Usmle 2013 Pharm Cards

Front 1

Cause NO release -> vasodilation (veins >>> arteries); used in angina; fast tolerance

Back 1

hypotension, flushing, headache,Nitrates (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 2

Hepatoxicity and muscle breakdown

Back 2

Adverse effects of statins

Front 3

Inhibits lipolysis and reduces VLDL secretion

Back 3

lowering LDL and raising HDL; hyperlipidemia; flushing and hyperuricemia,Niacin (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 4

Inhibits reabsorption of bile acids -> lower LDL with slight increase in HDL; unpigmented gallbladder stones and malabsorption

Back 4

Cholestyramine, colestipol, colesevelam (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 5

Prevents cholesterol reabsorption -> lower LDL

Back 5

Ezetimibe

Front 6

Upregulates LPL -> lower triglycerides

Back 6

slightly inc. HDL and slightly dec. LDL; myositis and hepatoxicity,Fibrates (gemfibrozil + -fibrates) (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 7

Inhibits Na/K ATPase -> indirectly inhibits Na/Ca exchanger -> inc. calcium levels -> inc. contractility; stimulates the vagus; causes cholinergic symptoms and hyperkalemia

Back 7

Digoxin and digitoxin (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 8

Quinidine

Back 8

procainamide, and disopyramide; inc. AP duration and QT interval; can cause torsades de pointes, cinchonism (qunidine), procainamide (drug-induced lupus),Class 1A antiarrhythmics

Front 9

Lidocaine

Back 9

mexiletine, and tocainide; dec. AP duration especially in depolarized/ischemia tissue; best following MI,Class 1B antiarrhythmics

Front 10

Flecainide

Back 10

propafenone; no effect on AP, used in ventricular tachycardias; do not use post-MI due to risk for arrhythmias,Class 1C antiarrhythmics

Front 11

Blocks Na channels

Back 11

decreasing the slope of phase 0 depolarization; toxicity exacerbated by hyperkalemia,Class 1 antiarrhythmics (general mechanism and toxicity)

Front 12

Beta-blockers; reduces cAMP

Back 12

slowing SA and AV node activity, increases PR interval; adverse effects include impotence, asthma exacerbation, sedation,Class 2 antiarrhythmics

Front 13

Amiodarone

Back 13

ibutilide, dofetilide, sotalol; K channel blockers; inc. AP duration and QT interval,Class 3 antiarrhythmics

Front 14

Pulmonary fibrosis

Back 14

hepatotoxicity, thyroid dysfunction,Toxicity of amiodarone

Front 15

Ca channel blockers; verapamil and diltiazem; dec. conduction velocity and inc. PR interval; cause constipation

Back 15

flushing, and edema,Class 4 antiarrhythmics

Front 16

Inc. K efflux

Back 16

hyperpolarizing the cell; used in supraventricular tachycardias; can cause flushing, hypotension, and chest pain,Adeosine (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 17

Used in torsades de pointes and digoxin toxicity

Back 17

Magnseium (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 18

Bromocriptine or cabergoline (dopamine agonists)

Back 18

Treatment for prolactinoma

Front 19

Spironolactone (or other AT2 antagonist)

Back 19

Treatment of secondary hyperaldosteronism

Front 20

Octreotide (somatostatin analogues)

Back 20

Treatment of carcinoid syndrome

Front 21

Lispro

Back 21

aspart, and glulisine,Rapid-acting insulins (3)

Front 22

Regular

Back 22

Short-acting insulin (1)

Front 23

NPH

Back 23

Intermediate-acting insulin (1)

Front 24

Glargine and detemir

Back 24

Long-acting insulins (2)

Front 25

Biguanide; unknown mechanism; increases insulin sensitivity and glycolysis and decreases gluconeogenesis; can cause lactic acidosis (don't use in renal failure patients)

Back 25

Metformin (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 26

First-generation sulfonylureas; close beta-cell K channels

Back 26

causing depolarization and increased insulin release; causes disulfuram-like effects,Tolbutamide, chlorpropamide (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 27

Second-generation sulfonylureas; close beta-cell K channels

Back 27

causing depolarization and increased insulin release; causes hypoglycemia,Glyburide, glimepiride, glipizide (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 28

Thiazolidinediones; activates PPAR-gamma

Back 28

increasing insulin sensitivity and adiponectin levels; causes weight gain, hepatotoxicity, and heart failure,Pioglitazone, rosiglitazone (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 29

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors; prevent sugar hydrolysis and absorption

Back 29

reducing blood sugar levels,Acarbose, miglitol (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 30

Amylin analog; reduces glucagon secretion; causes hypoglycemia

Back 30

Pramlintide (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 31

GLP-1 analogues; increase insulin

Back 31

decrease glucagon secretion; causes pancreatitis,Exenatide, liraglutide (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 32

DPP-4 inhibitors; increase insulin

Back 32

decrease glucagon secretion; causes mild urinary/respiratory infections,Linagliptin, saxagliptin, sitagliptin (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 33

Blocks thyroid peroxidase and 5'-deiodinase; used to treat hyperthyroidism; causes agranulocytosis

Back 33

aplastic anemia, hepatotoxicity,Propylthiouracil (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 34

Blocks thyroid peroxidase; used to treat hyperthyrodism; teratogenic

Back 34

Methimazole (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 35

Thyroid hormone analogs; causes thyrotoxicosis

Back 35

Levothyroxine, triiodothyronine (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 36

Used to control uterine hemhorrage

Back 36

Oxytocin (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 37

ADH antagonist used to treat SIADH; can cause photosensitivty and bone/teeth abnormalities

Back 37

Demeclocycline (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 38

Inhibits phospholipase A2 activity and expression of COX-2; used for immune suppression; can cause Cushing's syndrome

Back 38

adrenal insufficiency (if withdrawn quickly),Glucocorticoids (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 39

H2 antagonists; used to treat hyperchloridia; cimeditine is a P-450 inhibitor and has antiandrogenic effects

Back 39

both reduce creatinine secretion,Cimetidine and ranitidine (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 40

Irreversibly inhibit the H/K pump; used to treat hyperchloridia; increased risk of C. difficile infection and hypomagnesemia

Back 40

-prazoles (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 41

Coats ulcer base and protects underlying tissue

Back 41

Bismuth, sucralfate (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 42

PGE1 analog that decreases acid production and increases bicarb production; used to prevent NSAID ulcers; abortifacient (used with Mifepristone (RU-486) Progesterone Blocker

Back 42

Misoprostol (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 43

Somatostatin analog; used to treat VIPoma and carcinoid syndrome

Back 43

Octreotide (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 44

Hypokalemia

Back 44

Toxicity of long-term antacid use

Front 45

Anti-TNF; used to treat IBD and RA; can cause activation of latent microbes

Back 45

Infliximab (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 46

Combination of sulfapyridine (antibacterial) and 5-aminosalicylic acid (anti-inflammatory); used to treat IBD; causes oligospermia

Back 46

Sulfasalazine (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 47

5-HT3 antagonist; used as an antiemetic

Back 47

Ondansetron (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 48

D2 antagonist; used to increase gut muscle activity and as an antiemetic; causes parkinson signs

Back 48

Metoclopramide (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 49

Cromolyn sodium

Back 49

Can be used to prevent mast cell degranulation

Front 50

Dimercaprol and EDTA

Back 50

succimer in kids,Treatment of lead poisoning

Front 51

Activates antithrombin

Back 51

which inactivates thrombin and Xa; used for immediate coagulation and in pregnant women; some patients develop antibodies to platelet factor 4 (HIT),Heparin (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 52

Same actions as heparin

Back 52

but has a longer half-life, does not have to be monitored as closely, and has a reduced risk of HIT,Enoxaparin, dalteparin (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 53

Inactivated gamma-carboxylation of factors II

Back 53

VII, IX, X, C, and S; used for long-term and non-immediate anticoagulation; can cause tissue necrosis, teratogenic,Warfarin (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 54

Converts plasminogen to plasmin; used as a thrombolytic

Back 54

Alteplase, reteplase, tenecteplase (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 55

Irreversibly inhibits COX-1 and COX-2; anti-platelet and anti-inflammatory; gastric ulcers

Back 55

tinnitus, Reye's syndrome in childhood viral infections,Aspirin (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 56

Irreversibly blocks ADP receptors on platelets

Back 56

preventing degranulation; used for acure coronary syndrome; ticlodipine causes neutropenia,Clopidogrel, ticlodipine, prasugrel, ticagrelor (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 57

Phosphodiesterase inhibitor

Back 57

increases cAMP and decreases ADP, preventing platelet degranulation; nausea, headache, facial flushing, hypotension,Cilostazol, dipyridamole (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 58

GPIIb/IIIa inhibitors

Back 58

preventing platelet aggregation; bleeding, thrombocytopenia,Abciximab, eptifibatide, tirofiban (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 59

Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase

Back 59

inhibiting DNA synthesis; myelosuppression, macrovesicular fatty change in liver,Methotrexate (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 60

Pyrimidine analog that is activated and inhibits thymidylate synthase

Back 60

inhibiting DNA synthesis; myelosuppression, photosensitivity,5-fluorouracil (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 61

Pyrimidine analog that inhibits DNA polymerase; leukopenia

Back 61

thrombocytopenia, megaloblastic anemia,Cytarabine (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 62

Purine analogs that are activated by HGPRT and inhibit purine synthesis; toxicity is increased with allopurinol

Back 62

causes bone marrow, GI, and liver toxicity,Azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 63

DNA intercalator; used for childhood tumors; myelosuppression

Back 63

Dactinomycin (actinomycin D) (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 64

Generates free radicals that cause DNA strand breaks; dilated cardiomyopathy(Dexrazoxone

Back 64

an iron chelator, prevents this), myelosuppression, alopecia,Doxorubicin (Adriamycin), daunorubicin (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 65

Generates free radicals that cause DNA strand breaks; pulmonary fibrosis with minimal myelosuppression

Back 65

Bleomycin (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 66

Crosslinks DNA (must be activated by liver); myelosuppression

Back 66

hemhorragic cystitis (can be minimized with mesna, and N-acetylcysteine (NAC)),Cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 67

Used to treat CNS tumors

Back 67

Carmustine, lomustine, semustine, streptozocin (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 68

Alkylates DNA; pulmonary fibrosis

Back 68

hyperpigmentation,Busulfan (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 69

Block microtubule polymerization; vincristine causes neurotoxicity

Back 69

vinblastine causes bone marro suppression,Vincristine, vinblastine (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 70

Blocks microtubule breakdown (by hyperstabilization); myelosuppression

Back 70

Paclitaxel (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 71

Crosslinks DNA; nephrotoxicity (minimize with chloride diuresis

Back 71

amifostine), acoustic n. damage (ototoxicity),Cisplatin, carboplatin (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 72

Inhibits topoisomerase II; myelosuppression

Back 72

GI upset, alopecia,Etoposide, teniposide (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 73

Inhibits ribonucleotide reductase and increases HbF; used in cancers and HbSS disease; bone marrow suppression

Back 73

Hydroxyurea (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 74

Unknown but may trigger apoptosis in dividing cells; Cushingoid symptoms

Back 74

Prednisone (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 75

Prevents estrogen receptor binding; used in breast cancer and prevention of osteoporosis; tamoxifen increases the risk of endometrial cancer due to agonist effects. Raloxifene = no increase in endometrial cancer.

Back 75

Tamoxifen, raloxifene (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 76

Antibody against HER-2 receptor; cardiotoxicity

Back 76

Trastuzumab (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 77

Antibody against bcr-abl tyrosine kinase

Back 77

Imatinib (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 78

Antibody against CD20; used to treat non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and rheumatoid arthritis

Back 78

Rituximab (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 79

B-raf kinase inhibitor (V600E mutation); used in metastatic melanoma; B-RAF =proto-oncogene

Back 79

Vemurafenib (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 80

Antibody against VEGF (used Colon cancer

Back 80

Wet AMD),Bevacizumab (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 81

Reversible COX inhibitor; gastric ulcers

Back 81

renal ischemia (due to constriction of afferent arteriole),Ibuprofen, naproxen, indomethacin, ketorolac, diclofenac (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 82

Reversible COX-2 inhibitor; anti-inflammatory without damage to gastric mucosa; sulfa allergy

Back 82

thrombosis,Celecoxib (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 83

COX inhibitor in the CNS (not anti-inflammatory); causes hepatic necrosis

Back 83

Acetominophen (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 84

Pyrophosphate analog that inhibits osteoclasts; used to treat osteoporosis

Back 84

hypercalcemia, and Paget's disease; corrosive esophagitis,Alendronate (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 85

Xanthine oxidase inhibitor

Back 85

reduces production of uric acid,Allopurinol (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 86

Xanthine oxidase inhibitor

Back 86

Febuxostat (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 87

Inhibits reabsorption of uric acid in PCT

Back 87

Probenecid (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 88

Inhibits microtubule polymerization

Back 88

preventing neutrophil extravasation,Colchine (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 89

TNF-alpha receptor that binds free TNF-alpha; Decoy receptor mimicking inactivating effects of soluble TNF

Back 89

Etanercept (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 90

Anti-TNF-alpha antibody

Back 90

Infliximab, adalimumab (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 91

PGF2 analog that increases the outflow of aqueous humor; can cause darkening of the iris

Back 91

Latanoprost (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 92

Mu opioid agonists that open K channels and close Ca channels

Back 92

inhibting synaptic transmission; addiction, respiratory depression, constipation, miosis,Morphine, fentanyl, cofeine, heroin, methadone, meperidine, dextromethorphan, diphenoxylate (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 93

Mu opioid partial agonist; used to treat severe pain; causes withdrawal if being treated with full agonist

Back 93

Butorphanol (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 94

Weak opioid agonist that inhibits serotonin and NE reuptake; increases risk for seizures

Back 94

Tramadol (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 95

Carbamazepine

Back 95

First-line therapy for simple partial seizures

Front 96

Carbamazepine

Back 96

First-line therapy for complex partial seizures

Front 97

Carbamazepine

Back 97

phenytoin, valproate,First-line therapies for tonic-clonic seizures (3)

Front 98

Ethosuximide

Back 98

First-line therapy for absence seizures

Front 99

Increases Na channel inactivation and inhibits glutamate release; used for simple

Back 99

complex, and tonic-clonic seizures and status epilecticus prophylaxis; nystagmus, gingival hyperplasia, hirsutism, megaloblastic anemia, teratogenic, drug-induced lupus, P450 inducer,Phenytoin (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 100

Increases Na channel inactivation; first-line for simple

Back 100

complex, and tonic-clonic seizures and trigeminal neuralgia; agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia, P450 inducer, SIADH, liver toxicity,Carbamazepine (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 101

Blocks Na channels; used for simple

Back 101

complex, and tonic-clonic seizures; Steven-Johnson syndrome,Lamotrigine (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 102

Inhibits Ca channels; used for simple

Back 102

complex, and tonic-clonic seizures, migraine prophylaxis, peripheral neuropathy, bipolar disorder; ataxia,Gabapentin (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 103

Blocks Na channels and increases GABA secretion; used for simple

Back 103

complex, and tonic-clonic seizures and migraine prevention; mental dulling, kidney stones, weight loss,Topiramate (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 104

Increases GABA channel action; first-line for simple

Back 104

complex, and tonic-clonic seizures in children; P450 inducer,Phenobarbital (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 105

Increases Na channel inactivation and increases GABA levels; first-line for tonic-clonic seizures

Back 105

used for simplex, complex, tonic-clonic, and myoclonic seizures; hepatotoxicity, neural tube defects, weight gain, tremor,Valproate (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 106

Blocks thalamic Ca channels; first-line for absence seizures; GI distress

Back 106

Steven-Johnson syndrome,Ethosuximide (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 107

Increases frequency of GABA channel opening; first-line for status epilepticus (diazepam

Back 107

lorazepam), used for eclampsia seizures (diazepam, lorazepam), anxiety, alcohol withdrawl, sleep walking, night terrors; sedation,Benzodiazepines (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 108

Inhibits GABA reuptake; used for simple and complex seizures

Back 108

Tiagabine (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 109

Irreversibly inhibits GABA transaminase

Back 109

increasing GABA concentration; used for simple and complex seizures,Vigabatrin (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 110

Unknown mechanism; used for simple

Back 110

complex, and tonic-clonic seizures,Levetriacetam (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 111

Increase duration of GABA channel opening; induction of anesthesia

Back 111

sedative; CNS depression, P450 inducer, contraindicated in patients with porphyrias,Phenobarbital, pentobarbial, thiopental, secobarbital (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 112

Short-acting benzodiazepines; more addictive potential

Back 112

Triazolam, oxazepam, midazolam (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 113

Increase duration vs. increase frequency

Back 113

Barbituates vs. benzodiazepines (mechanism)

Front 114

BZ1 subtype GABA channel agonists; used to treat insomnia

Back 114

Zolpidem, zaleplon, eszopiclone (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 115

Blocks NMDA receptor; used as an anesthetic; increases cardiac activity

Back 115

hallucinations, bad dreams,Ketamine (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 116

Pain -> temperature -> touch -> pressure

Back 116

Order of sensory loss when using local anesthetics

Front 117

ACh receptor agonist

Back 117

produces sustained depolarization and desensitization; used as a paralytic; hypercalcemia, hyperkalemia, malignant hyperthermia,Succinylcholine (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 118

ACh antagonists; used as paralytics

Back 118

Tubocurarine, -curium drugs (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 119

Inhibits release of Ca from sarcoplasmic reticulum and skeletal muscle; used to treat malignant hyperthermia and neuroleptic-malignant syndrome

Back 119

Dantrolene (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 120

Converted to dopamine by dopa decarboxylase in CNS/inhibits peripheral dopa decarboxylase activity; used to treat parkinson symptoms; can cause arrhythmias and "on/off" phenomenon

Back 120

Levodopa/carbidopa (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 121

MAO-B (prefers dopamine for breakdown) inhibitor

Back 121

inhibits dopamine breakdown; used to treat parkinson symptoms; enhances adverse effects of levodopa,Selegiline (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 122

