar staining is a facultative intracellular parasite resulting in buboes?
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Yersinia pestis
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What hemoflagellate species is the cause of Chagas disease?
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Trypanosoma cruzi
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To what host cell receptor does the rabies virus attach?
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ACh receptor
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Which hepatitis virus is in the Picornaviridae family?
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Hepatitis A
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Abs to what hepatitis B Ag provide immunity?
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Abs to HBsAg
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What type of spore is defined as an asexual budding daughter yeast cell?
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Blastoconidia
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Which of the following characteristics accurately describe fungi, bacteria, viruses, or parasites?
• Eukaryotic cell, 15 to 25 microns, 80S ribosomes, no cell walls, replicates via cytokinesis with mitosis and meiosis |
Parasites
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Which of the following characteristics accurately describe fungi, bacteria, viruses, or parasites?
• Small prokaryotic cells; no histones; 70S ribosomes; no sterols in cell membrane; peptidoglycans in cell wall; replicate by binary fission |
Bacteria
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Which of the following characteristics accurately describe fungi, bacteria, viruses, or parasites?
• Eukaryotic cell; 3 to 10 microns; 80S ribosomes; chitinous cell wall; ergosterol in cell membrane; replicate via cytokinesis with mitosis and meiosis |
Fungi
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Which of the following characteristics accurately describe fungi, bacteria, viruses, or parasites?
• Acellular; some are enveloped; replicate within the host cell; no cell walls |
Viruses
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What mosquito is the vector for dengue fever?
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Aedes (the same for yellow fever)
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True or false? Gonococcus is encapsulated.
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False. Meningococcus is encapsulated; Gonococcus is not.
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What virus is associated with Guarnieri bodies?
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Variola virus (Smallpox)
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Regarding the viral growth curve, is the external virus present before or after the latent period?
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After the latent period
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What aerobic branching rod that is gram positive and partially acid-fast is associated with cavitary bronchopulmonary disease in immunosuppressed patients?
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Nocardia asteroides
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What obligate extracellular fungus is silver stain–positive and is associated with pneumonia in patients with AIDS?
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Pneumocystis carinii
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What Vi-encapsulated gram-negative motile anaerobic rod that produces H2S is associated with enteric fever, gastroenteritis, and septicemia?
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Salmonella typhi
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What is the most likely organism causing cellulitis in a patient who was cut by an oyster shell?
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Vibrio vulnificus
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What virus is associated with the Norwalk agent?
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Calicivirus
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Describe the organism based on the following information:
• Beta-Hemolytic Streptococcus; positive cAMP test; hydrolyzes hippurate |
Streptococcus agalactiae
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Describe the organism based on the following information:
• Alpha-Hemolytic Streptococcus; lysed by bile; sensitive to Optochin |
Pneumococcus (Streptococcus pneumoniae)
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Describe the organism based on the following information:
• Alpha-hemolytic Streptococcus; not lysed by bile; not sensitive to Optochin |
Streptococcus viridans
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Describe the organism based on the following information:
• Beta-hemolytic Streptococcus sensitive to bacitracin |
Streptococcus pyogenes
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What is the only nonmotile pathogenic Clostridium species?
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Clostridium perfringens
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If a virus has positive sense RNA, can it be used as mRNA or is a template needed?
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Positive sense RNA can be used as mRNA. Negative sense RNA cannot be used as mRNA; it requires special RNA-dependent RNA polymerases.
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Where do adult tapeworms develop, in the intermediate or definitive host?
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Adult tapeworms develop in the definitive host, whereas cysticerci or larvae develop in the intermediate host.
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Which streptococcal species is characterized by being catalase negative, turning bile esculin agar black, producing a positive PYR test, and resulting in biliary and urinary tract infections?
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Enterococcus (Streptococcus faecalis)
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What three carcinomas are associated with EBV?
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1. Burkitt's lymphoma
2. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma 3. Thymic carcinoma |
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Which organism causes trench fever?
