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174 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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t(15;17) is associated with...
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M3 form of AML - acute promyelocytic leukemia
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t(8;21) is associated with...
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M2 form of AML - AML with maturation
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t(8;14) is associated with...
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Burkitt's Lymphoma
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Oncogene mutation in Burkitt's lymphoma...
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c-myc
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t(9;21) is associated with...
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CML - the Philadelphia Chromosome
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Oncogene defect in CML...
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bcr-abl fusion due to t(9;21)
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t(11;14) is associated with...
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Mantle Cell Lymphoma; B cell tumor due to cyclin D activation
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13q- is associated with...
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CLL
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Three causes of HIV-associated esophagitis...
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Candida Albicans, HSV-1, CMV
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Lab profile during administration of exogenous T3 (T4, rT3, TSH, T3)...
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Decreased T4
Decreased rT3 Decreased TSH Increased T3 |
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The major regulator of TRH release from paraventricular nucleus is...
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T3
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MOA of Niacin...
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lowers cholesterol by decreasing hepatic VLDL production
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SE of niacin therapy? treatment?
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Flushing and pruritis (esp. on first dose); pre-treat with aspirin
May worsen hyperglycemia in diabetics |
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Pathophysiology of lacunar cerebral infarct...
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Hypertensive arteriolar sclerosis, predisposing to lipohyalinosis and microatheroma formation
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Pt with a lacunar infarct presents with pure motor hemiparesis. Location?
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Posterior limb of internal capsule
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Pt with a lacunar infarct presents with pure sensory loss. Location?
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VPL or VPM thalamus
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Pt with a lacunar infarct presents with Ataxia-hemiplegia syndrome. Location?
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Base of the pons
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Pt with a lacunar infarct presents with dysarthria - clumsy hand syndrome. Location?
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Base of the pons or genu of the internal capsule
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Change in haptoglobin with intravascular hemolysis?
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Decreased haptoglobin; haptoglobin binds free hemoglobin to promote its excretion. When Hb is high, haptoglobin is used more
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Renal damage due to internal hemorrhage?
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Acute tubular necrosis secondary to hypoxia
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Three phases of Acute tubular necrosis...
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Initiation
Maintenance (oliguria - most common time for pt to die) Recovery (re-epithelialization of tubules followed by polyuria and restoration of GFR) |
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Vitamin D reaction catalyzed by sunlight...
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Formation of cholecalciferol from 7-dehydrocholesterol
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Motor innervation of the tongue...
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Hypoglossal, except for the palatoglossus muscle (vagus)
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Taste innervation of the tongue...
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Anterior 2/3 - facial nerve via chorda tympani
Posterior 1/3 - glossopharyngeal |
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Sensory (non-taste) innervation of the tongue...
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Anterior 2/3 - branch of V3
Posterior 1/3 - glossopharyngeal |
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Taste from pharynx and epiglottis...
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Vagus nerve (CN X)
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Disease characterized by the absence of fructokinase...
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Benign fructosuria
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Fructose utilization in the absence of fructokinase is accomplished by...
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Hexokinase phosphorylation
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Calculation of resistance in parallel circuits...
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1/TPR = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 ...
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Calculation of resistance in series circuits...
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TPR = R1 + R2 + R3 ...
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Segment 4 represents?
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Isovolumetric contraction, a component of systole
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Point 7 represents?
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Atrial valve closure
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Segment 2 represents?
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Ventricular filling, a component of diastole
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Point 1 represents?
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Mitral valve opening
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Point 3 represents?
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Mitral valve closure
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Point 5 represents?
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Aortic valve opening
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Segment 6 represents?
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Ventricular ejection, a component of systole
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Segment 8 represents?
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Isovolumetric relaxation, a component of diastole
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Segment 9 represents?
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Stroke volume
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Determination of Absolute vs. Relative Erythrocytosis requires measurement of...
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RBC mass; if RBC mass is normal, erythrocytosis is relative
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Primary vs. Secondary Erythrocytosis requires measurement of...
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Erythropoietin; normal in primary erythrocytosis
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Causes of secondary erythrocytosis...
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Smoking, chronic hypoxia, COPD, ectopic Epo production
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Hypoxic erythrocytosis vs. other causes requires measurement of...
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O2 saturation (not PaO2); low saturation indicates hypoxic erythrocytosis
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Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome is inherited in what fashion...
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X-linked recessive
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Defect in Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome...
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Defect in HGPRT, preventing normal purine salvage
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Pt presents with hypotonia, self-mutilation, elevated uric acid levels...
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Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
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Hyperuricemia in Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is due to...
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Increased levels of PRPP causes increased activity of PRPP amidotransferase
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Pt presents with small genital papule that progressed to painful inguinal lymph node suppuration. Dx? Cause?