ACh esterase inhibitors; used to treat Alzheimer's disease; cholinergic symptoms

Back 122

Donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 123

Agonist at 1B/1D serotonin receptors; used to treat acute migraines and cluster headaches; coronary vasospasm

Back 123

Sumatriptan (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 124

High potency antipsychotics that antagonize D2 receptors; used to treat schizoprehnia

Back 124

psychosis, mania, and Tourette's; hyperprolactinemia, anti-cholinergic symptoms (dry mouth, constipation), extrapyramidal effects (dyskinesia), neuroleptic malignany syndrome, tardive dyskinesia (haloperidol),Trifluoperzine, fluphenazine, haloperidol (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 125

Low potency antipsychotics that antagonize D2 receptors; used to treat schizophrenia

Back 125

psychosis, mania, and Tourette's; corneal deposits (chlorpromazine), retinal desporits (thioridazine),Chlorpromazine, thioridazine (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 126

Atypical antipsychotics with unknown mechnism; used for schizophrenia

Back 126

bipolar disorder, OCD, and others; weight gain (olanzapine, clozapine), agranulocytosis (clozapine), seizures (clozapine), prolonged QT (ziprasidone),Olanzapine, clozapine, quetiapine, risperidone, aripripazole, ziprasidone (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 127

Unknown mechanism; used for bipolar disorder and SIADH; tremor

Back 127

sedation, edema, hypothyroidism, polyuria,Lithium (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 128

Agonizes 1A serotonin receptors; used for generalized anxiety disorder; no side effects

Back 128

but takes 1-2 weeks for improvement,Buspirone (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 129

Block reuptake of serotonin from the synaptic cleft; depression and others; sexual dysfunction

Back 129

sertonin syndrome (hyperthermia, myoclonus, flushing, diarrhea, seizures),Fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline, citalopram (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 130

Block reuptake of NE and serotonin from synaptic cleft; depression

Back 130

diabetic neuropathy (duloxetine); hypertension,Venlafaxine, duloxetine (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 131

TCAs

Back 131

block reuptake of NE and serotonin; depression, bewetting (imipramine), OCD (clomipramine); convulsions, coma, arrhythmias, sedation, hypotension, anti-cholinergic effects,-iptyline, -ipramine, doxepin, amoxapine (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 132

Inhibit breakdown of NE

Back 132

serotonin, and dopamine; used for atypical depression, anxiety, and hypochondriasis; hypertensive crisis (tyramine in wine/cheese), don't use with other serotonin agonists,Tranylcypromine, phenelzine, isocarboxazid, selegiline (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 133

Increases NE and dopamine; used for smoking sensation

Back 133

depression; seizures,Bupropion (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 134

Alpha-2 antagonist

Back 134

increases NE and serotonin release, and serotonin receptor agonist; used for depression; sedation, increased appetite with weight gain;,Mirtazapine (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 135

Blocks NE reuptake; used for depression; sedation

Back 135

hypotension,Maprotiline (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 136

Inhibits serotonin uptake; used for insomnia; pripism

Back 136

Trazodone (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 137

Osmotic diuretic; used to treat drug overdose and increased ICP; pulmonary edema

Back 137

CHF,Mannitol (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 138

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; used for glaucoma

Back 138

metabolic alklalosis; hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, ammonia toxicity, sulfa allergy,Acetazolamide (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 139

Inhibits NKCC channel

Back 139

preventing urine concentration; used in hypertension, CHF, hypercalcemia; ototoxicity, hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, nephritis, gout, sulfa allergy; mimics Barter's Disease,Furosemide (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 140

Inhibits NKCC channel; used in patients with furosemide (sulfa) allergy; hyperuricemia

Back 140

Ethacrynic acid (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 141

Inhibits NaCl reabsorption in DCT and increases Ca reabsorption; hypertension and hypercalcinuria; hyperglycemia

Back 141

hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia, hypercalcemia, sulfa allergy; Mimics Gitelman's disease,Hydrochlorothiazide (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 142

Aldosterone receptor antagonists; hyperaldosteronism

Back 142

CHF, hypokalemia; hyperkalemia (arrhythmias), antiandrogen effects with spironolactone,Spironolactone, eplerenone (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 143

Block sodium channels in cortical collecting duct; hyperaldosteronism

Back 143

CHF; used to tx Liddle's Dx,Triamterene, amiloride (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 144

ACE inhibitor

Back 144

leads to reduced angiotensin II levels and decreases GFR; prevents heart remodeling, hypertension, CHF; cough, angioedema, transient creatinine increase, hyperkalemia,Captopril, enalapril, lisinopril (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 145

Angiotensin II receptor antagonists; similar to ACE inhibitors

Back 145

but do not cause cough due to normal metabolism of bradykinin,Losartan, valsartan (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 146

GnRH analog that acts as an agonist in pulsatile doses and an antagonist in continuous doses; used as an agonist for infertility and an antagonist for prostate cancer

Back 146

fibroids, and precocious puberty; antiandrogenic,Leuprolide (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 147

5-alpha reductase inhibitor; used for BPH and male-pattern baldness

Back 147

Finasteride (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 148

Testosterone receptor antagonist; used in prostate cancer

Back 148

Flutamide (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 149

Inhibits 17

Back 149

20-desmolase, stopping sex steroid synthesis; used to treat polycystic ovarian syndrome,Ketoconazole (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 150

Partial estrogen agonist in the hypothalamus

Back 150

increases release of LH and FSH, stimulating ovulation; used for infertility and PCOS,Clomiphene (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 151

Estrogen receptor antagonist at the breast; used for breast cancer; partial agonist at the uterus

Back 151

can cause endometrial hyperplasia,Tamoxifen (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 152

Estrogen receptor agonist at bone

Back 152

inhibits osteoclast activity and stimulates osteoblast activity; used to treat osteoporosis,Raloxifene (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 153

Aromatase inhibitors; used in breast cancer

Back 153

Anastrozole, exemestane (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 154

Progesterone receptor antagonist

Back 154

given with misoprostol for abortion; abortifacient; bleeding, abdominal pain,Mifepristone (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 155

Beta-2 agonist

Back 155

inhibits uterine contractions,Terbutaline (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 156

Alpha-1 antagonist; used to treat BPH

Back 156

Tamsulosin (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 157

Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors

Back 157

causing inc. cGMP levels and smooth muscle relaxation; used in erectile dysfunction; impaired blue-green vision, contradindicated with nitrates,Sildenafil, vardenafil (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 158

Partial androgen receptor agonist; used to treat endometriosis and hereditary angioedema; weight gain

Back 158

acne, hirsutism, low HDL, hepatoxicity,Danazol (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 159

Methylene blue

Back 159

Treat methemoglobinemia with

Front 160

(First generation) H1 antagonists; used in allergies

Back 160

motion sickness, insomnia; sedation, antiadrenergic, antiserotonergic, and antimuscarinic effects due to CNS penetration,Diphenhydramine, dimenhydrinate, chlorpheniramine (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 161

H1 antagonists

Back 161

2nd gen; used in allergies; less fatigue than 1st gen antihistamines due to decreased CNS penetration,Loratadine, fexofenadine, desloratadine, cetrizine (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 162

Short-acting beta-2 agonist; asthma

Back 162

Albuterol (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 163

Long-acting beta-2 agonist; asthma; tremor

Back 163

arrhythmias,Salmeterol, formoterol (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 164

Phosphodiesterase inhibitor

Back 164

increases cAMP and causes bronchodilation; asthma; cardiotoxicity, neurotoxicity, Inhibits adenosine (puringeric inhibit AC--> decrease cAMP), proarrythmic (increases cAMP),Theophylline (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 165

Muscarinic antagonist

Back 165

prevents bronchoconstriction; asthma and COPD,Ipratropium (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 166

Inhibit cytokine synthesis

Back 166

reducing inflammation due to asthma; 1st line for chronic asthma,Beclomethasone, fluticasone (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 167

Leukotriene receptor antagonists; especially useful in aspirin-induced asthma

Back 167

Montelukast, zafirlukast (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 168

Inhibits activity of 5-lipoxygenase

Back 168

inhibiting leukotriene production; reduces inflammation,Zileuton (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 169

Anti-IgE antibody; used in refractory allergic asthma

Back 169

Omalizumab (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 170

Thins respiratory secretions

Back 170

Guaifenesin (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 171

Loosens mucus plugs; used in CF patients and as an antidote to acetominaphen poisoning; also used in cyclophosphmide toxicity of hemorrhagic cystitis

Back 171

N-acetylcysteine (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 172

Antagonizes endothelin-1 receptors

Back 172

reducing vascular resistance in the pulmonary vessels; used in pulmonary hypertension,Bosentan (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 173

Antagonizes NMDA receptors

Back 173

inhibiting coughing; produces opioid effects in large doses and carries mild abuse potential,Dextromethorphan (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 174

Alpha-1 agonists that reduce edema and nasal congestion; rhinitis; hypertension

Back 174

quick tolerance (recurrence of symptoms despite continued treatment),Pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 175

competitive = decrease potency

Back 175

noncompetitive = decrease efficacy.,Difference in competitive vs noncompetitve inhibitors?

Front 176

Inverse relation of affinity of enzyme for its substrate.

Back 176

What is Km?

Front 177

Direct proportion to enzyme concentration

Back 177

What is Vmax?

Front 178

Fraction of administered drug that reaches systemic circulation unchanged.

Back 178

What is bioavailability?

Front 179

depends on half-life. Does not depend on frequency or size of dose.

Back 179

Time to steady state depends on?

Front 180

constant amount eliminated per time.

Back 180

What is rate of elimination in zero order kinetics?

Front 181

PEA - phenytoin

Back 181

Ethanol, Aspirin.,Give three drugs that are zero order eliminated.

Front 182

A constant FRACTION is eliminted

Back 182

variable by concentration!,What is the rate of elimination for first order kinetics?

Front 183

Ionzied species are trapped in urine and not resorbed. Neutral can be resorbed.

Back 183

How does ionization relate to urine pH?

Front 184

Treat with Bicarb to make neutral. Exp: phenobarbital

Back 184

methotrexate, aspirin.,How do you treat overdose of weak acid? Give drug examples.

Front 185

Treat with ammonium chloride. exp: amphetamines.

Back 185

How do you treat overdose of weak base? Give drug examples.

Front 186

Reduction

Back 186

Oxidation, hydrolysis with CYP450. Often gives neutral products. Geriatrics lose this phase.,What is phase I drug metabolism? What pt. population loses this?

Front 187

Conjugation (Glucuronidation

Back 187

Acetylation, and Sulfation.) Gives charged products. Geriatrics depend on this, old people have GAS.,What is phase II metaboloism? What population depend on this?

Front 188

maximal effect a drug can produce.

Back 188

What is efficacy?

Front 189

amount of drug needed for the same effect.

Back 189

What is potency?

Front 190

DECREASED efficacy. fight for same binding site

Back 190

full agonist cant exert full effect.,What happends to efficacy when a partial agonist and full agonist are mixed?

Front 191

LD50/ED50. Median lethal dose divded by median effective dose. Safer drugs have a higher TI.

Back 191

What is therapetuic index?

Front 192

Minimum effective dose to minimum toxic dose. Think of it as range of use.

Back 192

What is a therapeutic window?

Front 193

1. Nicotinic - Ligang gated Na/K channels. Two nicotinic types: Nm(NMJ) and Nn(autonomic ganglia. 2. Muscarinic - G-proteins. 5 types

Back 193

M1-M5.,What are the two types of Nicotonic receptors? What kind of messenger do they use?

Front 194

q

Back 194

increase: vasc. smooth muscle contraction, pupillary dilator muscle contraction, intestinal and bladder sphincter contaction.,Alpha-1 sympathetic receptor (G-protein class, major function)

Front 195

i

Back 195

decrease: sympathetic outflow, insulin release, lipolysis. increase: platlet aggregation.,Alpha-2 sympathetic receptor(G-protein class, major function)

Front 196

s

Back 196

increase: heart rate, contractilty, renin release, lipolysis,Beta-1 sympathetic receptor(G-protein class, major function)

Front 197

s

Back 197

vasodilation, brochodilation, increase: heart rate, contractility, lipolysis, insulin release, aqueous humor production. decrease: uterine tone, ciliary muscle tone.,Beta-2 sympathetic receptor(G-protein class, major function)

Front 198

q

Back 198

CNS, enteric nervouse system.,M-1 Parasymp receptor(G-protein class, major function)

Front 199

i

Back 199

decease: heart rate, contractility of atria,M-2 Parasymp(G-protein class, major function)

Front 200

increase: exocrine gland secretion (tears

Back 200

gastric, etc), gut peristalsis, bladder contraction, bronchoconstriction, pupillary spinchter contraction, cilliary muscle contraction.,M-3 parasymp(G-protein class, major function)

Front 201

Parasympathetic M-3.

Back 201

What receptor is responsible for miosis and accomadation?

Front 202

Sympathetic Alpha-1.

Back 202

What receptor is responsbile for mydriasis?

Front 203

s

Back 203

relaxes renal vascular smooth muscle,Dopamine D-1 receptor(G-protein class, major function)

Front 204

i

Back 204

modulates transmitter release especially in brain.,Dopamine D-2 receptor(G-protein class, major function)

Front 205

q

Back 205

increase: mucus production, contraction of bronchioles, pruritus, pain.,Histamine H-1 receptor(G-protein class, major function)

Front 206

s

Back 206

increase gastric acid secretion,histamine H-2 receptor(G-protein class, major function)

Front 207

q

Back 207

increase: vascular smooth muscle contraction,vasopression V-1 receptor(G-protein class, major function)

Front 208

s

Back 208

increase water permeability and reabsorption in kidneys. (V2 found in 2 kidneys).,vasopression V-2 receptor(G-protein class, major function)

Front 209

H1

Back 209

Alpha1,V1,M1,M3. (remember HAVe 1 M&M),Which receptors work via Gq -> Phospholipase C ->Pip2->DAG + IP3?

Front 210

Protein Kinase C.

Back 210

DAG causes activation of what?

Front 211

Calcium -> smouth muscle contraction

Back 211

IP3 causes increase in what?

Front 212

M2

Back 212

Alpha2, D2. (remember MAD 2's.),Which receptors work via Gi->Adenyly cyclase ->cAMP ->Protein Kinase A?

Front 213

Beta1

Back 213

Beta2, D1, H2,V2.,Which receptors work via Gs->adenylyate cyclase ->cAMP->Protein Kinase A?

Front 214

increase calcium release in heart and blocks myosin light chain kinase.

Back 214

What does protein kinase C do?

Front 215

1. direct agonsts 2. indirect agonists (anticholinesterases).

Back 215

What are the two classes of cholinomimetics?

Front 216

Direct cholinomimetic. Postop or neurogenic ileus

Back 216

urinary retention. COPD+asthma exacerbation, peptic ulcers.,Bethanechol(mechanism,use,toxicity)

Front 217

Direct Cholinomimetic. Identical to Ach. Glaucoma

Back 217

pupillary contraction, relief of IOP. COPD+asthma exacerbation, peptic ulcers.,Carbachol(mechanism,use,toxicity)

Front 218

Direct Cholinomimetic. Stimulates tears

Back 218

salvia, sweat. Open and closed-angle glaucoma.COPD+asthma exacerbation, peptic ulcers.,Pilocarpine(mechanism,use,toxicity)

Front 219

Direct Cholinomimetic. challenge test of asthma diagnosis. COPD+asthma exacerbation

Back 219

peptic ulcers.,methacholine(mechanism,use,toxicity)

Front 220

Indirect cholinomimetic agonist. NO cns penetration. Postop and neurogenic ileus

Back 220

myasthenia gravis, reversal of NMJ block. COPD+asthma exacerbation, peptic ulcers.,Neostigmine(mechanism,use,toxicity)

Front 221

indirect cholinomimetic agonist. Long acting myasthenia gravis treatment. COPD+asthma exacerbation

Back 221

peptic ulcers.,pyridostigmine(mechanism,use,toxicity)

Front 222

indirect cholinomimetic agonist. Short acting

Back 222

for myasthenia gravis diagnosis. COPD+asthma exacerbation, peptic ulcers.,edrophonium(mechanism,use,toxicity)

Front 223

indirect cholinomimetic agonist. for anti-cholinergic overdose

Back 223

crosses BBB. COPD+asthma exacerbation, peptic ulcers.,Physostigmine(mechanism,use,toxicity)

Front 224

indirect cholinomimetic agonist. Alzheimers disease. COPD+asthma exacerbation

Back 224

peptic ulcers.,Donepezil(mechanism,use,toxicity)

Front 225

DUMBBELSS (diarrhea

Back 225

urination, miosis, bronchospasm, bradycardia, excitation of skeletal muscle +CNS, lacrimation, sweating, salvia.) tx: atropine + pralidoxime.,signs of cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning. treatment.

Front 226

Irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor

Back 226

ACH overdose. Tx: atropine + pralidoxime.,Parathion(mechanism, treatment)

Front 227

Muscarinic antagonist. produces mydriasis and cycloplegia. (Atropine also used for bradycardia). Causes hot as a hare

Back 227

dry as bone, red as beet, blind as bat, mad as a hatter.,Atropine, homatropine, tropicamide (mechanism, use, toxicity).