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Rochalimaea quintana (now called Bartonella quintana)
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Based on the onset of the symptoms, how are bacterial conjunctivitis from Neisseria and Chlamydia differentiated?
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The onset of symptoms for Neisseria gonorrhea conjunctivitis is 2 to 5 days, whereas onset of symptoms for Chlamydia trachomatis is 5 to 10 days.
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What toxin, produced by Clostridium tetani, binds to ganglioside receptors and blocks the release of glycine and GABA at the spinal synapse?
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Tetanospasmin (also called tetanus toxin)
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True or false? All of the following are live attenuated vaccines available in the United States: measles, mumps, varicella zoster, and Francisella tularensis.
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True. So are rubeola, smallpox, yellow fever, and the Sabin polio vaccine.
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What family do the following viruses belong to?
• Ebola |
Filovirus
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What family do the following viruses belong to?
• California encephalitis |
Bunyavirus
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What family do the following viruses belong to?
• Hantavirus |
Bunyavirus
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What family do the following viruses belong to?
• Rabies |
Rhabdovirus
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What family do the following viruses belong to?
• RSV |
Paramyxovirus
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What family do the following viruses belong to?
• Measles |
Paramyxovirus
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What microaerophile is a motile gram-negative curved rod with polar flagella that causes infectious diarrhea at low doses (<500)?
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Campylobacter jejuni
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What bacterium is diagnosed using the Dieterle silver stain?
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Legionella
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How many strains of Pneumococcus capsular polysaccharides are present in the vaccine?
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The vaccine contains 23 capsular polysaccharides.
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What nematode is known as whipworms? What is the treatment?
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Trichuris trichiura is treated with albendazole.
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Which Streptococcus pyogenes toxin is immunogenic?
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Streptolysin O
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A urethral swab of a patient shows gram-negative diplococci in PMNs; what organism do you diagnose?
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae
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A suspected dermatophyte infection is stained with KOH. What spore type do you expect to see?
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Arthroconidia with hyphae
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What negative sense RNA virus is associated with cough, coryza, and conjunctivitis with photophobia?
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Measles (rubeola)
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Which M-protein strain of Streptococcus pyogenes is associated with acute glomerulonephritis?
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M12 strains
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What are the three C's of measles?
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1. Cough
2. Coryza 3. Conjunctivitis |
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What is the term given to arthropod-borne viruses?
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Arboviruses (bunyavirus, flavivirus, and togavirus)
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Which organism causes Weil's disease?
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Leptospira
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What form of the Plasmodium species are injected into humans by mosquitoes?
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Sporozoites
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What ssDNA virus must make dsDNA before it makes mRNA?
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Parvovirus (it is the only ssDNA virus)
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What is the vector of African sleeping sickness?
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The tsetse fly
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What HIV enzyme produces a dsDNA provirus?
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Reverse transcriptase
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What non–spore-forming gram-positive aerobic rod produces bull neck, sore throat with pseudomembranes, myocarditis, and sometimes respiratory obstructions?
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Corynebacterium diphtheriae
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What organism is associated with megaloblastic anemia?
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Diphyllobothrium latum
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What is the most serious form of tinea capitis, which results in permanent hair loss and is highly contagious?
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Tinea favosa (favus)
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What are the first intermediate hosts for trematodes?
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Snails
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What are the four capsular polysaccharides used in the Neisseria meningitides vaccine?
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Y, W-135, and C and A capsular polysaccharides
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What is the only encapsulated fungal pathogen?
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Cryptococcus
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What type of spore is asexual and formed of hyphae?
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Conidia
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What is the only Plasmodium that is quartan?
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Plasmodium malariae; the others are tertian.
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Which bacteria are associated with the following pigment production?
• Red pigmentation |
Serratia
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Which bacteria are associated with the following pigment production?
• Black-gray pigmentation |
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
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Which bacteria are associated with the following pigment production?
• Pyocyanin (blue-green) |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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Which bacteria are associated with the following pigment production?
