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161 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
to what does aldose reductase convert galactose
|
galacitol
|
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name three purine bases that are not found in nucleic acids
|
xanthine
hypoxanthine theophylline theobromine caffeine uric acid |
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what water-soluble vitamin deficiency is associated with cheilosis and magenta tongue
|
riboflavin (B2)
|
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what is the precursor of all sphingolipids
|
ceramide
|
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what three substances stimulate glycogenolysis
|
Ca:calmodulin ration
epi glucagon |
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what is the primer for synthesis of the second strand in production of cDNA from mRNA
|
hairpin loop made by reverse transcriptase at the 3' end of the first strand is the primer
|
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what factors are needed for elongation in prokaryotes
|
EF-Tu or EF-ts and GTP
|
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what restriction endonuclease site is destroyed in sickle beta-globin allele
|
MstII, changing codon 6 from A to T) destroys the restriction site
|
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what complex is needed for propionyl CoA carboxylase
|
biotin
ATP CO2 |
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what enzyme catalyzes the reversible, oxidative, deamination of glutamate and produces the TCA cycle intermediate alpha-ketoglutarate
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glutamate dehydrogenase
|
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what enzyme is deficient in congenital erythropoietic porphyria
|
uroporphyrinogen III cosynthase
|
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what is the drug of choice for treating a patient with hyperuricemia due to overproduction of uric acid
|
allopurinol
|
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what is the max rate possible w/ a given amount of enzyme
|
Vmax
|
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from what do catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase defend the cell
|
oxygen free radicals
|
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what signals are used to direct an enzyme to a lysosome
|
phosphorylation of mannose residues
|
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what enzyme catalyzes the rate-limiting step of the urea cycle
|
carbamoyl phophate synthetase I
|
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what liver enzyme, for TG synthesis converts glycerol to glycerol-3-phosphate
|
glycerol kinase
|
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what organ functions to keep blood glucose levels nl through both well-fed and fasting states and produces ketones in response to inc FA oxidation
|
liver
|
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what pattern of inheritance does G-6-PD deficiency follow
|
X-l-R
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what is the term for conversion of a dsDNA molecule to the base sequence of an ssRNA molecule
|
transcription (C comes before L- transcription before translation)
|
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via what cell surface receptor does HDL cholesterol from the periphery enter hepatoceles
|
scavenger receptor (SR-B1)
|
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which shuttle is used to bring fatty acyl CoA from the cytoplasm for ketogenesis
|
carnitine acyl CoA transferase II
|
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what enzyme is blocked by 5-FU
|
thymidylate synthetase
|
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what disease has a genetically low low level of UDP-glucoronate transferase, resulting in elevated free unconjugated bili
|
Gilbert's
|
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what aa has a pKa of 13
|
arginine
|
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what X-L-R disorder is characterized by hyperuricemia, spastic CP, mental retardation, and self-mutilation
|
Lesch-Nyhan
|
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how many ATPs per glucose are generated from glycolysis in RBCs
|
2 ATPs, because RBCs use only anerobic metabolism
|
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what enzyme catalyzes rate-limiting step in glycogenolysis
|
glycogen phosphorylase
|
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would a G-C or A-T rich dsDNA sequence have a higher melting point
|
GC
|
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as what aa's do mm send N to liver
|
alanine and glutamine
|
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what sphingolipid can't be produced without sialic acid and amino sugars
|
ganglioside
|
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what happens to affinity if you inc Km
|
affinity decreases
|
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what type of bili is found in neonatal jaundice
|
unconjugated (indirect)
|
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what two aa's don't have more than one codon
|
methionine
tryptophan |
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what bonds are broken by exonucleases
|
external 3'5' PDE bonds
|
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how can a genetic deficiency of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase be differentiated from an ornithine transcarbamoylase deficiency
|
uracil and orotic acid levels inc with ornithine transcarbamoylase def
nl in carbamoyl phosphate synthetase def |
|
name the lipoprotein based on the following...