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Lymphogranuloma veneruem, C. trachomatis serotypes L1-3
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Sequelae of untreated Lymphogranuloma venereum...
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Anogenital strictures
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Three most common causes of post-influenza pneumonia...
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S. pneumoniae > S. Aureus > H. Influenza
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Decreased ACh in basal nucleus of Meynart and the hippocampus is indicative of...
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Alzheimer's disease
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An acid fast bacteria grows on media in a serpentine fashion. What is the bacteria, and what is responsible for this growth?
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TB with cord factor production; cord factor is a virulence factor for TB infection
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C peptide is released by...
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The same secretory granules that release insulin; cleavage occurs in the Golgi, and is packaged in the same secretory granules
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Is Carbamazepine a CYP450 Inducer or Inhibitor?
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Inducer
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Is Phenobarbital a CYP450 Inducer or Inhibitor?
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Inducer
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Is phenytoin a CYP450 Inducer or Inhibitor?
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Inducer
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Is Rifampin a CYP450 Inducer or Inhibitor?
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Inducer
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Is Griseofulvin a CYP450 Inducer or Inhibitor?
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Inducer
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Is Cimetidine a CYP450 Inducer or Inhibitor?
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Inhibitor
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Is ciprofloxacin a CYP450 Inducer or Inhibitor?
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Inhibitor
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Is Erythromycin a CYP450 Inducer or Inhibitor?
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Inhibitor
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Are azole antifungals CYP450 Inducers or Inhibitors?
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Inhibitors
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Is grapefruit juice a CYP450 Inducer or Inhibitor?
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Inhibitor
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Is isoniazid a CYP450 Inducer or Inhibitor?
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Inhibitor
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Is ritonavir a CYP450 Inducer or Inhibitor?
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Inhibitor
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Male pt presents with recurrent sinusitis, bronchiectasis and infertility...
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Kartagener's Syndrome - primary ciliary dyskinsia, AR; also associated with situs inversus
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Lymph node biopsy shows packed follicles expanding such that normal lymph node architecture is obscured...
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Follicular lymphoma, B cell tumor; overexpression of BCL2
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What type of receptor is CFTR, and what is its function?
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ATP-gated receptor that pumps NaCl into mucus in the lungs and out of sweat
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Tuberculoid vs. Lepromatous leprosy is differentiated...
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The more robust the Th1 response, the more tuberculoid; few AF bacteria in lesions and self-limited disease; lepromin skin test is positive
If Th1 response is poor, lepromatous form; many AF bacteria, negative skin test (more tradinional leper presentation) |
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Best prognostic indication of bladder carcinoma is...
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Degree of bladder wall invasion
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Uterine cavity changes with ectopic pregnancy...
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mimic normal pregnancy, without embryonic tissue or chorionic villi
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DOC for DVT prophylaxis in non-ambulatory patients...
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LMWH or unfractionated heparin
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Most common cause of varied length menstrual cycles (very short or very long) is...
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Annovulation
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Pathophysiology and presentation of subdural hematoma...
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Rupture of cortical bridging veins (elderly due to atrophy or shaking injury) results in slow bleeding with gradual onset of symptoms; crescent shaped presentation on CT
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Primary GI site of lipid digestion is...
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Duodenum
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Primary GI site of lipid absorption is...
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Jejunum
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Effect of cholecystectomy on bile acid secretion, bile acid absorption and enterohepatic circulation...
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No effect on secretion or absorption, increased enterohepatic circulation
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Acute renal failure with high anion gap metabolic acidosis and increased oxalate is caused by...
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Ethylene glycol poisoning; renal damage is due to glycolic acid byproduct
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Power of a study is defined as...
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P = 1 - beta
beta = type II error = chance that there is no difference Power is the probability of seeing a difference when there is one |
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Pt presents with normochromic, normocytic anemia, weakness, lytic bone lesions...
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Multiple myeloma
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Multiple myeloma is a neoplasm of...
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B cells which mature into (usually monoclonal) plasma cells
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Bence-jones proteins in the urine are diagnostic of...
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multiple myeloma
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Lab values in vitamin D deficiency...
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hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, increased PTH
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Pt presents with testicular mass and hyperthyroidism...
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Teratoma, secreting hCG (which binds to TSH receptor causing hyperthyroidism)
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The components of the nucleoli...
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Proteins, rRNA and rDNA; RNA polymerase I is highly active
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Triple test reveals low levels of alpha-fetoprotein, low levels of unconjugate estriol, and high levels of hCG...
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Down Syndrome
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Triple test reveals low levels of alpha-fetoprotein, low levels of unconjugate estriol, and low levels of hCG...