Front 228

Muscarinic antagoist. Parkinsons disease (park my benz). Can be used in haloperiodal O.D

Back 228

whihc causes torticolliosis. Causes hot as a hare, dry as bone, red as a beet, blind as a bat, mad as a hatter.,Benztropine(mechanism,use,toxicity)

Front 229

Muscarinic antagonist. Motion sickness. causes hot as a hare

Back 229

dry as a cone, red as a beet, blind as a bat, mad as a hatter.,Scopolamine(mechanism,use,toxicity)

Front 230

Muscarinic antagonist. COPD

Back 230

Asthma. Causes hot as a hare, dry as a bone, red as a beet, blind as a bat, mad as a hatter.,Ipratropium,tiotropium (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 231

Muscarinic anatagonist. reduces urgency in mild cystitis and reduce bladder spasms. causes hot as a hare

Back 231

dry as a bone, red as a beet, blind as a bat, mad as a hatter.,Oxybutynin(mechanism,use,toxicity)

Front 232

Muscarinic anatagonist. IP: given in preop to reduce airway secretions. oral:reduce drooling

Back 232

peptic ulcer. Can cause hot as a hare, dry as a bone red as a beet, blind as a bat, mad as a hatter.,Glycopyrrolate(mechanism,use,toxicity)

Front 233

muscarinic antagonist

Back 233

causes gardner's pupil (mydriasis).,Jimson Weed(mechanism, toxicity)

Front 234

Direct Sympathomemetic. A1

Back 234

A2,B1,B2. Anaphylaxis, open angle glaucoma, asthma, hypotension.,Epinephrine(Mechanism, receptors bound, use, toxicity)

Front 235

direct sympathomemetic. A1

Back 235

A2, some B1. used in hypotension but it decrease renal perfusion.,Norepinephine(Mechanism, receptors bound, use, toxicity)

Front 236

Direct sympathomemetic. B1

Back 236

B2. Used in Torsade de pointe and bradyarryhmia. Can cause tachycardia and worsen cardiac ischemia.,Isoproterenol(Mechanism, receptors bound, use, toxicity)

Front 237

Direct sympathomimetics. Receptors depend on dose. low = D1

Back 237

med = D1,B2,B1, high = A1,A2,B1,B2,D1. Used in shock and heart failure (ionotropic and chronotropic).,dopamine(Mechanism, receptors bound, use, toxicity)

Front 238

Direct sympathomimetic. Mostly B1

Back 238

little a1,a2,b2. Used in heart failure and cardiac stresstest (ionotrpic and chronotropic),dobutamine(Mechanism, receptors bound, use, toxicity)

Front 239

Direct sympathomimetic. A1

Back 239

A2. Used in hypotension, to cause mydriasis, and rhinitis (decongestant).,Phenylephrine(Mechanism, receptors bound, use, toxicity)

Front 240

Direct sympathomimetic. Mostly B2

Back 240

some b1. Sal = long term ashtma or copd. Albuterol for short term asthma. Terbutaline for to reduce premture uterine contractions.,Albuterol, salmetrol, terbutaline (Mechanism, receptors bound, use, toxicity)

Front 241

Direct sympathomimetic. B2 only. Used to reduce premature uterine contractions.

Back 241

Ritodrine(Mechanism, receptors bound, use, toxicity)

Front 242

indirect sympathomimetic. Releases stored catecholamines. Used for narcolepsy

Back 242

obesity, ADD.,Amphetamine (mechanism, use)

Front 243

indirect sympathomimetic. Releases stored catecholamines. Used for nasal decongestion

Back 243

urinary incontience, hypotension.,Epinephrine(Mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 244

direct sympathomimetic. Reuptake inhibitor. Causes vasoconstriction and local anesthesia.

Back 244

Cocaine (mechanims, use).

Front 245

mixing them can lead to unopposed A1 activation and extreme hypertenion.

Back 245

Why must B-Blockers be avoided in suspected cocaine intoxication?

Front 246

stimulates A1>B2. Causes increased vasoconstrciton -> increased BP. This causes reflex bradycardia and slowing of HR.

Back 246

How does norepinephrine cause reflex bradycardia?

Front 247

Stimulates B2>A1. This cause vasodilation and dropping of BP. B1 is stimulated and causes tachycardia.

Back 247

How does isoproterenol cause reflex tachycardia?

Front 248

Centrally acting alpha-2 agonists

Back 248

this causes LESS peripheral sympathetic release.Used in hypertension, especially renal disease due to no increase in renal blood flow!,Clonidine, alpha-methyldopa(Mechanism, receptors bound, use)

Front 249

IRREVERSIBLE nonslective alpha blocker. Used in pheochromosytoma BEFORE surgery! toxic: orhtostatic hypotension

Back 249

reflec tachycardia.,Phenoxybenzamine(Mechanism, receptors bound, use, toxicity)

Front 250

REVERSBILE nonselective alpha blocker. give to patients on MAOI who each tyramine contraining foods.

Back 250

phentolamine(Mechanism, receptors bound, use, toxicity)

Front 251

Alpha-1 blocker. Used in hypertension

Back 251

urinary rentention in BPH. tox:orthostatic hypotension, dizziness, headache.,Prazosin, Terazosin, Doxazosin,Tamsulosin(Mechanism, receptors bound, use, toxicity)

Front 252

Alpha-2 blocker. Used in depression. tox: sedation

Back 252

hypercholesterolemia, increased apetite.,Mirtazapine (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 253

Before blockade: Both epi and phen RAISES BP. After alpha blockade: only epi raises

Back 253

no change in phenyl. Why: Epi has B binding, phenyl does NOT.,Describe what occurs when you alpha-blockade epi vs. phenylephrine.

Front 254

Angina - decreases HR and contractility

Back 254

decreasing oxygen use. MI - decrease mortality. SVT - decrease AV duction. Hypertension - decrease CO and renin secretion. CHF - slows progression. Glaucoma - decrease secretion of aqueous humor.,Give 6 applications of Beta-blockers in general.

Front 255

impotence

Back 255

asthma exacerbation, bradycardia, seizures, sedation, hides hypoglycemia.,give general toxicites of b-blockers

Front 256

A BEAM. acebutolol

Back 256

betaxolol, Esmolol, Atenolol, Metoprolol. Useful in comorbid pum. disease.,What are the B1 selective b-blockers? When are they useful?

Front 257

Please Try Not Being Picky. Propranolol

Back 257

Timolol, Nadolol, Pindolol. B = B-blocker.,What are the nonselective ( b1 = b2) b-blockers?

Front 258

Carvedilol

Back 258

labetalol.,what are the nonselective a and b-antagonists?

Front 259

Pindolol

Back 259

Acebutolol.,What are the partial B-agonists?

Front 260

N-Acetylcysteine (replenishes glutathione).

Back 260

Give treatment for acetaminophen overdose.

Front 261

NaHCO3 (alkalinize urine)

Back 261

Give treatment for salicylates overdose.

Front 262

NH4Cl (acidify urine)

Back 262

give treatment for amphetamines overdose

Front 263

Phygostigmine and control the hyperhermia.

Back 263

Give treatment for antimuscarinic and anticholinergic overdose.

Front 264

Glucagon

Back 264

Give treatment for b-blocker overdose

Front 265

(KLAM) normalize K

Back 265

Lidocaine, Anti-dig fab fragments, Mg2,Give treatment for digitalis overdose

Front 266

deFEroxamine

Back 266

deFErasirox.,give treatment for iron overdose.

Front 267

CaEDTA

Back 267

dimercaprol, succimer, penicillamine,give treatment for lead overdose

Front 268

Dimercaprol

Back 268

succiner,give treatment for mercury, arsenix, gold overdose

Front 269

penillamine

Back 269

give treatment for copper, arsenic, gold overdose

Front 270

nitrite + thiosulfate

Back 270

hydroxocobalamin,give treatment for cyanide

Front 271

Methylene blue

Back 271

vitamin c,give methemoglobin treatment

Front 272

100% oxygen or hyperbaric oxygen

Back 272

Give Carbon monocide treatment

Front 273

Fomepizole>Ethanol

Back 273

dialysis,give treatment for methanol, ethylene glycol overdose

Front 274

naloxone/naltrexone

Back 274

give treatment for opiods overdose

Front 275

flumazenil

Back 275

give treatment for benzodiazepine overdose

Front 276

NaHCO3 (alkalinize plasma)

Back 276

give treatment for TCA overdose

Front 277

protamine

Back 277

give treatment for heparin overdose

Front 278

Vitamin K

Back 278

fresh frozen plasma,give treatment for warfarin overdose

Front 279

aminocaproic acid

Back 279

give treatment for tPA, Streptokinase, urokinase overdose

Front 280

B-Blockers

Back 280

give treatment for theophylline overdose

Front 281

atropine + pralidoxime

Back 281

give treatment for acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

Front 282

cocaine

Back 282

sumatriptan, ergots,causes coronary vasospam

Front 283

(VANC) Vancomycin

Back 283

Adenosine, Niacin, Ca blocker,causes cutaneous flushing

Front 284

doxorubicin

Back 284

daunorubicin,causes dilated cardiomyopathy

Front 285

class III (sotalol) and class Ia (quinidine)

Back 285

causes torsades de pointes

Front 286

Clozapine

Back 286

Carbamazepine, Colchine, Propylthiouracil, Methimazole, Dapsone,causes agranulocytoisis

Front 287

chloramphenicol

Back 287

benzene, NSAIDs, propylthiouracil, methimazole,causes aplastic anemia

Front 288

methyldopa

Back 288

penicillin,causes direct coombs positive hemolytic anemia

Front 289

chloramphenicol

Back 289

causes gray baby syndomr

Front 290

(hemolysis IS PAIN)isoniazid

Back 290

sulfonamides, primaquine, aspirin, ibuprofen, nitrofurantoin,causes hemolysis in G6PD-defiect patients

Front 291

(females with PMS are on full BLAST mode) Phenytoin

Back 291

Methotrexate, Sulfa drugs,causes megaloblastic anemia

Front 292

OCPs like estrogen

Back 292

Causes thrombotic complications

Front 293

ACE inhibitors

Back 293

Causes cough

Front 294

Bleomycin

Back 294

amiodarone, Busulfan,causes pulmonary fibrosis

Front 295

erthryomycin

Back 295

causes acute cholestatic hepatits, jaundice

Front 296

Halothane

Back 296

Amanita Phalloides, Valrpoic acid, Acetaminophen,causes focal to massice hepatic necrosis

Front 297

isoniazid

Back 297

causes hepatits

Front 298

clindamycin

Back 298

ampicillin,can lead to pseudomembranous colitis

Front 299

glucocorticoid withdrawl via HPA suppression

Back 299

can lead to adrenocortical insufficiency

Front 300

`(Some drugs create awkward knockers) spironolactone

Back 300

digitalis, cimetidine, chronic alcohol use, ketoconazole,can causes gynecomastia

Front 301

estrogen

Back 301

clomophene,causes hot flashes

Front 302

niacin

Back 302

tacrolimus, protease inhibitor, HCTZ, corticosteriods,causes hypergylcemia

Front 303

lithium

Back 303

amiodarone, suldonamides,causes hypothyroidism

Front 304

glucocoricoids

Back 304

protease inhibitors,causes fat redistribution

Front 305

phenytoin

Back 305

verpamil,causes gingival hyperplasia

Front 306

furosemide

Back 306

thiazides, niacin, cyclosporine,causes gout

Front 307

fibrates

Back 307

niacin, colchine, hydroxychloroquine, interferon-alpha, penicillamine, statins, glucocorticoids,causes myopathies

Front 308

corticosteroids

Back 308

heparin,causes osteoporosis

Front 309

(SAT for a PHOTO) Sulfonamides

Back 309

amiodarone, tetracycline,causes photosensitivty

Front 310

penicillin

Back 310

ethosuximide, carbamazepine, sulfa drugs, lamotrigine, allopurinol, phenytoin, phenobarbital,causes rash/SJS

Front 311

Hydralazine

Back 311

isonizid, procainamine, phenytoin,cause drug induced lupus

Front 312

tetracyclines

Back 312

causes teeth problems

Front 313

fluoroquinolones

Back 313

causes tendonitis, tendon rupture, tooth damage

Front 314

lithium

Back 314

demeclocycline,causes diabetes insipidus

Front 315

expired tetracycline

Back 315

causes fanconi's syndome

Front 316

Cyclophosamide

Back 316

ifosfamide,causes hemorrhagic cystits

Front 317

methicllin

Back 317

NSAID, furosemide,causes interstital nephritis

Front 318

carbamazepine

Back 318

cyclophosamide,causes SIADH

Front 319

Quinidine

Back 319

qunine,causes cinchonism

Front 320

antipsychotics

Back 320

resperine, metoclopramide,causes parkinson-like syndome

Front 321

(with seizures

Back 321

I BITE My tongue) isoniazid, Buproprion, imipenem, Tramadol, Enflurane, Metoclopramide,causes seizures

Front 322

antipsychotics

Back 322

causes tardive dyskinesia

Front 323

Atropine

Back 323

TCA, H1-blocker, neuoleptics,acts like an anti-muscarinic

Front 324

metronidazole

Back 324

some cephalosporins, procarbazine, 1st gen sulphonoureas,can cause a disulfiram like reaction

Front 325

aminoglycosides

Back 325

vancomycin, loop dieuetics, cisplatin,can cause nephro/ototoxicity

Front 326

(Momma Barb Steals Phen-phen and Refuses Greasy Carbs Chronically)Modafinil

Back 326

Barbiturates, St. John wart, phenytoin, rifampin, griseofulvin, carbamazepine, chronic alcohol use.,list p450 inducers

Front 327

(MAGIC ROCKS in GQ) Macrolides

Back 327

amiodarone, grapefruit juice, isoniazid, cimetidine, ritonavir actue alcohol use, ciprofloxacin, ketoconazole, sulfonamides, gemfibrozil, quinidine.,list p450 inhibitors

Front 328

(Popular FACTSSS) probenacid

Back 328

furosemide, acetazolamide, celecoxib, thiazide, sulfonamide antibiotics, sulfaasalazine, sulfonylureas,lists the sulfa drugs

Front 329

G = IV and IM. V = oral.

Back 329

Difference between peniciliin G and V.

Front 330

Bind penicillin-binding proteins(transpeptidases)

Back 330

block cross linking of peptidoglycans;most effective on G+, also N. Meningitidis, Treponema;hypersensitivy reaction, hemolytic anema.,Penicillin(mechanism,use,toxicity)

Front 331

bind transpeptidases

Back 331

penicillanse resistant due to bukly r-group blocking B-Lactamse; S. Aureus, except MRSA; hypersensitivity and interstitial nephritis.,Oxacillin,Naficillin,Dicloxacillin(mechanism,use,toxicity)

Front 332

bind transpeptidases

Back 332

wide spectrum and more penicillinase sensitive. combo with claculanic acid to protect from B-lactams;kills enterococci(HELPSS)H.iB, E.coli,Listera,Proteus,Salmonella,Shigella,enterococci;hypersensitivity reaction,rash,pseudomemrane colitis.,Ampicillin, amoxicillin(mecanism,use,toxicity)

Front 333

amOxicllin has better Oral bioavilability.

Back 333

Which has better bioavailibility; amoxicllin or ampicillin?

Front 334

B-lactamse inhibitor

Back 334

What does clavulanic acid do?

Front 335

transpeptidase inhibitor but extended spectrum;pseduomonas and g- rods

Back 335

use with claculanic acid due to B-lactamse suspectibilty; hypersensitivity reaction.,Ticarcillin,piperacillin(mechanism,use,toxicity)

Front 336

(CAST) Clavulanic Acid

Back 336

Sulbactam,Tazobactem.,List the B-lactamse inhibitors

Front 337

inhibit cell wall synthesis but are less susceptible to B-lactamases

Back 337

are bactericidal;use depends on generation, there are four;hypersensitivty reactions, vitamin K defiency, increased nephrotoxicity of aminoglycosides.,Cephalosporin(mechanism,use,toxiciity)

Front 338

1st generation cephalosporins. PEcK. Proteus

Back 338

E.coli,Klebsiella. Cefazolin used preop to prevent A.aureus infections.,give use of cefazolin, cephalexin.

Front 339

2nd generation cephalosporins. HEN PEcKs. H.ib

Back 339

Enterbacter, Neisseria, Proteus, E.coli,Klebsiella, Serratia.,give use of cefoxitin, cefaclor,cefuroxime`

Front 340

3rd gen. cephalosporins. Serious gram - infections. Ceftriaxone = meningitis and gonorrhea. Ceftazidime = pseudomonas.

Back 340

give use of ceftriaxone, cefotaxime,ceftazidime

Front 341

increased activity against pseudomonas and G+ bugs.

Back 341

give use of cefepime.

Front 342

a monobactem resistant to B-lactamases

Back 342

prevents binding to PBP3 and is synergistic with aminoglycosides;gram - rods only;very nontoxic, some GI upset.,Aztreonam(mechanism,use,toxicty)

Front 343

aztreonam.

Back 343

what transpeptidase inhibitor can be used in penicillin allergy?

Front 344

broad spectrum

Back 344

B-lactamase resistent but imipenem needs cilastatin to inhibit renal dehydropeptidase. later carbepenems do not;G+ cocci,G- rods, anerobes. used only in life threating events;skin rash, CNS toxicity, seizures.,imipenem/cilastatin,meropenem,etrapenem,doripenem(mechanism,use,toxicity)

Front 345

inhibits cell wall binding peptidoglycan formation by binding D-ala percursors

Back 345

is bacterialcidal; G+ only, especially for multidrug resistant onces;NOT - nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, thrombophlebitis, red man syndrome.,Vancomycin(mechanism,use,toxicty)

Front 346

slow infusion and rate and antihistamines.

Back 346

How is redman syndrome prevented in vancomycin use?

Front 347

amino acid change of D-ala D-ala to D-ala D-lac.

Back 347

How does vancomycin resistant occur?

Front 348

AT 30

Back 348

CCEL at 50. 30S = Aminoglycosides, Tetracyclines. 50S = Chloramphenicol, Clindamycin, Erythromycin, Linezolid.,List antibiotic protein synthesis inhibitors

Front 349

aminoglycosides

Back 349

bacterialcidal, block translocation but require oxygen for uptake;ineffective in anaerobes,use in gram - rod infections and before bowel surgery; nephrotoxicty, NMJ block, ototoxicity, teratogen.,Gentamicin, neomycin, amikacin,tobramycin,streptomycin(mechanism,use,toxicity)

Front 350

transferase enzymes that inactivate the drug by acetylation

Back 350

phosphorylation, or adenylation.,how does resistenace to aminoglycosides occur?