1. apo E 2. apo B-100 3. ape E, apo B-100, apo C-II 4. apo A-1, apo E, apo C-II 5. apo E, apo C-II, apo B-48 |
1. IDL
2. LDL 3. VLDL 4. HDL 5. chylomicron |
|
t or f
there is no hormonal control to the TCA cycle |
t
|
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what are the three tissues where TGs are produced
|
liver
mm adipose |
|
what toxin ADP-ribosylates via Gi to inc cAMP
|
pertussis toxin
|
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what enzyme catalyzes the rate-limiting step in heme synthesis
|
d-ALA synthase
|
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what cycle is responsible for converting to glucose in the liver the lactate made in RBCs
|
cori cycle
|
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what enzyme is used to remove the hairpin loop during production of cDNA from mRNA
|
s1 nuclease
|
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does a saturated FA have double bonds
|
no
unsaturated does |
|
what pyrimidine base is found...
1. only in RNA 2. only in DNA 3. in both RNA and DNA |
1. U
2. T 3. C |
|
what two aa's require vitamin C for hydroxylation
|
proline and lysine
|
|
what is the only organ in the body that can produce ketone bodies
|
liver (mito)
|
|
what determines the rate of reax
|
energy of activation
|
|
what is the term for the number of trinucleotide repeats increasing w/ successive generations and correlating with increased severity of disease
|
anticipation
fragile X huntington's |
|
what enzyme is blocked by methotrexate/trimethoprim
|
dihydrofolate reductase
|
|
what fructose metabolism enzyme is deficient in patients w/ vomiting, apathy, diarrhea, jaundice, proximal renal tubular acidosis, hypoglycemia, and hyperuricemia
|
aldolase B def- tx by eliminating fructose from diet
|
|
what enzyme catalyzes the rate-limiting step in purine synthesis
|
PRPP aminotransferase
|
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what water-soluble vitamin deficiency is assoc with porr wound healing, easy brusing, bleeding gums, anemia, and painful glossitis
|
vitamin C
|
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what three susbtrates control the enzyme PEPCK for the conversion of OAA to pyruvate in the cytoplasm
|
1. cortisol-stimulates PEPCK
2. glucagon 3. GTP |
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what genetic defect is characterized by coarse facial features, gingival hyperplasia, macroglossia,psychomotor and growth retardation, club foot, claw hand, cardiorespiratory failure, and death in the first decade of life
|
I-cell disease
genetic defect affecting the phosphorylation of mannose residues |
|
what two glycolytic enzymes catalyze the susbtrate-level phosphorylation
|
3-phosphoglycerate kinase and pyruvate kinase; this produces 2 ATPs per enzyme (total 4 ATPS)
|
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what pathway uses HMG CoA synthetase in the cytoplasm
|
cholesterol biosynthesis
|
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where in the body is heme converted to bili
|
RES
|
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what protein is required by prokaryotic RNA polymerase to initiate transcription at the promoter region of DNA
|
sigma factor
|
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what enzyme catalyzes the rate-limiting step in pyrimidine synthesis
|
aspartate transcarbamylase
|
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what are the two actions of calcitonin
|
inc Ca excretion from kidney and inc bone mineralization
|
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what enzyme of the purine salvage pathway is deficient is
1. selective T cell immunodeficiency 2. SCID 3. Lesch-Nyhan syndrome |
1. purine nucleoside phosphorylase
2. adenosine deaminase 3. HGPRT |
|
in what cycle does glucose go to the mm, where it is converted to pyruvate and then into ala before being taken back to the liver
|
alanine cycle
|
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what is the primary end product of pyrimidine synthesis
|
UMP
|
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what pyrimidine base is produced by deaminating cytosine
|
uracil
|
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what aa is classified as basic even though its pK is 6.5 to 0
|
histidine- its imidazole ring found in the R group is basic
|
|
what enzyme is deficient in hereditary protoporphyria
|
ferrochelatase
|
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what eF is inactivated by ADP ribosylation, preventing translation
|
eEF-2 is where pseudomonas and diphtheria toxins work
|
|
is linolenic acid and omega-3 or omega-6 fatt acid
|
omega-3
linoleic is omega-6 |
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how many ATPS per glucose are generated in glycolysis
|
8 aerobic
2 anaerobic |
|
name the three ketone bodies
|
acetoacetate
acetone beta-hydroxybutyrate |
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what three bases are pyrimdines
|
C
U (RNA) T |
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name the RNA subtype...