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Edward's Syndrome (Trisomy 18)
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Prenatal screen reveals high levels of alpha-fetoprotein...
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Neural tube defect
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Virus with a hypervariable region, enhanced by lack of 3'-5' exonuclease activity in its RNA Polymerase...
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HCV
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Treatment of hypoglycemia in a non-medical setting...
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IM injection of glucagon
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Pt with interstitial pneumonia has a lung biopsy that shows enlarged centrally located epithelial cells with intranuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions...
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CMV pneumonia, often seen in immunocompromised pts
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Vaginal bleeding after positive pregnancy test; D&C shows "cluster of grapes." Which cancer could develop from this condition?
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Invasive choriocarcinoma
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What measurement is used after evacuation to follow invasive choriocarcinoma for recurrence?
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Serial hCG
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What mediates EBV entry into B cells?
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gp350 binding to C3d portion of CD 21
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DOC for gestational diabetes...
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Insulin; treat only when patient cannot control blood sugar with diet
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Most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children (ages 2-8)...
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Minimal change diseae
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Light microscopy findings in minimal change disease...
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No evidence of change
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Electron microscopy findings in minimal change disease...
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Foot process effacement
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Child presents with irritability, constipation, and anemia...
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Lead poisoning, if pt has route of exposure
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What genetic syndrome is associated with coarctation of the aorta in young girls?
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Turner's syndrome
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CAG triplet repeat disorder on chromosome 4...
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Huntington's Disease; codes for the abnormal protein huntingtin
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Pathophysiology in Huntington's disease...
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Abnormal protein huntingtin silences other gene products by hypermethylation of histones
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Treatment of exophthalmos due to Graves Disease...
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Glucocorticoids; antithyroid medication will not have any effects on extraocular muscles
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Major SE of lamotrigine...
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Life-threatening hypersensitivity presenting as a rash
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Bone pain and increased alkaline phosphatase in an elderly patient...
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Paget's disease of the bone
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Bone biopsy demonstrates a mosaic pattern of bone formation connected by cement lines...
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Paget's disease of the bone
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What type of receptor does glucagon act through?
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Cell-surface GPCR
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Child presents with spastic paresis and choreatic movements...
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Arginase deficiency
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What byproduct will accumulate in Arginase deficiency?
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Arginine, which would normally be converted to ornithine and urea to finish the Urea cycle
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Best indicator of prognosis in meningococcemia...
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Serum LOS level
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IL-12 is required for which differentiation?
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Th0 to Th1
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Pt presents with recurrent mycobacterial and other intracellular infections...
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IL-12 deficiency
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Pathophysiology of IL-12 deficiency...
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Failure of TH0 to Th1 maturation results in failure to produce IFN-gamma; this is required for macrophage activation; failure to activate macrophages leads to recurrent mycobacterial and intracellular infections
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Coronary steal effect is mediated by...
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coronary microvessel dilation causes paradoxical worsening of ischemia through a partially occluded vessel
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Interstitial myocardial granulomas on myocardial biopsy following group A pharyngitis...
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Rheumatic carditis; granulomas are called Achoff bodies
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Patient presents in shock ith hyponatremia, hyperkalemia and hypoglycemia...
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Adrenal Crisis
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N. meningitidis septicemia associated with adrenal hemorrhage...
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Waterhouse-Friedrichsen Syndrome
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Defect in Duchene muscular dystrophy
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Gene deletion on X chromosome coding for dystrophin
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Pt presents with impaired dorsiflexion of the foot and numbness of the dorsum of the foot. Lesion and location...
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Common peroneal nerve at the fibular head
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Mechanism of elimination of parasites by eosinophils...
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IgE-mediated Ab-dependant cytotoxicity
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Cerebellar ataxia, telangiectasias and recurrent sinopulmonary infections due to what genetic defect?
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Ataxia-Telangiectasia; AR defect in ATM gene responsible for DNA break repairs
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Child presents for evaluation with ambiguous genitalia; low cortisol level, hyponatremia...
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CAH - 21-hydroxylase deficiency; failure to form cortisol or mineralocorticoids; excess testosterone causes ambiguous genitalia in females
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Lymphatics from testes drain to...
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Retroperitoneal aortic lymph nodes
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Toxin that causes splitting of phospholipids and gas production...
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Lecithinase from C. perfringens
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Point of exit of CN III...
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superior orbital fissure
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Location of mineralocorticoid action in the nephron...
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cortical collecting duct
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Differentiation of psychogenic polydipsia from diabetes insipidus...
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Water deprivation test reveals a consistent increase in urine osmolality in psychogenic polydipsia
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Primary site of elimination of water from the urine is...
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Proximal tubule (about 60% of water)
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Pyruvate Dehydrogenase complex (5 cofactors)...