Front 351

bacteriostatic

Back 351

prevents aminoacyl-tRNA binds;Borrela, M. Pneuomo, Rickettsia, Chlamysia; can't take with milk, antacids, iron because ions bind it, GI distress, discoloration of teeth, inhibition of bone growth, contraindication in pregnancy.,tetracycline, doxycycline, demecycline,minocycline(mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 352

decrease uptake into cells or increased efflux by pumps.

Back 352

how does resistance to tetracyclines occur?

Front 353

bacteriostatic

Back 353

blocks translocation; atypical pneumonias, chlamydia, gram + cocci; MACRO: increased Motility, arrhythmia, Cholestatic hepatitis, Rash, eOsinophilia.,Azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin(mechanism,use,toxicity)

Front 354

methylation of 23s rRNA binding site.

Back 354

how does resitance to macrolides occur?

Front 355

Bacterialstatic

Back 355

blocks peptidlytransferase; Meningitis in adults, used in power countries due to being cheap; dose dependent anemia, dose independent aplastic anemia, gray baby syndrome.,Chloramphenicol(mechanism,use,toxicity)

Front 356

use of chloramphenicol in premature infants

Back 356

they lack UDO-glucuronyl-transferase.,what causes grey baby syndrome?

Front 357

plasmid-encoded acetyltransferase.

Back 357

How does resistance to chloramphenicol occur?

Front 358

Bacteriostatic. Blocks peptide transfer; anaerobic infections in lung infections and oral anerobes; C. Diff infection

Back 358

fever, diarrhea.,clindamycin(mechanism,use,toxicity)

Front 359

Bacteriostatic

Back 359

PABA metabolites inhibit dihydropteroate synthase; Gram +, G-, Nocardia, Chlamydia, UTI; hypersensitivty, hemolysis in G6PD, nephrotoxic, kernicterus, displaces other drugs from albumin.,Sulfamethoxazole(SMX), sulfisoxazole, sulfadiazine(mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 360

altered bacterial dihydropteroate or increased PABA synthesis.

Back 360

how does resistance to sulfonamides occur?

Front 361

Bacteriostatic

Back 361

inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase, blocks folate synthesis; used in UTI, PCP (prophylacis and treatment), shigella, salmonella; megaloblastic anemia, leukopenia, granulocytopenia.,Trimethoprim(mechanism,use,toxicity)

Front 362

bactericidal

Back 362

inhibits DNA gyrase(topo II and IV);G- rods of urinary and GI tracts, Neisseria, some G+;( lones hurt the bones) tenonitis and tendon rupture, superinfections, don't give to kids or pregnant women due to cartilage damage.,ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, levofloxacin, etc...(mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 363

mutation in DNA gyrase or efflux pumps.

Back 363

how does resistance to fluroquinolones occur?

Front 364

older than 60 or taking prednisone

Back 364

What groups are susceptible to fluorquinolone tendon rupture?

Front 365

bacterialcidal

Back 365

forms free radical toxic metabolites that damge bacterial DNA damage; (GET GAP) Giardia, Entamoeba, trichomonas, Gardnerella, Anaerobes, Pylori; causes disulfiram like reaction, headache, metallic taste.,Metronidazole(mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 366

decrease synthesis of mycolic acids

Back 366

bacterial catalase peroxidase(KatG) must activate INH; TB drug, only one used as prophylaxis and in latent TB; peripheral neuropathy, hepatoxic, lupis like drug interaction, pyridoxine antagonist.,Isoniazid(mechanism,use,toxicity)

Front 367

inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase; TB

Back 367

Leprosy, prophylaxis in meningococcus and Hib type B; hepatotox, p450 inducer, orange body fluids.,Rifampin(mechanism,use,toxicity)

Front 368

unknown; TB; hyperuricemia

Back 368

hepatotoxic.,Pyrazinamide(mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 369

decreased carbohydrate polymerization of TB cell wall

Back 369

blocks arabinosyltransferase; TB; optic neuropathy(red-green color blindness_,Ethambutol(mechanism,use,toxicity)

Front 370

binds fungal ergosterol

Back 370

causes holes in membranes; use in systemtic and CNS mycoses infections; fever/chills, hypotension, arrythmias, nephrotoxic, IV phlebitis, must supplement K and MG.,Amphotericin B(mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 371

binds fungal ergosterol;topical only due to high toxicity

Back 371

used for oral thrush and topical diaper rash or vaginal candidiasis.,nystatin(mechanism,use,toxicty)

Front 372

inhibits fungal ergosterol synthesis by binding p450;Fluconazole for suppression of cryptococcus in AIDs patients

Back 372

itraconazle for blasto, coccio, histo.,Fluconazole, ketoconazole, clotrimazole, itraconazole, voriconazole(mechanism, use,toxicity)

Front 373

inhibits fungal DNA and RNA synthesis by conversion to 5FU; used in systemic fungal infections

Back 373

especially cryptococcus; bone marrow suppression.,Flucytosine(mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 374

inhibits fungal cell wall synthesis by inhibiting B-glucan synthesis; invasive aspergillosis

Back 374

candida; flushing via histamine releae.,Caspofungin, micafungin(mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 375

inhibits fungal squalene epoxidase; treat dermatophytes - toe nail infection especially;abnormal LFT

Back 375

visual disturbances.,terbinafine(mechanism,use,toxicity)

Front 376

interferes with microtubules

Back 376

stops mitosis in fungi;deposits in keratin so used in superficial infections, stops dermatophytes; teratogenic, carcinogenic, confusion, p450 inducer.,Griseofulvin(mechanism,use,toxicity)

Front 377

toxoplasmosis

Back 377

Pyrimethamine use

Front 378

trypanosoma brucei

Back 378

suramin and melarsoprol use

Front 379

trypanosoma cruzi

Back 379

nifurtimox use

Front 380

leshmaniasis

Back 380

sodium stibogluconate use

Front 381

blocks formation of heme into hemozoin. Heme accumulates and is toxic to plasmodia;used on all species but falciparum(too much resitance); retinopathy

Back 381

Chloroquine(mechanism,use,toxicity)

Front 382

lifethreatening malaria

Back 382

quinidine use

Front 383

p. falciparum killing

Back 383

artemether/lumifantrine use

Front 384

inihibits influenza neuraminidase

Back 384

stops progeny release; treamt of influenze a and b,Zanamivir,oseltamivir(mechanism,use)

Front 385

inhibits sythesis of guanine nucleotides by competitvely inhibiting IMP dehydrogenase; RSV

Back 385

chronic hep C; hemolytic anemia, severe teratogen,Ribavarin(mechanism,use,toxicity)

Front 386

Guanosine analog

Back 386

inhibits viral DNA polymerase; monophosphorylated by thymidine kinase in HSV/VZV so active in lesions and encephalitis, good for prophylaxis,"",Acyclovir,valacyclovir(mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 387

used in herpes zoster active infections

Back 387

Famciclovir use

Front 388

mutated viral thymidine kinase

Back 388

mechanism for resistance to acyclovir

Front 389

guanosine analog

Back 389

5'-monophosphate formed by CMV viral kinase, inhibits viral DNA polymerase;CMV infections;leukopenia,neutopenia,thrombocytopenia,renal toxicity,Ganciclovir,valgangciclovir(mechanism,use,toxicity)

Front 390

mutated CMV DNA polymerase or lack of viral kinase

Back 390

mechanism for resistance to acyclovir

Front 391

viral DNA polymerase inhibitor

Back 391

binds to pyrofosphate binding site, doesn't need viral kinase activation;CMV retinitis when ganciclovir fails and acyclovir restitant HSV; nephrotoxic,Foscarnet(mechanism,use,toxicity)

Front 392

mutated DNA polymerase

Back 392

mechanism for resistance to foscarnet

Front 393

inhibits DNA polymerase

Back 393

doesn't require activiation by viral kinase; CMV retenitis, acyclovir resistant HSV; nephrotoxic(coadminister with probenacid and IV saline to reduce toxicity).,cidofovir(mechanism,use,toxicity)

Front 394

[2 NRTI] +[1 NNRTI OR 1 protease inhibitor OR 1 integrase inhibitor]

Back 394

HAART consist of what?

Front 395

all end in -NAVIR! stops HIV mRNA cleavage into functional parts; hyperglycemia

Back 395

GI upset, lipodystrophy.,give mechanism and toxicity of protease inhibitors

Front 396

inhibits cytochrome p-450

Back 396

boosting concentration of other drugs.,Ritonavir does what to be a "booster"

Front 397

(NRTI)competitively blocks binding of nucleotide to reverse transcriptase

Back 397

only tenofovir doesn't need to be activated;all NRTIs, zidovidine used in pregnancy to reduce fetal transmision; bone marrow suppression, lactic acidosis, peripheral neuropathy.,Tenofovir, emtricitabine, abacavir, lamivudine, zidovudine, didansoine, stavudine(mechanism,use,toxicity

Front 398

(NNRTI) bind at a site different from NRTIs

Back 398

no don't require activation don't compete with nucleotides; bonow marrow suppression, peripheral neuropathy, lactic acidosis,"",Nevirapine, Efavirenz, Delavirdine(mechanism,use,toxicity)

Front 399

inhibits integrase

Back 399

which stops HIV integration into host cells;HIV;hypercholesterolemia,Raltegravir(mechanism,use,toxicity)

Front 400

glycoproteins synthesized my virus infected cells

Back 400

block RNA and DNA virus replication; INFa- chronic hep b and c, Kaposi sarcoma, IFN-b -MS, INF-gamma -NADPH oxidase defiency; neutropenia, myopathy.,Interferons(mechanism,use,toxicity)

Front 401

SAFe Children Take Really Good Care. sulfonamides(kericterus)

Back 401

aminoglycosides(ototox), fluoroquinolones(cartilage damage), Clarithromycin(embryotoxic), Tetracycline(teeth,bone damage),Ribavarin(teratogenic),Griseofulvin(teratogenic),Chloramphenicol(grey baby),What antibiotics must be avoided in pregnancy?

Front 402

vincristine and paclitaxil

Back 402

cause direct toxicity to nerves

Front 403

isoniazid structurally similar to B6

Back 403

which causes renal excretion of B6 and competes for B6 binding sites.,By what mechanism does isoniazid cause B6(pyridoxine) loss?

Front 404

antihistamines and antipyretics.

Back 404

What medications can be given before Amphotercin B infusion to lessen side effects?

Front 405

digoxin causes hyperkalemia. HOWEVER

Back 405

a HYPOkalemic state increses patient susceptibility to digoxin toxicity.,Does digoxin cause hyper or hypokalemia? which states increases patient susceptibility to digoxin toxicity?

Front 406

ataxia

Back 406

slurred speech, somnolence, vomiting,list signs of ammonia overdose

Front 407

bleomycin

Back 407

busulfan, amiodarone, methotrexate,cause restrictive lung disease

Front 408

loop diuretics: increased urine Ca via decreased reabsorption. thiazides: decreased urine Ca.

Back 408

Contrast urine Ca with loop diuretics and thiazides

Front 409

Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase.

Back 409

What is a sensitive indicator of alcohol abuse?

Front 410

benzodiazepenes

Back 410

What is the treatment for delirium tremens?

Front 411

The naloxone is only active if inected

Back 411

making it hard to abuse the combo.,Why is the naloxone-buprenorphine combo used for heroin addiction treatment?

Front 412

rigidity

Back 412

myoglobinuria, autonomic instability. seen with antipsychotics overdose. treatment: dantrolene and bromocriptine (d2 agonist),What is neuroleptic malignant syndrome? What is the treatment?

Front 413

sterotypical oral-facial movements

Back 413

from long term antipsychotic use. often NOT reversible.,What is tardive dyskinesa? Is it reversible?

Front 414

occurs with any drug that increases serotonin (MAO inhibitor

Back 414

SNRI, TCA) hyperthermia, confusion, myoclonus, cardio collapse, flushing. tx: cyproheptadine (5ht antagonist),What is serotonin syndrome? what is the treatment?

Front 415

Translitional cell carcinoma of the bladder

Back 415

What can long term Phenactin use cause?

Front 416

renal damage

Back 416

What are the teratogenic effects of ACE inhibitors?

Front 417

absence of digits

Back 417

toes,What are the teratogenic effects of alkylating agents?

Front 418

CV VIII toxicity

Back 418

What are the teratogenic effects of aminoglycosides?

Front 419

neural tube defects

Back 419

craniofacial defects,What are the teratogenic effects of carbamazepine?

Front 420

vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma

Back 420

congenital mullerian anomalies,What are the teratogenic effects of diethylstilbestrol?

Front 421

neural tube defects

Back 421

What are the teratogenic effects of folate antagonists?

Front 422

ebstein's anomaly -> atrialized right ventricle

Back 422

What are the teratogenic effects of lithium?

Front 423

fetal hydantoin syndrome->microcephaly

Back 423

dysmorphic face,What are the teratogenic effects of phenytoin?

Front 424

discolored teeth

Back 424

What are the teratogenic effects of tetracyclines

Front 425

limb defects like flipper arms

Back 425

What are the teratogenic effects of thalidomide

Front 426

inhibitor of maternal folate absorption ->neural tube defects

Back 426

What are the teratogenic effects of valproate?

Front 427

bone deformities

Back 427

fetal hemorrhage, abortion,What are the teratogenic effects of warfarin?

Front 428

3rd -8th week.

Back 428

At what time period is a fetus most susceptable to teratogens?

Front 429

extremely high risk for spontaneous abortion

Back 429

What are the teratogenic effects of vitamin a?

Front 430

placental abruption

Back 430

developmental abnormalities,What are the teratogenic effects of cocaine?

Front 431

preterm labor

Back 431

placental problems, ADHD,What are the teratogenic effects of smoking?

Front 432

alcohol

Back 432

What drug is the leading cause of birth defects and mental retardation?

Front 433

(OH DANG) Ototox

Back 433

hypokalemia, dehydration, allergy(sulfa), Nephritis, Gout,What are the toxicities of Loop diuretics?

Front 434

(hyperGLUC) hyperglycemia

Back 434

hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia, hypercalcemia.,What are the toxicites of HCTZ?

Front 435

1. Volume contraction ->AT II increases ->increased bicarb absorbed in PT. 2. K loss leads to K leaving all cells and thus H entering all cells. 3. in a low K state

Back 435

H is exchanged instead of K for Na in the CCT leading to paradoxical aciduria.,By what mechanisms do thiazides and loop diutetics cause metabolic alkalosis?

Front 436

OCP and dopemaine antagonists (antipsychotics)

Back 436

What drugs can stimulate prolactin secretion?

Front 437

PTU disables peroxidase AND 5'-deiodinase. Methimazole only inhibits peroxidase.

Back 437

What is a difference in the mechanism of PTU and methimazole?

Front 438

NO

Back 438

they require some islet function to release insulin. type 1 - those cells are dead.,Can sulfonylureas be used in type 1 DM?

Front 439

Insulins

Back 439

amylin analongs(pramlintide).,What drugs can be used to treat type 1 AND 2 DM?

Front 440

allopurinol stops urate crystal collection -> no gout.

Back 440

What drug is used to prevent tumor lysis urate neuropathy?

Front 441

acute: NSAID

Back 441

indomethicin. Chronic: allopurinol, febuxostat, probenacid, colchicine,List acute and chronic gout drugs.

Front 442

used in chronic gout; inhibits reabsorption of uric acid in the proximal tubule; inhibits secretion of penicillin; do NOT use in renal dysfunction.

Back 442

probenacid(mechanism, use, tox)

Front 443

used in chronic gout

Back 443

inhibits xanthine oxidase.,febuxostat(use, mechanism)

Front 444

binds to G- cell membrane phospoholipids

Back 444

disrupting them; only works in g-; peripheral neuropathy, dizziness, nsytagmus, nephrotoxicity.,Polymixin B(mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 445

increase catecholamines at synaptic cleft

Back 445

especially NE + dopamine; ADHD, nacrolepsy, appetite control,Methylphenidate, destroamphetamine, methamphetamine(mechanism, use)

Front 446

this is vitamin K

Back 446

used in warfarin overdose,Phytonadione(use)

Front 447

folinic acid

Back 447

it is a metabolite of folic acid; given with methotrexate to replish the body's folate stores.,Leucovorin(use,mechanism)

Front 448

antidote to heparin overdose. Protamine is a postive ion that binds to negative heparin

Back 448

inactivating it.,Protamine sulfate (use, mechanism)

Front 449

When someone taking MAO inhibitors eats hard cheeses and drinks wine

Back 449

causing a crisis.,What is tyramine crisis caused by?

Front 450

it has a MUCH longer half life

Back 450

plus it is irrversible while phentolamine is reversible,Why is phenoxybenzamine prefered over phentolamine for presurgery pheochromocytoma surgery?

Front 451

It is broken down in the gut into an acid. This acid acts as both as osmotic (draws out some ascites) and also it gets rid of excess ammonia

Back 451

which is causing the encephalopathy.,Why is Lactulose fed to people with hepatic encephalopathy?

Front 452

Complement inhibitor

Back 452

used in Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria.,Eculizumab(mechanism, use)

Front 453

adenosine analog

Back 453

used in treatment of hairy cell leukemia,Cladribine(mechanism, use)

Front 454

Used in treating the M3

Back 454

promyelocytic subtype of AML.,Trans-retinoic acid(use)

Front 455

Yes

Back 455

they lower GFP by stopping efferent arteriole constrinction. Creatinine can increase up to 30% and should peak by 1 weak. This can be BAD in renal artery stenosis, where ACE II is what is keeping the kidney alive.,Is an increase in serum creatinine normal after starting ACE inhibitors?

Front 456

causes depolarization of cellular membrane; used in invasive MRSA; myopathy

Back 456

raised CPK, inactivated by pulmonary surfactant,Daptomycin(mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 457

chemoreceptor trigger zone (area postrema)

Back 457

the solitary nucleus, and in the presynpatic vagus nerve.,Ondansetron acts on 5HT3 receptors in what location, in order to decrease nausea?

Front 458

They cause constriction of the spinchter of oddi -> increased billiary pressures -> billiary colic.