• Yellow pigmentation |
Staphylococcus aureus
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Which carcinoma—Burkitt's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, or thymic carcinoma—is not associated with EBV?
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Hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with hepatitis B and C infections, not with EBV.
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What capsular serotype is associated with Escherichia coli– induced meningitis?
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K1 capsule
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What two Ags must be positive for a patient to have chronic active hepatitis?
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HBsAg and HBeAg
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In the window phase of a hepatitis B infection, which Abs do you see?
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HBcAb and HBeAb. You see the antibodies c and e.
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True or false? All streptococci are catalase-negative
|
True
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In what trimester is the fetus most vulnerable to congenital rubella syndrome?
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The first trimester
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What virus causes hoof-and-mouth disease?
|
Vesicular stomatitis virus
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Which gram-negative diplococcus grows on chocolate agar? Thayer- Martin medium?
|
Meningococcus grows on chocolate agar, and Gonococcus grows on Thayer-Martin medium.
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Which protozoal parasitic vaginal infection produces a positive whiff test with KOH staining?
|
Trichomonas vaginalis (treat with metronidazole)
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Name the DNA virus
• Linear dsDNA; enveloped; virion-associated polymerases; replicates in the cytoplasm : |
Poxvirus
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Name the DNA virus
• Linear dsDNA; nuclear envelope; icosahedral; replicates in the nucleus |
Herpes virus
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Name the DNA virus:
• Linear dsDNA; naked; replicates in the nucleus |
Adenovirus
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Name the DNA virus:
• ssDNA; naked; icosahedral; replicates in the nucleus |
Parvovirus
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Name the DNA virus:
• Partially dsDNA circular; enveloped; virion-associated polymerases; has RNA intermediate; replicates in the nucleus |
Hepadnavirus
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Name the DNA virus:
• Circular dsDNA; naked; icosahedral; replicates in the nucleus |
Papovavirus
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What fungus is urease positive?
|
Cryptococcus
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What bacterium is characterized by large boxcar-shaped gram-positive rods and is spore-forming, aerobic, and associated with cutaneous infections and woolsorter's disease?
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Bacillus anthracis
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Is the Salk polio vaccine inactivated?
|
Yes
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True or false? All negative sense RNA viruses are enveloped.
|
True. They all have helical nucleocapsids and virion-associated polymerases too.
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What urease-positive non–lactose-fermenting gram-negative rod with swarming-type motility is associated with staghorn renal calculi?
|
Proteus
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What two viruses are associated with Reye's syndrome?
|
Varicella virus and influenza virus
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Which organism releases endotoxins prior to cell death?
|
Neisseria meningitidis
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Clue cells are associated with which organism that causes vaginal discharge?
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Gardnerella vaginalis
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What is the name of the bullet-shaped virus?
|
Rhabdovirus
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What fungus is characterized by India ink staining of the CSF that produces colorless cells with a halo on a black background?
|
Cryptococcus neoformans
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What does hepatitis D virus need from hepatitis B virus to be infective?
|
HBsAg as its envelope
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Which type of hepatitis is a calicivirus?
|
Hepatitis E (enteric)
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What genus is known as the smallest free living bacteria? (hint: has no cell wall and has sterols in the membrane)
|
Mycoplasma
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What three organs can be affected by Trypanosoma cruzi?
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Heart, esophagus, and colon. Remember, you get megas: cardiomegaly, megaesophagus, and megacolon.
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Which serotypes of HPV are associated with plantar warts?
|
HPV serotypes 1 and 4
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What facultative gram-negative anaerobic rod is motile, ferments lactose, and is the MCC of UTIs?
|
Escherichia coli
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What is the only dsRNA virus?
|
Reovirus
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What are the four segmented RNA viruses?
|
1. Bunyavirus
2. Orthomyxovirus 3. Arenavirus 4. Reovirus Remember BOAR |
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What type of Plasmodium affects
• Only mature RBCs? |
Plasmodium malariae
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|
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What type of Plasmodium affects
• Only reticulocytes? |
Plasmodium vivax
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What type of Plasmodium affects
• RBCs of all ages? |
Plasmodium falciparum
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What is the major cell membrane sterol found in fungi?