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CoA, FAD,lipoic acid,NAD, TTP
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Test to monitor during warfarin therapy...
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PT
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Test to monitor during heparin therapy...
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aPTT
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Pt presents with severe eye pain, ipsilateral HA, nausea, and reports he is seeing "halos" around object...
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Acute angle closure glaucoma
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Treatment of acute angle closure glaucoma...
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Acetazolamide, carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; decreases aqueous humor formation
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MOA of acarbose:
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Blockade of intestinal dissacharidases, which are membrane bound enzymes on the brush border
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What should be followed in pts on pioglitazone?
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LFTs to detect hepatotoxicity
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Define positive predictive value
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PPV = True positives/all positives
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In a pt in DKA, Kussmaul's respirations are responsible for...
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Respiratory compensation for metabolic acidosis trying to decrease PCO2; if a pt in DKA has "normal" PCO2, it may indicate that they are unable to compensate for the acidosis
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Pt presents after a trip to India with low grade fever, anorexia, nausea, dark colored urine, and RUQ tenderness...
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Acute viral hepatitis, probably HAV
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Histopathology of a liver biopsy indicates ballooning degeneration, mononuclear infiltrates, Councilman bodies...
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Acute viral hepatitis; councilman bodies are eosinophilic apoptotic hepatocytes
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Hepatitis viruses that can cause Hepatocellular carcinoma...
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HBV and HCV
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Pt presents with "blue sclera"...
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Osteogenesis imperfecta
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Pathophysiology of osteogenesis imperfecta...
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Deficiency or abnormality of Type I collagen resulting in increased bone fragility
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Ovarian cell type that forms a connective tissue capsule supporting developing follicles...
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Theca externa
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Ovarian cell type that synthesizes androgens from cholesterol? Hormonal control?
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Theca interna, stimulated by LH
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Ovarian cell type that synthesizes estrogen from androgens (aromatase)? Hormonal control?
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Granulosa cells; stimulated by FSH
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Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells in T1DM is accomplished by...
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Lymphocytic infiltrate; autoantibodies are not cytotoxic (though they are present)
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Damage in noise-induced hearling loss is located at...
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Sterociliated hair cells of the organ of Corti
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Common and proximal internal carotid arteries are formed from what embryonic structure...
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Third Aortic Arch
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A portion of the true aortic arch and the subclavian arteries are formed from what embryonic structure...
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Fourth Aortic Arch
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Pulmonary arteries and ductus arteriosus are formed from what embryonic structure...
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Sixth Aortic Arch
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Hormone product of Sertoli cells...
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Inhibin
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Function of Inhibin...
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Negative feedback on FSH release
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Pituitary hormone that stimulates Sertoli cells...
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FSH
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Hormone product of Leydig cells...
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Testosterone
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Feedback function of testosterone...
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Negative feedback on LH release and GnRH release (at the pituitary)
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Pituitary hormone that stimulates Leydig cells..
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LH
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Pt presents with hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hypochloremia, and metabolic acidosis. Low cortisol level does not increase after ACTH administration...
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Primary Adrenal Insufficiency
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DOC for treatment of post-surgical urinary retention...
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Bethanechol (muscarinic agonist)
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Major SE of trazadone...
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sedation, priaprism (trazaBONE)
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Most common cause of infection on catheters and prosthetic devices...
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S. Epidermidis
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Empiric treatment of Catheter infection...
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Vancomycin; S. Epidermidis can be methicilin resistant
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Pt presents post cranial trauma with generalized neurologic deficits. Drug used to decrease ICP?
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Mannitol
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SE of over-aggressive therapy with osmotic diuretic...
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Pulmonary edema
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Major SE of verapamil when used to control atrial fibrillation...
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Bradycardia that may progress to heart block
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Most prominent SE of cisplatin therapy...
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Nephrotoxicity
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Antidote for cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity...
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Amifostine, or forced alkaline diuresis
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A gastric erosion is classified as an ulcer when it penetrates...
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Muscularis mucosa into submucosal layers
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Pt presents with hamartomas in the GI and pigmented papules around the mouth...
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Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
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Defect in Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
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AD mutation in STK II gene on chromosome 19
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Soft tissue malignancy with non-membrane-bound cytoplasmic lipids and nuclear indentations with "scalloping" of nuclear membrane...
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Liposarcoma
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Pt presents with widespread flaccid blisters, particularly in high friction areas...
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Pemphigus Vulgaris
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Defect in pemphigus vulgaris...
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Autoantibodies to epidermal desmoglein
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Function of DNA Pol III...
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Continuous 5'-3' synthesis (leading strand)
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Function of DNA Pol I...
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Discontinuous 3'-5' synthesis after removing RNA primers
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