Back 458

Why must mu agonists be avoided in suspected pancreatic or biliary pain?

Front 459

trimethoprim

Back 459

methotrexate, pyrimethamine.,What drugs inhibit dihydrofolate reductase?

Front 460

partial agonist for nicotinic aCh channels in CNS. fights with ciggeratte nicotine for channel. reduces nicotine withdrawl cravings while attenuating the rewarding effects.

Back 460

Varenicline(mechanism, use)

Front 461

antidepressants

Back 461

What class of drug can precipitate mania in those with bipolar disorder?

Front 462

Desmopression (sleep enuresis = bed wetting)

Back 462

What is the treatment for sleep enuresis?

Front 463

furosemide. TAL of Henlee absorbs the most NA here compared to where over diuretics work. will reduce edema quickly.

Back 463

In general, what is the best drug to use for edema of any kind?

Front 464

PTU does. Methimazole does NOT.

Back 464

Which drug used for hyperthyroidism decreases peripheral T3->T3 conversion?

Front 465

NO. G cells are under vagal influence but they do not use ACh as a neurotransmitter. Instead

Back 465

they use GRP.,Can atropine be used to block gastric secretions? why or why not?

Front 466

Inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase; used as an antidote to methanol or ethylene glycol poisoning.

Back 466

Fomepizole(mechanism, use)

Front 467

Inhibits acetaldehyde dehydrogenase

Back 467

makes acetaldehyde accumulate leading to hanger; used in alcohol abuse.,Disulfiram(mechanism, use)

Front 468

Benzoate or Phenylbutyrate will bind amino acids and lead to excretion.

Back 468

What can be given to those suffering from hyperammonia caused by a metabolic derangement?

Front 469

On first dose

Back 469

patient gets severe hypotension. Correct this by starting with a small dose.,What is first dose effect, typically seen in A1 blockers?

Front 470

Isosorbide mononitrate can be swallowed. It has an almost 100% biavailability that way. Others cannot due to first pass metabolism.

Back 470

Which nitrate can be given PO?

Front 471

Stops chemotaxis of neutrophils

Back 471

Colchine stops what specific cell to decrease gout symptoms?

Front 472

methlydopa

Back 472

What is the first line drug used to treat hypertension in pregnancy?

Front 473

All S. Aureus has Beta-lactamases. Naficillin fights this. But MRSA has this AND altered penicillin binding proteins

Back 473

which prevents Naficillin from working in MRSA.,Why is MRSA resistant to Naficillin but normal S. Aureus is not?

Front 474

antibody against F protein

Back 474

prevents pneumonia from RSV in infants,Palizumab(mechanism, use)

Front 475

IgG anti-RH antibodies. given to mom at 28 weeks and also at birth

Back 475

it sticks to the RH antigens in the MOM's blood, keeping her from developing antibodies.,Rhogam(mechanism, use)

Front 476

COMT blockers

Back 476

which increase DOPA levels; Both stop peripheral methylation and only Tolcapone stops central methylation; tolcapone causes hepatotoxicity,Entacapone, Tolcapone (mechanism, use, tox)

Front 477

Constipation

Back 477

What opioid effect is most resistant to tolerance?

Front 478

IL 2; used in RCC

Back 478

metastaic melanoma,Aldesleukin (mechanism, use)

Front 479

erythropoietin; anemias

Back 479

especially in renal failure,Epoetin Alfa(mechanism, use)

Front 480

Fil = GC-SF

Back 480

Sar = GM-CSF; both used in recovery of bone marrow, aplastic anemia,Filgrastim, Sargramostim (mechanism, use)

Front 481

hepatitis B and C

Back 481

Kaposi sarcoma, Leukemias, Malignany Melanoma,alpha-inerferon(use)

Front 482

Multiple sclerosis

Back 482

B-Interferon(use)

Front 483

Chronic Granulamatous disease

Back 483

gamma-interferon(use)

Front 484

IL-11; thrombocytopenia

Back 484

Oprelvekin(mechanism, use)

Front 485

thrombocytopenia

Back 485

thromopoietin(use)

Front 486

antibody to CD3; used in acute transplant rejection

Back 486

Muromonab-CD3 (mechanism, use)

Front 487

antibody to digoxin; used as antidote to digoxin intoxication

Back 487

Digoxin Immune Fab(mechanism, use)

Front 488

Recombinat version of Urate oxidase

Back 488

breaks uric acid down into allantoin; use in tumor lysis syndrome and gout,Rasburicase (mechanism, use)

Front 489

monoclonal anitbody that binds to RANKL and prevents its interaction with RANK

Back 489

inhibiting osteoclasts; decreases bone loss in bone mets,denosumab(mechanism, use)

Front 490

It's high water solubility. Things with a high lipid solubility (unconjugated bilirubin) tend to cross the placenta while things with high water solubility(conjugated bilirubin) tend to not. binds albumin = probably lipid soluble

Back 490

What keeps heparin from crossing the placental barrier?

Front 491

Used in transplant anti-rejected

Back 491

treatment of graft-vs-host disease, and psoriasis; binds calineurin on T cells, stopping IL2 from being expressed, lowering T cell response; nephtrotox and lymphomma risk,cyclosporine(mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 492

a retinoid that has immunomodulatory effects

Back 492

binds nuclear receptors; psorisias and acne; severe teratogen,Isotretinoin, tretinoin, Acitretin(mechanism,use,toxicity

Front 493

vitamin D analog; used in topical psoariasis treatment

Back 493

Calcipotrol(mechanism, use)

Front 494

Inhibits intestinal lipase

Back 494

decreasing fat absorption; used to treat obesity,Orlistat(mechanism, use)

Front 495

aspirin. Niacin increases prostaglandin D2. release. asprin blocks this release = lower flushing

Back 495

giving what drug 30 minutes before Niacin can help reduce flushing?

Front 496

Prevent growth of intima by inhibiting cellular growth = no restenosis

Back 496

Paclitaxil or sirolimus are commonly used in cardiac stents. why?

Front 497

IV magnesium sulfate for seizures

Back 497

What is the drug used for Pre-eclampsi and ecplamsia?

Front 498

Protease inhibitor

Back 498

proteases are overactive in some cancers and can destroy pro-apototic proteins; used in multiple myeloma; peripheral neuropathy,Bortezomib(mechanism,use, toxicity)

Front 499

Nitroprusside degrades into cyanide. Give thiosulfide to inactivate.

Back 499

What causes nitroprusside toxicity? What is the antidote?

Front 500

blocks NMDA-type glutamate receptors; used in alzheimers; confusion

Back 500

Memantine(mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 501

Vitamin E (generic name is alpha-tocopherol)

Back 501

What vitamin is used in alzheimer's treatment?

Front 502

Lipid solubility = potency (MAC). Blood solubility = speed of induction.

Back 502

In gas anesthesias, what is the lipid solubility and the blood solubility?

Front 503

topical vitamin D analogs

Back 503

activate nuclear receptors that inhibit keratinocyte proliferation and enhance keratinocyte differentiation; psoriasis,Calcitrol, calcipotriene, tacalcitol (mechanism, use)

Front 504

monoclocal antibody that binds IL-12 and IL-12 thus inhibiting activation of Th1 cd4+ t cells; used in psoriasis

Back 504

Usetekinumab(mechanism, use)

Front 505

MAO-inhbitors (phenelzine) inactive the MAO-I enzymes. It takes 2 weeks for them to get re-synthesized. If both SSRI and MAO-I are active at the same time

Back 505

serotonin syndrome could occur,Why is it required to wait 14 days after stoping a MAO-i before starting an SSRI?

Front 506

from leeches

Back 506

inhibit thrombin; used as an alternative to heparin in HIT.,Lepirudin, Bivalirudin (mechanism, use)

Front 507

are D2 agonists that DON'T need to be activated like l-dopa does; used in parkinsons and restless leg syndrome

Back 507

Ropinirole, Pramipexole (mechanism, use)

Front 508

indirect and direct D agonist

Back 508

also some anticholingergic functions which reduces tremors,what are the uses of amantidine for parkinsons?

Front 509

sodium metabisulite

Back 509

found as a food additive and sanitizer,What compound can cause sickling of sickle cell trait RBC's?

Front 510

They act on D4 instead of D2 receptors -> no risk of tardive dyskinesia or parkinson's like symptoms

Back 510

How do atypical antipsychotics avoid causing parkinson's symptoms and tardive dyskinesia?

Front 511

Celecoxib. It only impairs COX2. COX1 is predominate in platlets.

Back 511

Which anti-inflammatories will not impair platlet aggregation? why?

Front 512

binds alpha-4 integrin

Back 512

which blocks movement of WBC into orgrans;used in crohns and MS; can cause PML and hepatotoxicity.,Natalizumab(mechanism, use, toxicity)

Front 513

Anti-muscarinics (Benzotropine). Giving dopamine agonists would exacerbate psychosis.

Back 513

What drugs are preferred in medication induced parkinson's treatment? why?

Front 514

induction = lower solubility in blood

Back 514

quicker induction. potency = higher with higher lipid solubility =1/MAC.,What defines induction and potency in gas anesthetics?

Front 515

Nitrates (mechanism

Back 515

use, toxicity),Cause NO release -> vasodilation (veins >>> arteries); used in angina; fast tolerance, hypotension, flushing, headache Pharmacology Cardio

Front 516

Adverse effects of statins

Back 516

Hepatoxicity and muscle breakdown Pharmacology Cardio

Front 517

Niacin (mechanism

Back 517

use, toxicity),Inhibits lipolysis and reduces VLDL secretion, lowering LDL and raising HDL; hyperlipidemia; flushing and hyperuricemia Pharmacology Cardio

Front 518

Cholestyramine

Back 518

colestipol, colesevelam (mechanism, use, toxicity),Inhibits reabsorption of bile acids -> lower LDL with slight increase in HDL; unpigmented gallbladder stones and malabsorption Pharmacology Cardio

Front 519

Ezetimibe

Back 519

Prevents cholesterol reabsorption -> lower LDL Pharmacology Cardio

Front 520

Fibrates (gemfibrozil + -fibrates) (mechanism

Back 520

use, toxicity),Upregulates LPL -> lower triglycerides, slightly inc. HDL and slightly dec. LDL; myositis and hepatoxicity Pharmacology Cardio

Front 521

Digoxin and digitoxin (mechanism

Back 521

use, toxicity),Inhibits Na/K ATPase -> indirectly inhibits Na/Ca exchanger -> inc. calcium levels -> inc. contractility; stimulates the vagus; causes cholinergic symptoms and hyperkalemia Pharmacology Cardio

Front 522

Class 1A antiarrhythmics

Back 522

Quinidine, procainamide, and disopyramide; inc. AP duration and QT interval; can cause torsades de pointes, cinchonism (qunidine), procainamide (drug-induced lupus) Pharmacology Cardio

Front 523

Class 1B antiarrhythmics

Back 523

Lidocaine, mexiletine, and tocainide; dec. AP duration especially in depolarized/ischemia tissue; best following MI Pharmacology Cardio

Front 524

Class 1C antiarrhythmics

Back 524

Flecainide, propafenone; no effect on AP, used in ventricular tachycardias; do not use post-MI due to risk for arrhythmias Pharmacology Cardio

Front 525

Class 1 antiarrhythmics (general mechanism and toxicity)

Back 525

Blocks Na channels, decreasing the slope of phase 0 depolarization; toxicity exacerbated by hyperkalemia Pharmacology Cardio

Front 526

Class 2 antiarrhythmics

Back 526

Beta-blockers; reduces cAMP, slowing SA and AV node activity, increases PR interval; adverse effects include impotence, asthma exacerbation, sedation Pharmacology Cardio

Front 527

Class 3 antiarrhythmics

Back 527

Amiodarone, ibutilide, dofetilide, sotalol; K channel blockers; inc. AP duration and QT interval Pharmacology Cardio

Front 528

Toxicity of amiodarone

Back 528

Pulmonary fibrosis, hepatotoxicity, thyroid dysfunction Pharmacology Cardio

Front 529

Class 4 antiarrhythmics

Back 529

Ca channel blockers; verapamil and diltiazem; dec. conduction velocity and inc. PR interval; cause constipation, flushing, and edema Pharmacology Cardio

Front 530

Adeosine (mechanism

Back 530

use, toxicity),Inc. K efflux, hyperpolarizing the cell; used in supraventricular tachycardias; can cause flushing, hypotension, and chest pain Pharmacology Cardio

Front 531

Magnseium (mechanism

Back 531

use, toxicity),Used in torsades de pointes and digoxin toxicity Pharmacology Cardio

Front 532

Treatment for prolactinoma

Back 532

Bromocriptine or cabergoline (dopamine agonists) Pharmacology Endocrine

Front 533

Treatment of secondary hyperaldosteronism

Back 533

Spironolactone (or other AT2 antagonist) Pharmacology Endocrine

Front 534

Treatment of carcinoid syndrome

Back 534

Octreotide (somatostatin analogues) Pharmacology Endocrine

Front 535

Rapid-acting insulins (3)

Back 535

Lispro, aspart, and glulisine Pharmacology Endocrine

Front 536

Short-acting insulin (1)

Back 536

Regular Pharmacology Endocrine

Front 537

Intermediate-acting insulin (1)

Back 537

NPH Pharmacology Endocrine

Front 538

Long-acting insulins (2)

Back 538

Glargine and detemir Pharmacology Endocrine

Front 539

Metformin (mechanism

Back 539

use, toxicity),Biguanide; unknown mechanism; increases insulin sensitivity and glycolysis and decreases gluconeogenesis; can cause lactic acidosis (don't use in renal failure patients) Pharmacology Endocrine

Front 540

Tolbutamide

Back 540

chlorpropamide (mechanism, use, toxicity),First-generation sulfonylureas; close beta-cell K channels, causing depolarization and increased insulin release; causes disulfuram-like effects Pharmacology Endocrine

Front 541

Glyburide

Back 541

glimepiride, glipizide (mechanism, use, toxicity),Second-generation sulfonylureas; close beta-cell K channels, causing depolarization and increased insulin release; causes hypoglycemia Pharmacology Endocrine

Front 542

Pioglitazone

Back 542

rosiglitazone (mechanism, use, toxicity),Thiazolidinediones; activates PPAR-gamma, increasing insulin sensitivity and adiponectin levels; causes weight gain, hepatotoxicity, and heart failure Pharmacology Endocrine

Front 543

Acarbose

Back 543

miglitol (mechanism, use, toxicity),Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors; prevent sugar hydrolysis and absorption, reducing blood sugar levels Pharmacology Endocrine

Front 544

Pramlintide (mechanism

Back 544

use, toxicity),Amylin analog; reduces glucagon secretion; causes hypoglycemia Pharmacology Endocrine

Front 545

Exenatide

Back 545

liraglutide (mechanism, use, toxicity),GLP-1 analogues; increase insulin, decrease glucagon secretion; causes pancreatitis Pharmacology Endocrine

Front 546

Linagliptin

Back 546

saxagliptin, sitagliptin (mechanism, use, toxicity),DPP-4 inhibitors; increase insulin, decrease glucagon secretion; causes mild urinary/respiratory infections Pharmacology Endocrine

Front 547

Propylthiouracil (mechanism

Back 547

use, toxicity),Blocks thyroid peroxidase and 5'-deiodinase; used to treat hyperthyroidism; causes agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia, hepatotoxicity Pharmacology Endocrine

Front 548

Methimazole (mechanism

Back 548

use, toxicity),Blocks thyroid peroxidase; used to treat hyperthyrodism; teratogenic Pharmacology Endocrine

Front 549

Levothyroxine

Back 549

triiodothyronine (mechanism, use, toxicity),Thyroid hormone analogs; causes thyrotoxicosis Pharmacology Endocrine

Front 550

Oxytocin (mechanism

Back 550

use, toxicity),Used to control uterine hemhorrage Pharmacology Endocrine

Front 551

Demeclocycline (mechanism

Back 551

use, toxicity),ADH antagonist used to treat SIADH; can cause photosensitivty and bone/teeth abnormalities Pharmacology Endocrine

Front 552

Glucocorticoids (mechanism

Back 552

use, toxicity),Inhibits phospholipase A2 activity and expression of COX-2; used for immune suppression; can cause Cushing's syndrome, adrenal insufficiency (if withdrawn quickly) Pharmacology Endocrine

Front 553

Cimetidine and ranitidine (mechanism

Back 553

use, toxicity),H2 antagonists; used to treat hyperchloridia; cimeditine is a P-450 inhibitor and has antiandrogenic effects, both reduce creatinine secretion Pharmacology GI

Front 554

-prazoles (mechanism

Back 554

use, toxicity),Irreversibly inhibit the H/K pump; used to treat hyperchloridia; increased risk of C. difficile infection and hypomagnesemia Pharmacology GI

Front 555

Bismuth

Back 555

sucralfate (mechanism, use, toxicity),Coats ulcer base and protects underlying tissue Pharmacology GI

Front 556

Misoprostol (mechanism

Back 556

use, toxicity),PGE1 analog that decreases acid production and increases bicarb production; used to prevent NSAID ulcers; abortifacient Pharmacology GI

Front 557

Octreotide (mechanism

Back 557

use, toxicity),Somatostatin analog; used to treat VIPoma and carcinoid syndrome Pharmacology GI

Front 558

Toxicity of long-term antacid use

Back 558

Hypokalemia Pharmacology GI

Front 559

Infliximab (mechanism

Back 559

use, toxicity),Anti-TNF; used to treat IBD and RA; can cause activation of latent microbes Pharmacology GI

Front 560

Sulfasalazine (mechanism

Back 560

use, toxicity),Combination of sulfapyridine (antibacterial) and 5-aminosalicylic acid (anti-inflammatory); used to treat IBD; causes oligospermia Pharmacology GI

Front 561

Ondansetron (mechanism

Back 561

use, toxicity),5-HT3 antagonist; used as an antiemetic Pharmacology GI

Front 562

Metoclopramide (mechanism

Back 562

use, toxicity),D2 antagonist; used to increase gut muscle activity and as an antiemetic; causes parkinson signs Pharmacology GI