|
Ergosterol
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What Ab is an indication of low transmissibility for hepatitis?
|
HBeAb
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What is the term for RNA-dependent DNA polymerase?
|
Reverse transcriptase
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Which gram-positive bacteria infection of infancy is associated with ingestion of honey?
|
Clostridium botulinum
|
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Which trematode is associated with bladder carcinoma in Egypt and Africa?
|
Schistosoma haematobium
|
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Which encapsulated fungus is found in soil enriched with pigeon droppings?
|
Cryptococcus neoformans
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What virus lies dormant in the
• Trigeminal ganglia? |
Herpes I
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What virus lies dormant in the
• Dorsal root ganglia? |
Varicella
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What virus lies dormant in the
• Sensory ganglia of S2 and S3? |
Herpes II
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What is the name of the exotoxin Shigella dysenteriae produces, which interferes with the 60S ribosomal subunit and results in eukaryotic protein synthesis inhibition?
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Shiga toxin (enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli produces Vero toxin, which is quite similar to shiga toxin)
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What protozoal parasite forms flasked-shaped lesions in the duodenum, is transmitted via fecal-oral route, and is commonly seen in campers who drank stream water?
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Giardia lamblia (treat with metronidazole)
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What color do fungi stain with PAS? Silver stain?
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Hot pink with PAS and grey to black with silver stain
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A tropical fish enthusiast has granulomatous lesions and cellulitis; what is the most likely offending organism?
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Mycobacterium marinum
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Which dimorphic fungus is found as Arthroconidia in desert sand of the southwestern United States (e.g., San Joaquin Valley)?
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Coccidioides immitis
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Which mycoplasma species is associated with urethritis, prostatitis, and renal calculi?
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Ureaplasma urealyticum
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What tick is the vector for babesiosis?
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Ixodes (also the vector for Lyme disease)
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What is the only DNA virus that does not replicate its DNA in the nucleus of the host cell?
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Poxvirus replicates its DNA in the cytoplasm.
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What organism would you suspect in a patient with diarrhea after eating rice?
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Bacillus cereus
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What small gram-negative facultative intracellular rod is transmitted to human host by Dermacentor tick bite?
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Francisella tularensis
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True or false? Cestodes have no GI tract.
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True. They absorb nutrients from the host's GI tract.
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What negative sense RNA virus is associated with parotitis, pancreatitis, and orchitis?
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Mumps
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What is the size of a positive PPD test for the following? (Reactive)
• IV drug abuser |
>10 mm
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What is the size of a positive PPD test for the following? (Reactive)
• Patient with AIDS |
>5 mm
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What is the size of a positive PPD test for the following? (Reactive)
• Recent immigrant from India |
>10 mm
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What is the size of a positive PPD test for the following? (Reactive)
• Healthy suburban male without any medical illnesses |
>15 mm
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What is the size of a positive PPD test for the following? (Reactive)
• Posttransplantation patient taking immunosuppressive agents |
>5 mm
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What are the only two picornaviruses that do not lead to aseptic meningitis?
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Rhinovirus and hepatitis A virus
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Which cestode in raw or rare beef containing cysticerci results in intestinal tapeworms?
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Taenia saginata
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What DNA viral disease is associated with aplastic crisis in patients with sickle cell anemia?
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Parvovirus B-19
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What glycoprotein in the HIV virus attaches to CD4?
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GP120
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What Enterobacteriaceae are prone to produce osteomyelitis in sickle cell patients?
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Salmonella
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What organism is commonly associated with a cellulitis from an animal bite?
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Pasteurella multocida
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What fungus is seen as colored cauliflower lesions?
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Chromomycosis
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What is the reservoir for the togavirus?
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Birds
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What are the two exceptions to the rule "all cocci are gram positive"?
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Both Neisseria and Moraxella are gram-negative cocci.
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What nematode is known as hookworms? What is the treatment?