1. most abundant form 2. found only in nucleus of eukaryotes and functios to remove introns from mRNA 3. only type translated 4. carries aa to the ribosome for protein synthesis 5. RNA molecules w/ enzymatic activity 6. found only in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and are precursors of mRNA |
1. rRNA
2. snRNA 3. mRNA 4. tRNA 5. ribozymes 6. hnRNA |
|
what enzyme is deficient in the following glycogen storage diseases
1. von Gierke's 2. Pompe's 3. McArdles 4. Hers' |
1. glucose-6-phosphatase
2. lysosomal a-1,4-glucosidase 3. mm glycogen phosphorylase 4. hepatic glycogen phosphorylase |
|
in prokaryotes, what is the term for a set of structureal genes that code for a select group of proteins and the regulatory elements req for the expression of such gene
|
operon
|
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what are the two most common aa's found in histone
|
lysine and arginine
|
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what five pathways use SAM as methyl donor
|
1.epi synthesis
2. phophatidyl choline 3. creatine 4. methylation of cytosine 5. N-methyl cap of mRNA |
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what complex of the ETC contains Cu
|
complex 4
|
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how many ATPs per glucose are produced by pyruvate dehydrogenase
|
6 ATPs
(2 pyruvates per glucose 2 NADHs from AcCoa = 6 ATPS) |
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what is the size of the prokaryotic ribosome
|
70S
|
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what type of FA is assoc w/ a dec in serum TG and CV disease
|
omega-3 FA
|
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what disease is produced by a deficiency in the enzyme tyrosinase
|
albinism
|
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in what form are TGs sent to adipose tissue from the liver
|
VLDLs
|
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what determines the rate of a reaction
|
energy of activation
|
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what is the rate-limiting enzyme of the HMP shunt
|
G-6-PD
|
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what vitamin is necessary for the transfer of one amino grup from a carbon skeleton to another
|
pyridoxal phosphate (from B6)
|
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what is the only sphingolipid that contains choline and PO4
|
sphinomyelin
(lecithin does to but its not a sphinolipid) |
|
what protein catalyzes the formation of the last PDE bond between the okazaki fragments to produce a continuous strand
|
DNA ligase
|
|
what type of damage to the kidneys is caused by drinking ehtylene glycol
|
nephrotic oxylate stones
|
|
what water-soluble vitamin deficiency may result form eating raw eggs
|
biotin
|
|
regarding the lac operon fro what do the following genes code...
1. Z gene 2. Y gene 3. I gene 4. A gene |
1. beta-galactosidase
2. galactoside permease 3. lac repressor 4. thiogalactoside transacetylase |
|
what attaches to protons and allows them to enter into the mito without going through the ATP generating system
|
2,4-dinitrophenol
|
|
1-a-hydroxylase activity is inc in response to what two physiologic states
|
hypocalcemia
and hypophosphatemia |
|
what is the major ketone body produced during alcoholic ketoacidosis
|
beta-hydroxybutyrate
|
|
what enzyme catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the TCA cycle
|
isocitrate dehydrogenase
|
|
what bonds are broken by endonucleases
|
internal 3',5' PDE bonds
|
|
name the GLUT transporter based on the following
1. found in liver and pancreatic beta cells 2. foundin sk mm and adipose tissues 3. found in most tissues, including brain and RBCs |
1. GLUT2
2. GLUT4 3. GLUT3 and 4 |
|
what enzyme catalyzes the rate-limiting step in FA oxidation
|
carnitine acetyltransferase I
|
|
what enzyme of the TCA cycle also acts as complex II of the ETC
|
succinate dehydrogenase
|
|
what is the term for chemicals thatkeep the pH constant despite the formation of acids an dbases during metabolism
|
buffers
|
|
in the mito, what complex is needed for pyruvate carboxylase to catalyze the reax from pyruvate to OAA
|
biotin, ATP, CO2
|
|
how may ATPs are produced from cytoplasmic NADH oxidation using the malate shuttle
|
3 by oxidative phosphorylation
|
|
what is the rate limiting step
1. FA synthesis 2. beta oxidation 3. ketogenolysis 4. cholesterol synthesis |
1. acetyl CoA carboxylase
2. carnitine acyltransferase I 3. HMC CoA synthase 4. HMG CoA reductase |
|
what direction does RNA polymerase move along the template strand of DNA during transcription
|
3'-5' direction
synthesizing RNA in 5'- 3' |
|
t or f
histidine activates the histidine operon |
flae
activated by low levels of histidine |
|
what organ is responsibel for the elimination of excess N from the body
|
kidneys
|
|
what is the only way to inc maximum velocity
|
inc enzyme conc
|
|
name the two purine bases foundin both DNA and RNA
|
adenine and guanine
|
|
what prokarytoic positioning enzyme in translation is blocked by...