Front 563

Can be used to prevent mast cell degranulation

Back 563

Cromolyn sodium Pharmacology Heme/Onc

Front 564

Treatment of lead poisoning

Back 564

Dimercaprol and EDTA, succimer in kids Pharmacology Heme/Onc

Front 565

Heparin (mechanism

Back 565

use, toxicity),Activates antithrombin, which inactivates thrombin and Xa; used for immediate coagulation and in pregnant women; some patients develop antibodies to platelet factor 4 (HIT) Pharmacology Heme/Onc

Front 566

Enoxaparin

Back 566

dalteparin (mechanism, use, toxicity),Same actions as heparin, but has a longer half-life, does not have to be monitored as closely, and has a reduced risk of HIT Pharmacology Heme/Onc

Front 567

Warfarin (mechanism

Back 567

use, toxicity),Inactivated gamma-carboxylation of factors II, VII, IX, X, C, and S; used for long-term and non-immediate anticoagulation; can cause tissue necrosis, teratogenic Pharmacology Heme/Onc

Front 568

Alteplase

Back 568

reteplase, tenecteplase (mechanism, use, toxicity),Converts plasminogen to plasmin; used as a thrombolytic Pharmacology Heme/Onc

Front 569

Aspirin (mechanism

Back 569

use, toxicity),Irreversibly inhibits COX-1 and COX-2; anti-platelet and anti-inflammatory; gastric ulcers, tinnitus, Reye's syndrome in childhood viral infections Pharmacology Heme/Onc

Front 570

Clopidogrel

Back 570

ticlodipine, prasugrel, ticagrelor (mechanism, use, toxicity),Irreversibly blocks ADP receptors on platelets, preventing degranulation; used for acure coronary syndrome; ticlodipine causes neutropenia Pharmacology Heme/Onc

Front 571

Cilostazol

Back 571

dipyridamole (mechanism, use, toxicity),Phosphodiesterase inhibitor, increases cAMP and decreases ADP, preventing platelet degranulation; nausea, headache, facial flushing, hypotension Pharmacology Heme/Onc

Front 572

Abciximab

Back 572

eptifibatide, tirofiban (mechanism, use, toxicity),GPIIb/IIIa inhibitors, preventing platelet aggregation; bleeding, thrombocytopenia Pharmacology Heme/Onc

Front 573

Methotrexate (mechanism

Back 573

use, toxicity),Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting DNA synthesis; myelosuppression, macrovesicular fatty change in liver Pharmacology Heme/Onc

Front 574

5-fluorouracil (mechanism

Back 574

use, toxicity),Pyrimidine analog that is activated and inhibits thymidylate synthase, inhibiting DNA synthesis; myelosuppression, photosensitivity Pharmacology Heme/Onc

Front 575

Cytarabine (mechanism

Back 575

use, toxicity),Pyrimidine analog that inhibits DNA polymerase; leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, megaloblastic anemia Pharmacology Heme/Onc

Front 576

Azathioprine

Back 576

6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine (mechanism, use, toxicity),Purine analogs that are activated by HGPRT and inhibit purine synthesis; toxicity is increased with allopurinol, causes bone marrow, GI, and liver toxicity Pharmacology Heme/Onc

Front 577

Dactinomycin (actinomycin D) (mechanism

Back 577

use, toxicity),DNA intercalator; used for childhood tumors; myelosuppression Pharmacology Heme/Onc

Front 578

Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)

Back 578

daunorubicin (mechanism, use, toxicity),Generates free radicals that cause DNA strand breaks; dilated cardiomyopathy, myelosuppression, alopecia Pharmacology Heme/Onc

Front 579

Bleomycin (mechanism

Back 579

use, toxicity),Generates free radicals that cause DNA strand breaks; pulmonary fibrosis with minimal myelosuppression Pharmacology Heme/Onc

Front 580

Cyclophosphamide

Back 580

ifosfamide (mechanism, use, toxicity),Crosslinks DNA (must be activated by liver); myelosuppression, hemhorragic cystitis (can be minimized with mesna) Pharmacology Heme/Onc

Front 581

Carmustine

Back 581

lomustine, semustine, streptozocin (mechanism, use, toxicity),Used to treat CNS tumors Pharmacology Heme/Onc

Front 582

Busulfan (mechanism

Back 582

use, toxicity),Alkylates DNA; pulmonary fibrosis, hyperpigmentation Pharmacology Heme/Onc

Front 583

Vincristine

Back 583

vinblastine (mechanism, use, toxicity),Block microtubule polymerization; vincristine causes neurotoxicity, vinblastine causes bone marro suppression Pharmacology Heme/Onc

Front 584

Paclitaxel (mechanism

Back 584

use, toxicity),Blocks microtubule breakdown; myelosuppression Pharmacology Heme/Onc

Front 585

Cisplatin

Back 585

carboplatin (mechanism, use, toxicity),Crosslinks DNA; nephrotoxicity (minimize with chloride diuresis, amifostine), acoustic n. damage Pharmacology Heme/Onc

Front 586

Etoposide

Back 586

teniposide (mechanism, use, toxicity),Inhibits topoisomerase II; myelosuppression, GI upset, alopecia Pharmacology Heme/Onc

Front 587

Hydroxyurea (mechanism

Back 587

use, toxicity),Inhibits ribonucleotide reductase; used in cancers and HbSS disease; bone marrow suppression Pharmacology Heme/Onc

Front 588

Prednisone (mechanism

Back 588

use, toxicity),Unknown but may trigger apoptosis in dividing cells; Cushingoid symptoms Pharmacology Heme/Onc

Front 589

Tamoxifen

Back 589

raloxifene (mechanism, use, toxicity),Prevents estrogen receptor binding; used in breast cancer and prevention of osteoporosis; tamoxifen increases the risk of endometrial cancer due to agonist effects Pharmacology Heme/Onc

Front 590

Trastuzumab (mechanism

Back 590

use, toxicity),Antibody against HER-2 receptor; cardiotoxicity Pharmacology Heme/Onc

Front 591

Imatinib (mechanism

Back 591

use, toxicity),Antibody against bcr-abl tyrosine kinase Pharmacology Heme/Onc

Front 592

Rituximab (mechanism

Back 592

use, toxicity),Antibody against CD20; used to treat non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and rheumatoid arthritis Pharmacology Heme/Onc

Front 593

Vemurafenib (mechanism

Back 593

use, toxicity),B-raf kinase inhibitor (V600 mutation); used in metastatic melanoma Pharmacology Heme/Onc

Front 594

Bevacizumab (mechanism

Back 594

use, toxicity),Antibody against VEGF Pharmacology Heme/Onc

Front 595

Ibuprofen

Back 595

naproxen, indomethacin, ketorolac, diclofenac (mechanism, use, toxicity),Reversible COX inhibitor; gastric ulcers, renal ischemia (due to constriction of afferent arteriole) Pharmacology Musculoskeletal

Front 596

Celecoxib (mechanism

Back 596

use, toxicity),Reversible COX-2 inhibitor; anti-inflammatory without damage to gastric mucosa; sulfa allergy, thrombosis Pharmacology Musculoskeletal

Front 597

Acetominophen (mechanism

Back 597

use, toxicity),COX inhibitor in the CNS (not anti-inflammatory); causes hepatic necrosis Pharmacology Musculoskeletal

Front 598

Alendronate (mechanism

Back 598

use, toxicity),Pyrophosphate analog that inhibits osteoclasts; used to treat osteoporosis, hypercalcemia, and Paget's disease; corrosive esophagitis Pharmacology Musculoskeletal

Front 599

Allopurinol (mechanism

Back 599

use, toxicity),Xanthine oxidase inhibitor, reduces production of uric acid Pharmacology Musculoskeletal

Front 600

Febuxostat (mechanism

Back 600

use, toxicity),Xanthine oxidase inhibitor Pharmacology Musculoskeletal

Front 601

Probenecid (mechanism

Back 601

use, toxicity),Inhibits reabsorption of uric acid in PCT Pharmacology Musculoskeletal

Front 602

Colchine (mechanism

Back 602

use, toxicity),Inhibits microtubule polymerization, preventing neutrophil extravasation Pharmacology Musculoskeletal

Front 603

Etanercept (mechanism

Back 603

use, toxicity),TNF-alpha receptor that binds free TNF-alpha Pharmacology Musculoskeletal

Front 604

Infliximab

Back 604

adalimumab (mechanism, use, toxicity),Anti-TNF-alpha antibody Pharmacology Musculoskeletal

Front 605

Latanoprost (mechanism

Back 605

use, toxicity),PGF2 analog that increases the outflow of aqueous humor; can cause darkening of the iris Pharmacology Neurology

Front 606

Morphine

Back 606

fentanyl, cofeine, heroin, methadone, meperidine, dextromethorphan, diphenoxylate (mechanism, use, toxicity),Mu opioid agonists that open K channels and close Ca channels, inhibting synaptic transmission; addiction, respiratory depression, constipation, miosis Pharmacology Neurology

Front 607

Butorphanol (mechanism

Back 607

use, toxicity),Mu opioid partial agonist; used to treat severe pain; causes withdrawal if being treated with full agonist Pharmacology Neurology

Front 608

Tramadol (mechanism

Back 608

use, toxicity),Weak opioid agonist that inhibits serotonin and NE reuptake; increases risk for seizures Pharmacology Neurology

Front 609

First-line therapy for simple partial seizures

Back 609

Carbamazepine Pharmacology Neurology

Front 610

First-line therapy for complex partial seizures

Back 610

Carbamazepine Pharmacology Neurology

Front 611

First-line therapies for tonic-clonic seizures (3)

Back 611

Carbamazepine, phenytoin, valproate Pharmacology Neurology

Front 612

First-line therapy for absence seizures

Back 612

Ethosuximide Pharmacology Neurology

Front 613

Phenytoin (mechanism

Back 613

use, toxicity),Increases Na channel inactivation and inhibits glutamate release; used for simple, complex, and tonic-clonic seizures and status epilecticus prophylaxis; nystagmus, gingival hyperplasia, hirsutism, megaloblastic anemia, teratogenic, drug-induced lupus, P450 inducer Pharmacology Neurology

Front 614

Carbamazepine (mechanism

Back 614

use, toxicity),Increases Na channel inactivation; first-line for simple, complex, and tonic-clonic seizures and trigeminal neuralgia; agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia, P450 inducer, SIADH, liver toxicity Pharmacology Neurology

Front 615

Lamotrigine (mechanism

Back 615

use, toxicity),Blocks Na channels; used for simple, complex, and tonic-clonic seizures; Steven-Johnson syndrome Pharmacology Neurology

Front 616

Gabapentin (mechanism

Back 616

use, toxicity),Inhibits Ca channels; used for simple, complex, and tonic-clonic seizures, migraine prophylaxis, peripheral neuropathy, bipolar disorder; ataxia Pharmacology Neurology

Front 617

Topiramate (mechanism

Back 617

use, toxicity),Blocks Na channels and increases GABA secretion; used for simple, complex, and tonic-clonic seizures and migraine prevention; mental dulling, kidney stones, weight loss Pharmacology Neurology

Front 618

Phenobarbital (mechanism

Back 618

use, toxicity),Increases GABA channel action; first-line for simple, complex, and tonic-clonic seizures in children; P450 inducer Pharmacology Neurology

Front 619

Valproate (mechanism

Back 619

use, toxicity),Increases Na channel inactivation and increases GABA levels; first-line for tonic-clonic seizures, used for simplex, complex, tonic-clonic, and myoclonic seizures; hepatotoxicity, neural tube defects, weight gain, tremor Pharmacology Neurology

Front 620

Ethosuximide (mechanism

Back 620

use, toxicity),Blocks thalamic Ca channels; first-line for absence seizures; GI distress, Steven-Johnson syndrome Pharmacology Neurology

Front 621

Benzodiazepines (mechanism

Back 621

use, toxicity),Increases frequency of GABA channel opening; first-line for status epilepticus (diazepam, lorazepam), used for eclampsia seizures (diazepam, lorazepam), anxiety, alcohol withdrawl, sleep walking, night terrors; sedation Pharmacology Neurology

Front 622

Tiagabine (mechanism

Back 622

use, toxicity),Inhibits GABA reuptake; used for simple and complex seizures Pharmacology Neurology

Front 623

Vigabatrin (mechanism

Back 623

use, toxicity),Irreversibly inhibits GABA transaminase, increasing GABA concentration; used for simple and complex seizures Pharmacology Neurology

Front 624

Levetriacetam (mechanism

Back 624

use, toxicity),Unknown mechanism; used for simple, complex, and tonic-clonic seizures Pharmacology Neurology

Front 625

Phenobarbital

Back 625

pentobarbial, thiopental, secobarbital (mechanism, use, toxicity),Increase duration of GABA channel opening; induction of anesthesia, sedative; CNS depression, P450 inducer, contraindicated in patients with porphyrias Pharmacology Neurology

Front 626

Triazolam

Back 626

oxazepam, midazolam (mechanism, use, toxicity),Short-acting benzodiazepines; more addictive potential Pharmacology Neurology

Front 627

Barbituates vs. benzodiazepines (mechanism)

Back 627

Increase duration vs. increase frequency Pharmacology Neurology

Front 628

Zolpidem

Back 628

zaleplon, eszopiclone (mechanism, use, toxicity),BZ1 subtype GABA channel agonists; used to treat insomnia Pharmacology Neurology

Front 629

Ketamine (mechanism

Back 629

use, toxicity),Blocks NMDA receptor; used as an anesthetic; increases cardiac activity, hallucinations, bad dreams Pharmacology Neurology

Front 630

Order of sensory loss when using local anesthetics

Back 630

Pain -> temperature -> touch -> pressure Pharmacology Neurology

Front 631

Succinylcholine (mechanism

Back 631

use, toxicity),ACh receptor agonist, produces sustained depolarization and desensitization; used as a paralytic; hypercalcemia, hyperkalemia, malignant hyperthermia Pharmacology Neurology

Front 632

Tubocurarine

Back 632

-curium drugs (mechanism, use, toxicity),ACh antagonists; used as paralytics Pharmacology Neurology

Front 633

Dantrolene (mechanism

Back 633

use, toxicity),Inhibits release of Ca from sarcoplasmic reticulum and skeletal muscle; used to treat malignant hyperthermia and neuroleptic-malignant syndrome Pharmacology Neurology

Front 634

Levodopa/carbidopa (mechanism

Back 634

use, toxicity),Converted to dopamine by dopa decarboxylase in CNS/inhibits peripheral dopa decarboxylase activity; used to treat parkinson symptoms; can cause arrhythmias and "on/off" phenomenon Pharmacology Neurology

Front 635

Selegiline (mechanism

Back 635

use, toxicity),MAO-B (prefers dopamine for breakdown) inhibitor, inhibits dopamine breakdown; used to treat parkinson symptoms; enhances adverse effects of levodopa Pharmacology Neurology

Front 636

Donepezil

Back 636

galantamine, rivastigmine (mechanism, use, toxicity),ACh esterase inhibitors; used to treat Alzheimer's disease; cholinergic symptoms Pharmacology Neurology

Front 637

Sumatriptan (mechanism

Back 637

use, toxicity),Agonist at 1B/1D serotonin receptors; used to treat acute migraines and cluster headaches; coronary vasospasm Pharmacology Neurology

Front 638

Trifluoperzine

Back 638

fluphenazine, haloperidol (mechanism, use, toxicity),High potency antipsychotics that antagonize D2 receptors; used to treat schizoprehnia, psychosis, mania, and Tourette's; hyperprolactinemia, anti-cholinergic symptoms (dry mouth, constipation), extrapyramidal effects (dyskinesia), neuroleptic malignany syndrome, tardive dyskinesia (haloperidol) Pharmacology Psychiatry

Front 639

Chlorpromazine

Back 639

thioridazine (mechanism, use, toxicity),Low potency antipsychotics that antagonize D2 receptors; used to treat schizophrenia, psychosis, mania, and Tourette's; corneal deposits (chlorpromazine), retinal desporits (thioridazine) Pharmacology Psychiatry

Front 640

Olanzapine

Back 640

clozapine, quetiapine, risperidone, aripripazole, ziprasidone (mechanism, use, toxicity),Atypical antipsychotics with unknown mechnism; used for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, OCD, and others; weight gain (olanzapine, clozapine), agranulocytosis (clozapine), seizures (clozapine), prolonged QT (ziprasidone) Pharmacology Psychiatry

Front 641

Lithium (mechanism

Back 641

use, toxicity),Unknown mechanism; used for bipolar disorder and SIADH; tremor, sedation, edema, hypothyroidism, polyuria Pharmacology Psychiatry

Front 642

Buspirone (mechanism

Back 642

use, toxicity),Agonizes 1A serotonin receptors; used for generalized anxiety disorder; no side effects, but takes 1-2 weeks for improvement Pharmacology Psychiatry

Front 643

Fluoxetine

Back 643

paroxetine, sertraline, citalopram (mechanism, use, toxicity),Block reuptake of serotonin from the synaptic cleft; depression and others; sexual dysfunction, sertonin syndrome (hyperthermia, myoclonus, flushing, diarrhea, seizures) Pharmacology Psychiatry

Front 644

Venlafaxine

Back 644

duloxetine (mechanism, use, toxicity),Block reuptake of NE and serotonin from synaptic cleft; depression, diabetic neuropathy (duloxetine); hypertension Pharmacology Psychiatry

Front 645

-iptyline

Back 645

-ipramine, doxepin, amoxapine (mechanism, use, toxicity),TCAs, block reuptake of NE and serotonin; depression, bewetting (imipramine), OCD (clomipramine); convulsions, coma, arrhythmias, sedation, hypotension, anti-cholinergic effects Pharmacology Psychiatry

Front 646

Tranylcypromine

Back 646

phenelzine, isocarboxazid, selegiline (mechanism, use, toxicity),Inhibit breakdown of NE, serotonin, and dopamine; used for atypical depression, anxiety, and hypochondriasis; hypertensive crisis (tyramine in wine/cheese), don't use with other serotonin agonists Pharmacology Psychiatry