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Necator americanus is treated with mebendazole and iron therapy.
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What HIV structural gene produces GP120 and GP41?
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env structural protein
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Which hemoflagellate species causes kala azar?
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Leishmania donovani (kala azar is also known as visceral leishmaniasis)
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What DNA virus is associated with heterophile-negative mononucleosis?
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CMV; remember, EBV is associated with heterophile-positive mononucleosis.
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What negative sense RNA virus is associated with intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies called Negri bodies?
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Rabies
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What large, spore-forming, gram-positive anaerobic rod is associated with infections due to puncture wounds and trauma?
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Clostridium tetani
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What is the vector for Chagas disease?
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The reduviid bug
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What is the polarity (i.e., 5'-3' or 3'-5') of a positive sense RNA?
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Positive sense RNA means it can serve as mRNA and therefore has 5'-3' polarity
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What viral infection is associated with black vomit?
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Yellow fever (flavivirus)
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What encapsulated gram-negative, lactose-fermenting rod is associated with pneumonia in patients with alcoholism, diabetes, and chronic lung disease?
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Klebsiella pneumoniae
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What is the essential reservoir host for Toxoplasma gondii?
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The cat
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What gram-positive anaerobic rod with branching filaments is a component of the normal flora of the mouth and female genital tract and is responsible for draining abscesses with sulfur granules in the exudates?
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Actinomyces israelii
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What is the term for Candida infection of the oral mucosa?
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Thrush
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What is the term for fungi that can convert from hyphal to yeast forms?
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Dimorphic
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To what viral family does the polio virus belong?
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Picornaviridae
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Name at least three bacteria that use capsules to prevent immediate destruction from the host's defense system.
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Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Neisseria meningitidis; also Cryptococcus neoformans, a fungus
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True or false? There are no persistent infections with naked viruses?
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True. They lyse the host cell
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What virus is associated with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy?
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JC virus
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What bacterium is a gram-negative, oxidase-positive aerobic rod that produces a grapelike odor and pyocyanin pigmentation?
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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Which three organisms cause heterophilic negative mononucleosis?
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CMV, Toxoplasma gondii, and Listeria
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What bacterium found in poorly preserved canned food causes flaccid paralysis?
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Clostridium botulinum
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Which two negative sense RNA viruses have neuraminidase enzymes?
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Mumps and influenza virus
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What Staphylococcus aureus protein inhibits phagocytosis?
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Protein A
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Which four bacteria require cysteine for growth?
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Pasteurella, Brucella, Legionella, and Francisella (all of the-ellas)
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What fungus causes endocarditis in IV drug users?
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Candida albicans
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What viruses are associated with Cowdry type A intranuclear inclusions?
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Herpes virus I and II
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Which streptococcal species is associated with dental caries and infective endocarditis in patients with poor oral hygiene?
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Streptococcus viridans
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What is the term for cestode-encysted larvae found in intermediate hosts?
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Cysticerci
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What fungus is characterized by hypopigmented spots on the thorax, spaghetti-and-meatball KOH staining, and pityriasis or tinea versicolor?
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Malassezia furfur (treat with selenium sulfide)
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What nematode is known as threadworms? What is the treatment?
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Strongyloides stercoralis is treated with thiabendazole.
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What are known as jumping genes?
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Transposons
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What virus produces koilocytic cells on a Papanicolaou (Pap) smear?
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HPV
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Which dimorphic fungus is endemic in the Ohio, Mississippi, Missouri, and Eastern Great Lakes, is found in soil with bird and bat feces, and is associated with infections in spelunkers and chicken coop cleaners?
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Histoplasma capsulatum
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Which of the following Enterobacteriaceae family members—Yersinia, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Proteus, and Citrobacter— do not ferment lactose?
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All are lactose fermenters except Yersinia and Proteus.
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What two HIV regulatory genes down-regulate MHC class I expression in the host?
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nef and tat genes
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What size ribosomes do fungi have?
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80S ribosomes (because they are eukaryotic)
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