1. tetracycline 2. erythromycin 3. streptomycin |
1. eEF-Tu and eEF-Ts of 30S
2. eEF-G of 50S 3. eIF-2 of 30S |
|
t or f
DNA polymerases can correct mistakes, wheras RNA polymerases lack this ability |
t
they have 3'-5' exonuclease proofreading ability |
|
what are the two precursosrs of heme
|
glycine and succinyl CoA
|
|
what two factors cause PTH to be secreted
|
A dec in Ca and a dec in PO4
|
|
what are teh nonoxidative enzymes of the HMP shunt?
are teh reactions they catalyze reversible? |
transketolase and transaldolase
yes - reversible |
|
what are the five aa's that re both ketogenic and glucogenic
|
isoleucine
threonine tryptophan tyrosine phenylalanine |
|
what artifical sweetener must patients w/ PKU avoid
|
aspartame
|
|
cri-du-chat syndrome results in a terminal deletion oof the short arm of what chromsome
|
5
|
|
what substrate gets buit up in Gaucher's diseas
|
glucosyl cerebroside
|
|
what protein prevents ssDNA form reannealing during DNA replication
|
ss DNA binding protein
|
|
what type of jaundice is seen in Dubin-Johnoson syndrome
|
conjugated (direct)
-a transport defect |
|
what type of DNA library is made from the mRNA from a tissue expressing a particular gene
|
cDNA
|
|
what is the most common cause of B12 def
|
isoniazid tx
|
|
what lysosomal enzye is deficient in...
1. Gauchers 2. Neimann-Pick 3. Tay-Sachs |
1. glucocerebrosidase
2. sphingomyelinase 3. hexosaminidase A |
|
what are the 3 exceptions to rule of codominant gene expression
|
1. Barr bodies
2. T-cell receptors loci 3. IG light and heavy chain loci |
|
how many kilocalories per gram are produced from the degradation of fat?> CHO? protein?
|
fat- 9 kcal/mol
CHO- 4 kcal/mol protein- 4 kcal/mol |
|
from which two sustances are phospholipids made
|
diacylglycerols and phophatidic acid
|
|
what intermediate enables propionyl CoA to enter the TCA cycle
|
succinyl CoA
|
|
what vitamin is an important component of rhodopsin
|
vitamin A
|
|
what is the term to describe the 5'-3' sequence of one strand being the same as the opposite 5'-3' strand
|
palindrome
|
|
what gluconeogenic enzyme is absent in mm, accounting for its inability to use glycogen as a source for blood glucose
|
glucose-6-phosphate
|
|
in what disease is there a genetic absence of UDPglucoronate transferase, resulting in an inc in free unconjugated bili
|
Crigler-Najjar
|
|
what enzyme req molybdenum as a cofactor
|
xanthine oxidase
|
|
at what three sites can the HMP shunt enter into glycolysis
|
1. fructose-6-phosphate
2. glucose-6-phosphate 3. glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate |
|
what is the term for the pH range where the dissociation of H occurs
|
pK
|
|
what regulates the rate of ketone body formation
|
rate of beta-oxidation
|
|
what are the eight liver specific enzymes
|
fructokinase
glucokinase glycerol kinase PEPCK pyruvate carbodylase galactokinase frucose-1,6-biphophatase glucose-6-phophatase |
|
how many bases upstream is the EUKARYOTIC TATA box promoter? the CAAT box?