Front 647

Bupropion (mechanism

Back 647

use, toxicity),Increases NE and dopamine; used for smoking sensation, depression; seizures Pharmacology Psychiatry

Front 648

Mirtazapine (mechanism

Back 648

use, toxicity),Alpha-2 antagonist, increases NE and serotonin release, and serotonin receptor agonist; used for depression; sedation, increased appetite with weight gain; Pharmacology Psychiatry

Front 649

Maprotiline (mechanism

Back 649

use, toxicity),Blocks NE reuptake; used for depression; sedation, hypotension Pharmacology Psychiatry

Front 650

Trazodone (mechanism

Back 650

use, toxicity),Inhibits serotonin uptake; used for insomnia; pripism Pharmacology Psychiatry

Front 651

Mannitol (mechanism

Back 651

use, toxicity),Osmotic diuretic; used to treat drug overdose and increased ICP; pulmonary edema, CHF Pharmacology Renal

Front 652

Acetazolamide (mechanism

Back 652

use, toxicity),Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; used for glaucoma, metabolic alklalosis; hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, ammonia toxicity, sulfa allergy Pharmacology Renal

Front 653

Furosemide (mechanism

Back 653

use, toxicity),Inhibits NKCC channel, preventing urine concentration; used in hypertension, CHF, hypercalcemia; ototoxicity, hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, nephritis, gout, sulfa allergy Pharmacology Renal

Front 654

Ethacrynic acid (mechanism

Back 654

use, toxicity),Inhibits NKCC channel; used in patients with furosemide (sulfa) allergy; hyperuricemia Pharmacology Renal

Front 655

Hydrochlorothiazide (mechanism

Back 655

use, toxicity),Inhibits NaCl reabsorption in DCT and increases Ca reabsorption; hypertension and hypercalcinuria; hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia, hypercalcemia, sulfa allergy Pharmacology Renal

Front 656

Spironolactone

Back 656

eplerenone (mechanism, use, toxicity),Aldosterone receptor antagonists; hyperaldosteronism, CHF, hypokalemia; hyperkalemia (arrhythmias), antiandrogen effects with spironolactone Pharmacology Renal

Front 657

Triamterene

Back 657

amiloride (mechanism, use, toxicity),Block sodium channels in cortical collecting duct; hyperaldosteronism, CHF Pharmacology Renal

Front 658

Captopril

Back 658

enalapril, lisinopril (mechanism, use, toxicity),ACE inhibitor, leads to reduced angiotensin II levels and decreases GFR; prevents heart remodeling, hypertension, CHF; cough, angioedema, transient creatinine increase, hyperkalemia Pharmacology Renal

Front 659

Losartan

Back 659

valsartan (mechanism, use, toxicity),Angiotensin II receptor antagonists; similar to ACE inhibitors, but do not cause cough due to normal metabolism of bradykinin Pharmacology Renal

Front 660

Leuprolide (mechanism

Back 660

use, toxicity),GnRH analog that acts as an agonist in pulsatile doses and an antagonist in continuous doses; used as an agonist for infertility and an antagonist for prostate cancer, fibroids, and precocious puberty; antiandrogenic Pharmacology Reproductive

Front 661

Finasteride (mechanism

Back 661

use, toxicity),5-alpha reductase inhibitor; used for BPH and male-pattern baldness Pharmacology Reproductive

Front 662

Flutamide (mechanism

Back 662

use, toxicity),Testosterone receptor antagonist; used in prostate cancer Pharmacology Reproductive

Front 663

Ketoconazole (mechanism

Back 663

use, toxicity),Inhibits 17,20-desmolase, stopping sex steroid synthesis; used to treat polycystic ovarian syndrome Pharmacology Reproductive

Front 664

Clomiphene (mechanism

Back 664

use, toxicity),Partial estrogen agonist in the hypothalamus, increases release of LH and FSH, stimulating ovulation; used for infertility and PCOS Pharmacology Reproductive

Front 665

Tamoxifen (mechanism

Back 665

use, toxicity),Estrogen receptor antagonist at the breast; used for breast cancer; partial agonist at the uterus, can cause endometrial hyperplasia Pharmacology Reproductive

Front 666

Raloxifene (mechanism

Back 666

use, toxicity),Estrogen receptor agonist at bone, inhibits osteoclast activity and stimulates osteoblast activity; used to treat osteoporosis Pharmacology Reproductive

Front 667

Anastrozole

Back 667

exemestane (mechanism, use, toxicity),Aromatase inhibitors; used in breast cancer Pharmacology Reproductive

Front 668

Mifepristone (mechanism

Back 668

use, toxicity),Progesterone receptor antagonist, given with misoprostol for abortion; abortifacient; bleeding, abdominal pain Pharmacology Reproductive

Front 669

Terbutaline (mechanism

Back 669

use, toxicity),Beta-2 agonist, inhibits uterine contractions Pharmacology Reproductive

Front 670

Tamsulosin (mechanism

Back 670

use, toxicity),Alpha-1 antagonist; used to treat BPH Pharmacology Reproductive

Front 671

Sildenafil

Back 671

vardenafil (mechanism, use, toxicity),Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors, causing inc. cGMP levels and smooth muscle relaxation; used in erectile dysfunction; impaired blue-green vision, contradindicated with nitrates Pharmacology Reproductive

Front 672

Danazol (mechanism

Back 672

use, toxicity),Partial androgen receptor agonist; used to treat endometriosis and hereditary angioedema; weight gain, acne, hirsutism, low HDL, hepatoxicity Pharmacology Reproductive

Front 673

Treat methemoglobinemia with

Back 673

Methylene blue Pharmacology Respiratory

Front 674

Diphenhydramine

Back 674

dimenhydrinate, chlorpheniramine (mechanism, use, toxicity),(First generation) H1 antagonists; used in allergies, motion sickness, insomnia; sedation, antiadrenergic, antiserotonergic, and antimuscarinic effects due to CNS penetration Pharmacology Respiratory

Front 675

Loratadine

Back 675

fexofenadine, desloratadine, cetrizine (mechanism, use, toxicity),H1 antagonists; used in allergies; less fatigue than other antihistamines due to decreased CNS penetration Pharmacology Respiratory

Front 676

Albuterol (mechanism

Back 676

use, toxicity),Short-acting beta-2 agonist; asthma Pharmacology Respiratory

Front 677

Salmeterol

Back 677

formoterol (mechanism, use, toxicity),Long-acting beta-2 agonist; asthma; tremor, arrhythmias Pharmacology Respiratory

Front 678

Theophylline (mechanism

Back 678

use, toxicity),Phosphodiesterase inhibitor, increases cAMP and causes bronchodilation; asthma; cardiotoxicity, neurotoxicity Pharmacology Respiratory

Front 679

Ipratropium (mechanism

Back 679

use, toxicity),Muscarinic antagonist, prevents bronchoconstriction; asthma and COPD Pharmacology Respiratory

Front 680

Beclomethasone

Back 680

fluticasone (mechanism, use, toxicity),Inhibit cytokine synthesis, reducing inflammation due to asthma Pharmacology Respiratory

Front 681

Montelukast

Back 681

zafirlukast (mechanism, use, toxicity),Leukotriene receptor antagonists; especially useful in aspirin-induced asthma Pharmacology Respiratory

Front 682

Zileuton (mechanism

Back 682

use, toxicity),Inhibits activity of 5-lipoxygenase, inhibiting leukotriene production; reduces inflammation Pharmacology Respiratory

Front 683

Omalizumab (mechanism

Back 683

use, toxicity),Anti-IgE antibody; used in refractory allergic asthma Pharmacology Respiratory

Front 684

Guaifenesin (mechanism

Back 684

use, toxicity),Thins respiratory secretions Pharmacology Respiratory

Front 685

N-acetylcysteine (mechanism

Back 685

use, toxicity),Loosens mucus plugs; used in CF patients and as an antidote to acetominaphen posioning Pharmacology Respiratory

Front 686

Bosentan (mechanism

Back 686

use, toxicity),Antagonizes endothelin-1 receptors, reducing vascular resistance in the pulmonary vessels; used in pulmonary hypertension Pharmacology Respiratory

Front 687

Dextromethorphan (mechanism

Back 687

use, toxicity),Antagonizes NMDA receptors, inhibiting coughing; produces opioid effects in large doses and carries mild abuse potential Pharmacology Respiratory

Front 688

Pseudoephedrine

Back 688

phenylephrine (mechanism, use, toxicity),Alpha-1 agonists that reduce edema and nasal congestion; rhinitis; hypertension, quick tolerance (recurrence of symptoms despite continued treatment) Pharmacology Respiratory

Front 689

Difference in competitive vs noncompetitve inhibitors?

Back 689

competitive = decrease potency, noncompetitive = decrease efficacy. Pharmacology General

Front 690

What is Km?

Back 690

Inverse relation of affinity of enzyme for its substrate. Pharmacology General

Front 691

What is Vmax?

Back 691

Direct proportion to enzyme concentration Pharmacology General

Front 692

What is bioavailability?

Back 692

Fraction of administered drug that reaches systemic circulation unchanged. Pharmacology General

Front 693

Time to steady state depends on?

Back 693

depends on half-life. Does not depend on frequency or size of dose. Pharmacology General

Front 694

What is rate of elimination in zero order kinetics?

Back 694

constant amount eliminated per time. Pharmacology General

Front 695

Give three drugs that are zero order eliminated.

Back 695

PEA - phenytoin, Ethanol, Aspirin. Pharmacology General

Front 696

What is the rate of elimination for first order kinetics?

Back 696

A constant FRACTION is eliminted, variable by concentration! Pharmacology General

Front 697

How does ionization relate to urine pH?

Back 697

Ionzied species are trapped in urine and not resorbed. Neutral can be resorbed. Pharmacology general

Front 698

How do you treat overdose of weak acid? Give drug examples.

Back 698

Treat with Bicarb to make neutral. Exp: phenobarbital, methotrexate, aspirin. Pharmacology general

Front 699

How do you treat overdose of weak base? Give drug examples.

Back 699

Treat with ammonium chloride. exp: amphetamines. Pharmacology general

Front 700

What is phase I drug metabolism? What pt. population loses this?

Back 700

Reduction, Oxidation, hydrolysis with CYP450. Often gives neutral products. Geriatrics lose this phase. Pharmacology general

Front 701

What is phase II metaboloism? What population depend on this?

Back 701

Conjugation (Glucuronidation, Acetylation, and Sulfation.) Gives charged products. Geriatrics depend on this, old people have GAS. Pharmacology general

Front 702

What is efficacy?

Back 702

maximal effect a drug can produce. Pharmacology general

Front 703

What is potency?

Back 703

amount of drug needed for the same effect. Pharmacology general

Front 704

What happends to efficacy when a partial agonist and full agonist are mixed?

Back 704

DECREASED efficacy. fight for same binding site, full agonist cant exert full effect. Pharmacology general

Front 705

What is therapetuic index?

Back 705

LD50/ED50. Median lethal dose divded by median effective dose. Safer drugs have a higher TI. pharmacology general

Front 706

What is a therapeutic window?

Back 706

Minimum effective dose to minimum toxic dose. Think of it as range of use. pharmacology general

Front 707

What are the two types of Nicotonic receptors? What kind of messenger do they use?

Back 707

1. Nicotinic - Ligang gated Na/K channels. Two nicotinic types: Nm(NMJ) and Nn(autonomic ganglia. 2. Muscarinic - G-proteins. 5 types, M1-M5. pharmacology general

Front 708

Alpha-1 sympathetic receptor (G-protein class

Back 708

major function),q, increase: vasc. smooth muscle contraction, pupillary dilator muscle contraction, intestinal and bladder sphincter contaction. pharmacology autonomics

Front 709

Alpha-2 sympathetic receptor(G-protein class

Back 709

major function),i, decrease: sympathetic outflow, insulin release, lipolysis. increase: platlet aggregation. pharmacology autonomics

Front 710

Beta-1 sympathetic receptor(G-protein class

Back 710

major function),s, increase: heart rate, contractilty, renin release, lipolysis pharmacology autonomics

Front 711

Beta-2 sympathetic receptor(G-protein class

Back 711

major function),s, vasodilation, brochodilation, increase: heart rate, contractility, lipolysis, insulin release, aqueous humor production. decrease: uterine tone, ciliary muscle tone. pharmacology autonomics

Front 712

M-1 Parasymp receptor(G-protein class

Back 712

major function),q, CNS, enteric nervouse system. pharmacology autonomics

Front 713

M-2 Parasymp(G-protein class

Back 713

major function),i, decease: heart rate, contractility of atria pharmacology autonomics

Front 714

M-3 parasymp(G-protein class

Back 714

major function),increase: exocrine gland secretion (tears, gastric, etc), gut peristalsis, bladder contraction, bronchoconstriction, pupillary spinchter contraction, cilliary muscle contraction. pharmacology autonomics

Front 715

What receptor is responsible for miosis and accomadation?

Back 715

Parasympathetic M-3. pharmacology autonomics

Front 716

What receptor is responsbile for mydriasis?

Back 716

Sympathetic Alpha-1. pharmacology autonomics

Front 717

Dopamine D-1 receptor(G-protein class

Back 717

major function),s, relaxes renal vascular smooth muscle pharmacology autonomics

Front 718

Dopamine D-2 receptor(G-protein class

Back 718

major function),i, modulates transmitter release especially in brain. pharmacology autonomics

Front 719

Histamine H-1 receptor(G-protein class

Back 719

major function),q, increase: mucus production, contraction of bronchioles, pruritus, pain. pharmacology autonomics

Front 720

histamine H-2 receptor(G-protein class

Back 720

major function),a, increase gastric acid secretion pharmacology autonomics

Front 721

vasopression V-1 receptor(G-protein class

Back 721

major function),q, increase: vascular smooth muscle contraction pharmacology autonomics

Front 722

vasopression V-2 receptor(G-protein class

Back 722

major function),s, increase water permeability and reabsorption in kidneys. (V2 found in 2 kidneys). pharmacology autonomics

Front 723

Which receptors work via Gq -> Phospholipase C ->Pip2->DAG + IP3?

Back 723

H1,Alpha1,V1,M1,M3. (remember HAVe 1 M&M) pharmacology autonomics

Front 724

DAG causes activation of what?

Back 724

Protein Kinase C. pharmacology autonomics

Front 725

IP3 causes increase in what?

Back 725

Calcium -> smouth muscle contraction pharmacology autonomics

Front 726

Which receptors work via Gi->Adenyly cyclase ->cAMP ->Protein Kinase A?

Back 726

M2, Alpha2, D2. (remember MAD 2's.) pharmacology autonomics

Front 727

Which receptors work via Gs->adenylyate cyclase ->cAMP->Protein Kinase A?

Back 727

Beta1, Beta2, D1, H2,V2. pharmacology autonomics

Front 728

What does protein kinase A do?

Back 728

increase calcium release in heart and blocks myosin light chain kinase. pharmacology autonomics

Front 729

What are the two classes of cholinomimetics?

Back 729

1. direct agonsts 2. indirect agonists (anticholinesterases). pharmacology autonomics

Front 730

Bethanechol(mechanism

Back 730

use,toxicity),Direct cholinomimetic. Postop or neurogenic ileus, urinary retention. COPD+asthma exacerbation, peptic ulcers. pharmacology autonomics

Front 731

Carbachol(mechanism

Back 731

use,toxicity),Direct Cholinomimetic. Identical to Ach. Glaucoma, pupillary contraction, relief of IOP. COPD+asthma exacerbation, peptic ulcers. pharmacology autonomics

Front 732

Pilocarpine(mechanism

Back 732

use,toxicity),Direct Cholinomimetic. Stimulates tears, salvia, sweat. Open and closed-angle glaucoma.COPD+asthma exacerbation, peptic ulcers. pharmacology autonomics

Front 733

methacholine(mechanism

Back 733

use,toxicity),Direct Cholinomimetic. challenge test of asthma diagnosis. COPD+asthma exacerbation, peptic ulcers. pharmacology autonomics

Front 734

Neostigmine(mechanism

Back 734

use,toxicity),Indirect cholinomimetic agonist. NO cns penetration. Postop and neurogenic ileus, myasthenia gravis, reversal of NMJ block. COPD+asthma exacerbation, peptic ulcers. pharmacology autonomics

Front 735

pyridostigmine(mechanism

Back 735

use,toxicity),indirect cholinomimetic agonist. Long acting myasthenia gravis treatment. COPD+asthma exacerbation, peptic ulcers. pharmacology autonomics

Front 736

edrophonium(mechanism

Back 736

use,toxicity),indirect cholinomimetic agonist. Short acting, for myasthenia gravis diagnosis. COPD+asthma exacerbation, peptic ulcers. pharmacology autonomics

Front 737

Physostigmine(mechanism

Back 737

use,toxicity),indirect cholinomimetic agonist. for anti-cholinergic overdose, crosses BBB. COPD+asthma exacerbation, peptic ulcers. pharmacology autonomics

Front 738

Donepezil(mechanism

Back 738

use,toxicity),indirect cholinomimetic agonist. Alzheimers disease. COPD+asthma exacerbation, peptic ulcers. pharmacology autonomics

Front 739

signs of cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning. treatment.