|
-25
the CAAT box is -75 |
|
what is needed to initiate translation
|
IF and GTP
eIF for eukaryotes |
|
what part of the 30S ribosome binds to the Shine-Delgarno sequence
|
16S subunit
|
|
what component of the ETC is inhibited by...
1. barbituates 2. antimycin A 3. cyanide 4. oligomycin 5. atractyloside 6. CO 7. rotenone 8. azide |
1. complex I
2. cytochrome b/cl 3. cytochrome a/a3 4. Fo/FI complex 5. ATP/ADP translocase 6. cytochrome a/a3 7. complex I 8. cytochrome a/ae |
|
what aa is a precursor of the folowing substances
1. serotonin 2. GABA 3. histamine 4. creatine 5. NAD 6. N2O |
1. tryptophan
2. glutamate 3. histidine 4. glycine/arginine 5. tryptophan 6. arginine |
|
what two enzymes are B12 dependent
|
homocysteine methyl transferase
and methylmalonyl CoA transferase |
|
what two post-transcriptional enzymes in collagen synthesis require ascorbic acid to function properly
|
prolyl and lysyl hydroxylases
|
|
what three organs participate in production of vit D
|
skin
liver kidney |
|
what water-soluble vitamine deficiency is associated with neural tube defects
|
folic acid
|
|
what phase of interphase is haploid (N)
|
G1
G2 and S are diploid |
|
what neurotransmitter inhibits the optic nerve bipolar cell and shuts off in response to light
|
glutamate
|
|
which of the following- DNA methylating enzymes, scaffolding proteins, histone acetylases, or deacetylases- is a regulator of eukaryotic gene expression
|
histone acetylase is a regulator favoring gene expression
all othere favor inactivation |
|
what fat-soluble vitamin is connected to selenium metabolism
|
vit E
|
|
why are eukaryotes unable to perform trasncrtiption and translation at the same time like prokaryotes
|
in eukaryotes transcrtiption occurs in the nucleus and translation in the cytoplasm
|
|
what is determined by secondary structure of an aa
|
the folding of an aa chain
|
|
what three vitamine deficiencies are assoc w/ homocystinemia
|
folate
B12 B6 |
|
if the pH is more acidic than the pI, does the protein carry a net positive or net negative charge
|
net positive charge
|
|
what form of continuous DNA used in clonging has no introns or regulatory elements
|
cDNA, when its made from mRNA
|
|
what is the start codon, and what does it code for in eukaryotes?
prokaryotes? |
AUG in eukaryotes codes for methionine
in prokaryotes codes for formylmethionine |
|
what parasite found in raw fish can produce vitamine B12 def
|
diphyloobothrium latum
|
|
methylating uracil produces what pyrimidine base
|
thymine
|
|
name the eukaryotic RNA polymerase based on the following
1. synthesizes tRNA, mRNA, and the 5S rRNA 2. synthesizes hnRNA, mRNA, and snRNA 3. synthesizes 28S, 18S, and 5.8S rRNA |
1. RNA pol III
2. RNA pol II 3. RNA pol I |
|
what is the primary screening test used to detect HIV-infected individuals? confirmatory test?
|
ELISA for screening because it is very sensitive
Western Blot used for confirmation because it is very specific |
|
how many covalent bonds per purine-pyrimidine base pairing are broken during denaturation of dsDNA
|
none
denaturation of dsDNA breaks hydrogen bonds, not covalent bonds |
|
how many hydrogen bonds link A-T? G-C?
|
2
3 |
|
what DNA replication enzyme breaks the hydrogen bond of base pairing, forming two replication forks
|
helicase (requires ATP)
|