Back 739

DUMBBELSS (diarrhea, urination, miosis, bronchospasm, bradycardia, excitation of skeletal muscle +CNS, lacrimation, sweating, salvia.) tx: atropine + pralidoxime. pharmacology autonomics

Front 740

Parathion(mechanism

Back 740

treatment),Irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor, ACH overdose. Tx: atropine + pralidoxime. pharmacology autonomics

Front 741

Atropine

Back 741

homatropine, tropicamide (mechanism, use, toxicity).,Muscarinic antagonist. produces mydriasis and cycloplegia. (Atropine also used for bradycardia). Causes hot as a hare, dry as bone, red as beet, blind as bat, mad as a hatter. pharmacology autonomics

Front 742

Benztropine(mechanism

Back 742

use,toxicity),Muscarinic antagoist. Parkinsons disease (park my benz). Causes hot as a hare, dry as bone, red as a beet, blind as a bat, mad as a hatter. pharmacology autonomics

Front 743

Scopolamine(mechanism

Back 743

use,toxicity),Muscarinic antagonist. Motion sickness. causes hot as a hare, dry as a cone, red as a beet, blind as a bat, mad as a hatter. pharmacology autonomics

Front 744

Ipratropium

Back 744

tiotropium (mechanism, use, toxicity),Muscarinic antagonist. COPD, Asthma. Causes hot as a hare, dry as a bone, red as a beet, blind as a bat, mad as a hatter. pharmacology autonomics

Front 745

Oxybutynin(mechanism

Back 745

use,toxicity),Muscarinic anatagonist. reduces urgency in mild cystitis and reduce bladder spasms. causes hot as a hare, dry as a bone, red as a beet, blind as a bat, mad as a hatter.

Front 746

Glycopyrrolate(mechanism

Back 746

use,toxicity),Muscarinic anatagonist. IP: given in preop to reduce airway secretions. oral:reduce drooling, peptic ulcer. Can cause hot as a hare, dry as a bone red as a beet, blind as a bat, mad as a hatter. pharmacology autonomics

Front 747

Jimson Weed(mechanism

Back 747

toxicity),muscarinic antagonist, causes gardner's pupil (mydriasis). pharmacology autonomics

Front 748

Epinephrine(Mechanism

Back 748

receptors bound, use, toxicity),Direct Sympathomemetic. A1,A2,B1,B2. Anaphylaxis, open angle glaucoma, asthma, hypotension. pharmacology autonomics

Front 749

Norepinephine(Mechanism

Back 749

receptors bound, use, toxicity),direct sympathomemetic. A1,A2, some B1. used in hypotension but it decrease renal perfusion. pharmacology autonomics

Front 750

Isoproterenol(Mechanism

Back 750

receptors bound, use, toxicity),Direct sympathomemetic. B1, B2. Used in Torsade de pointe and bradyarryhmia. Can cause tachycardia and worsen cardiac ischemia. pharmacology autonomics

Front 751

dopamine(Mechanism

Back 751

receptors bound, use, toxicity),Direct sympathomimetics. Receptors depend on dose. low = D1, med = D1,B2,B1, high = A1,A2,B1,B2,D1. Used in shock and heart failure (ionotropic and chronotropic). pharmacology autonomics

Front 752

dobutamine(Mechanism

Back 752

receptors bound, use, toxicity),Direct sympathomimetic. Mostly B1, little a1,a2,b2. Used in heart failure and cardiac stresstest (ionotrpic and chronotropic) pharmacology autonomics

Front 753

Phenylephrine(Mechanism

Back 753

receptors bound, use, toxicity),Direct sympathomimetic. A1, A2. Used in hypotension, to cause mydriasis, and rhinitis (decongestant). pharmacology autonomics

Front 754

Albuterol

Back 754

salmetrol, terbutaline (Mechanism, receptors bound, use, toxicity),Direct sympathomimetic. Mostly B2, some b1. Sal = long term ashtma or copd. Albuterol for short term asthma. Terbutaline for to reduce premture uterine contractions. pharmacology autonomics

Front 755

Ritodrine(Mechanism

Back 755

receptors bound, use, toxicity),Direct sympathomimetic. B2 only. Used to reduce premature uterine contractions. pharmacology autonomics

Front 756

Amphetamine (mechanism

Back 756

use),indirect sympathomimetic. Releases stored catecholamines. Used for narcolepsy, obesity, ADD. pharmacology autonomics

Front 757

Epinephrine(Mechanism

Back 757

use, toxicity),indirect sympathomimetic. Releases stored catecholamines. Used for nasal decongestion, urinary incontience, hypotension. pharmacology autonomics

Front 758

Cocaine (mechanims

Back 758

use).,direct sympathomimetic. Reuptake inhibitor. Causes vasoconstriction and local anesthesia. pharmacology autonomics

Front 759

Why must B-Blockers be avoided in suspected cocaine intoxication?

Back 759

mixing them can lead to unopposed A1 activation and extreme hypertenion. pharmacology autonomics

Front 760

How does norepinephrine cause reflex bradycardia?

Back 760

stimulates A1>B2. Causes increased vasoconstrciton -> increased BP. This causes reflex bradycardia and slowing of HR. pharmacology autonomics

Front 761

How does isoproterenol cause reflex tachycardia?

Back 761

Stimulates B2>A1. This cause vasodilation and dropping of BP. B1 is stimulated and causes tachycardia. pharmacology autonomics

Front 762

Clonidine

Back 762

alpha-methyldopa(Mechanism, receptors bound, use),Centrally acting alpha-2 agonists, this causes LESS peripheral sympathetic release.Used in hypertension, especially renal disease due to no increase in renal blood flow! pharmacology autonomics

Front 763

Phenoxybenzamine(Mechanism

Back 763

receptors bound, use, toxicity),IRREVERSIBLE nonslective alpha blocker. Used in pheochromosytoma BEFORE surgery! toxic: orhtostatic hypotension, reflec tachycardia. pharmacology autonomics

Front 764

phentolamine(Mechanism

Back 764

receptors bound, use, toxicity),REVERSBILE nonselective alpha blocker. give to patients on MAOI who each tyramine contraining foods. pharmacology autonomics

Front 765

Prazosin

Back 765

Terazosin, Doxazosin,Tamsulosin(Mechanism, receptors bound, use, toxicity),Alpha-1 blocker. Used in hypertension, urinary rentention in BPH. tox:orthostatic hypotension, dizziness, headache. pharmacology autonomics

Front 766

Mirtazapine (mechanism

Back 766

use, toxicity),Alpha-2 blocker. Used in depression. tox: sedation, hypercholesterolemia, increased apetite. pharmacology autonomics

Front 767

Describe what occurs when you alpha-blockade epi vs. phenylephrine.

Back 767

Before blockade: Both epi and phen RAISES BP. After alpha blockade: only epi raises, no change in phenyl. Why: Epi has B binding, phenyl does NOT. pharmacology autonomics

Front 768

Give 6 applications of Beta-blockers in general.

Back 768

Angina - decreases HR and contractility, decreasing oxygen use. MI - decrease mortality. SVT - decrease AV duction. Hypertension - decrease CO and renin secretion. CHF - slows progression. Glaucoma - decrease secretion of aqueous humor. pharmacology autonomics

Front 769

give general toxicites of b-blockers

Back 769

impotence, asthma exacerbation, bradycardia, seizures, sedation, hides hypoglycemia. pharmacology autonomics

Front 770

What are the B1 selective b-blockers? When are they useful?

Back 770

A BEAM. acebutolol, betaxolol, Esmolol, Atenolol, Metoprolol. Useful in comorbid pum. disease. pharmacology autonomics

Front 771

What are the nonselective ( b1 = b2) b-blockers?

Back 771

Please Try Not Being Picky. Propranolol, Timolol, Nadolol, Pindolol. B = B-blocker. pharmacology autonomics

Front 772

what are the nonselective a and b-antagonists?

Back 772

Carvedilol, labetalol. pharmacology autonomics

Front 773

What are the partial B-agonists?

Back 773

Pindolol, Acebutolol. pharmacology autonomics

Front 774

Give treatment for acetaminophen overdose.

Back 774

N-Acetylcysteine (replenishes glutathione). pharmacology overdose

Front 775

Give treatment for salicylates overdose.

Back 775

NaHCO3 (alkalinize urine) pharmacology overdose

Front 776

give treatment for amphetamines overdose

Back 776

NH4Cl (acidify urine) pharmacology overdose

Front 777

Give treatment for antimuscarinic and anticholinergic overdose.

Back 777

Phygostigmine and control the hyperhermia. pharmacology overdose

Front 778

Give treatment for b-blocker overdose

Back 778

Glucagon pharmacology overdose

Front 779

Give treatment for digitalis overdose

Back 779

(KLAM) normalize K, Lidocaine, Anti-dig fab fragments, Mg2 pharmacology overdose

Front 780

give treatment for iron overdose.

Back 780

deFEroxamine, deFErasirox. pharmacology overdose

Front 781

give treatment for lead overdose

Back 781

CaEDTA, dimercaprol, succimer, penicillamine pharmacology overdose

Front 782

give treatment for mercury

Back 782

arsenix, gold overdose,Dimercaprol, succiner pharmacology overdose

Front 783

give treatment for copper

Back 783

arsenic, gold overdose,penillamine pharmacology overdose

Front 784

give treatment for cyanide

Back 784

nitrite + thiosulfate, hydroxocobalamin pharmacology overdose

Front 785

give methemoglobin treatment

Back 785

Methylene blue, vitamin c pharmacology overdose

Front 786

Give Carbon monocide treatment

Back 786

100% oxygen or hyperbaric oxygen pharmacology overdose

Front 787

give treatment for methanol

Back 787

ethylene glycol overdose,Fomepizole>Ethanol, dialysis pharmacology overdose

Front 788

give treatment for opiods overdose

Back 788

naloxone/naltrexone pharmacology overdose

Front 789

give treatment for benzodiazepine overdose

Back 789

flumazenil pharmacology overdose

Front 790

give treatment for TCA overdose

Back 790

NaHCO3 (alkalinize plasma) pharmacology overdose

Front 791

give treatment for heparin overdose

Back 791

protamine pharmacology overdose

Front 792

give treatment for warfarin overdose

Back 792

Vitamin K, fresh frozen plasma pharmacology overdose

Front 793

give treatment for tPA

Back 793

Streptokinase, urokinase overdose,aminocaproic acid pharmacology overdose

Front 794

give treatment for theophylline overdose

Back 794

B-Blockers pharmacology overdose

Front 795

give treatment for acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

Back 795

atropine + pralidoxime pharmacology overdose

Front 796

causes coronary vasospam

Back 796

cocaine, sumatriptan, ergots pharmacology reactions

Front 797

causes cutaneous flushing

Back 797

(VANC) Vancomycin, Adenosine, Niacin, Ca blocker pharmacology reactions

Front 798

causes dilated cardiomyopathy

Back 798

doxorubicin, daunorubicin pharmacology reactions

Front 799

causes torsades de pointes

Back 799

class III (sotalol) and class Ia (quinidine) pharmacology reactions

Front 800

causes agranulocytoisis

Back 800

Clozapine, Carbamazepine, Colchine, Propylthiouracil, Methimazole, Dapsone pharmacology reactions

Front 801

causes aplastic anemia

Back 801

chloramphenicol, benzene, NSAIDs, propylthiouracil, methimazole pharmacology reactions

Front 802

causes direct coombs positive hemolytic anemia

Back 802

methyldopa, penicillin pharmacology reactions

Front 803

causes gray baby syndomr

Back 803

chloramphenicol pharmacology reactions

Front 804

causes hemolysis in G6PD-defiect patients

Back 804

(hemolysis IS PAIN)isoniazid, sulfonamides, primaquine, aspirin, ibuprofen, nitrofurantoin pharmacology reactions

Front 805

causes megaloblastic anemia

Back 805

(females with PMS are on full BLAST mode) Phenytoin, Methotrexate, Sulfa drugs pharmacology reactions

Front 806

Causes thrombotic complications

Back 806

OCPs like estrogen pharmacology reactions

Front 807

Causes cough

Back 807

ACE inhibitors pharmacology reactions

Front 808

causes pulmonary fibrosis

Back 808

Bleomycin, amiodarone, Busulfan pharmacology reactions

Front 809

causes acute cholestatic hepatits

Back 809

jaundice,erthryomycin pharmacology reactions

Front 810

causes focal to massice hepatic necrosis

Back 810

Halothane, Amanita Phalloides, Valrpoic acid, Acetaminophen pharmacology reactions

Front 811

causes hepatits

Back 811

isoniazid pharmacology reactions

Front 812

can lead to pseudomembranous colitis

Back 812

clindamycin, ampicillin pharmacology reactions

Front 813

can lead to adrenocortical insufficiency

Back 813

glucocorticoid withdrawl via HPA suppression pharmacology reactions

Front 814

can causes gynecomastia

Back 814

`(Some drugs create awkward knockers) spironolactone, digitalis, cimetidine, chronic alcohol use, ketoconazole pharmacology reactions

Front 815

causes hot flashes

Back 815

estrogen, clomophene pharmacology reactions

Front 816

causes hypergylcemia

Back 816

niacin, tacrolimus, protease inhibitor, HCTZ, corticosteriods pharmacology reactions

Front 817

causes hypothyroidism

Back 817

lithium, amiodarone, suldonamides pharmacology reactions

Front 818

causes fat redistribution

Back 818

glucocoricoids, protease inhibitors pharmacology reactions

Front 819

causes gingival hyperplasia

Back 819

phenytoin, verpamil pharmacology reactions

Front 820

causes gout

Back 820

furosemide, thiazides, niacin, cyclosporine pharmacology reactions

Front 821

causes myopathies

Back 821

fibrates, niacin, colchine, hydroxychloroquine, interferon-alpha, penicillamine, statins, glucocorticoids pharmacology reactions

Front 822

causes osteoporosis

Back 822

corticosteroids, heparin pharmacology reactions

Front 823

causes photosensitivty

Back 823

(SAT for a PHOTO) Sulfonamides, amiodarone, tetracycline pharmacology reactions

Front 824

causes rash/SJS

Back 824

penicillin, ethosuximide, carbamazepine, sulfa drugs, lamotrigine, allopurinol, phenytoin, phenobarbital pharmacology reactions

Front 825

cause drug induced lupus

Back 825

Hydralazine, isonizid, procainamine, phenytoin pharmacology reactions

Front 826

causes teeth problems

Back 826

tetracyclines pharmacology reactions

Front 827

causes tendonitis

Back 827

tendon rupture, tooth damage,fluoroquinolones pharmacology reactions

Front 828

causes diabetes insipidus

Back 828

lithium, demeclocycline pharmacology reactions

Front 829

causes fanconi's syndome

Back 829

expired tetracycline pharmacology reactions

Front 830

causes hemorrhagic cystits

Back 830

Cyclophosamide, ifosfamide pharmacology reactions

Front 831

causes interstital nephritis

Back 831

methicllin, NSAID, furosemide pharmacology reactions

Front 832

causes SIADH

Back 832

carbamazepine, cyclophosamide pharmacology reactions

Front 833

causes cinchonism

Back 833

Quinidine, qunine pharmacology reactions

Front 834

causes parkinson-like syndome

Back 834

antipsychotics, resperine, metoclopramide pharmacology reactions

Front 835

causes seizures

Back 835

(with seizures, I BITE My tongue) isoniazid, Buproprion, imipenem, Tramadol, Enflurane, Metoclopramide pharmacology reactions

Front 836

causes tardive dyskinesia

Back 836

antipsychotics pharmacology reactions

Front 837

acts like an anti-muscarinic

Back 837

Atropine, TCA, H1-blocker, neuoleptics pharmacology reactions

Front 838

can cause a disulfiram like reaction

Back 838

metronidazole, some cephalosporins, procarbazine, 1st gen sulphonoureas pharmacology reactions

Front 839

can cause nephro/ototoxicity

Back 839

aminoglycosides, vancomycin, loop dieuetics, cisplatin pharmacology reactions

Front 840

list p450 inducers

Back 840

(Momma Barb Steals Phen-phen and Refuses Greasy Carbs Chronically)Modafinil, Barbiturates, St. John wart, phenytoin, rifampin, griseofulvin, carbamazepine, chronic alcohol use. pharmacology reactions

Front 841

list p450 inhibitors

Back 841

(MAGIC ROCKS in GQ) Macrolides, amiodarone, grapefruit juice, isoniazid, cimetidine, ritonavir actue alcohol use, ciprofloxacin, ketoconazole, sulfonamides, gemfibrozil, quinidine. pharmacology reactions

Front 842

lists the sulfa drugs

Back 842

(Popular FACTSSS) probenacid, furosemide, acetazolamide, celecoxib, thiazide, sulfonamide antibiotics, sulfaasalazine, sulfonylureas pharmacology reactions

Front 843

Difference between peniciliin G and V.

Back 843

G = IV and IM. V = oral. pharmacology micro

Front 844

Penicillin(mechanism

Back 844

use,toxicity),Bind penicillin-binding proteins(transpeptidases), block cross linking of peptidoglycans;most effective on G+, also N. Meningitidis, Treponema;hypersensitivy reaction, hemolytic anema. pharmacology micro

Front 845

Oxacillin

Back 845

Naficillin,Dicloxacillin(mechanism,use,toxicity),bind transpeptidases, penicillanse resistant due to bukly r-group blocking B-Lactamse; S. Aureus, except MRSA; hypersensitivity and interstitial nephritis. pharmacology micro

Front 846

Ampicillin

Back 846

amoxicillin(mecanism,use,toxicity),bind transpeptidases, wide spectrum and more penicillinase sensitive. combo with claculanic acid to protect from B-lactams;kills enterococci(HELPSS)H.iB, E.coli,Listera,Proteus,Salmonella,Shigella,enterococci;hypersensitivity reaction,rash,pseudomemrane colitis. pharmacology micro

Front 847

Which has better bioavailibility; amoxicllin or ampicillin?

Back 847

amOxicllin has better Oral bioavilability. pharmacology micro

Front 848

What does clavulanic acid do?

Back 848

B-lactamse inhibitor pharmacology micro

Front 849

Ticarcillin

Back 849

piperacillin(mechanism,use,toxicity),transpeptidase inhibitor but extended spectrum;pseduomonas and g- rods, use with claculanic acid due to B-lactamse suspectibilty; hypersensitivity reaction. pharmacology micro

Front 850

List the B-lactamse inhibitors

Back 850

(CAST) Clavulanic Acid, Sulbactam,Tazobactem. pharmacology micro

Front 851

Cephalosporin(mechanism

Back 851

use,toxiciity),inhibit cell wall synthesis but are less susceptible to B-lactamases, are bactericidal;use depends on generation, there are four;hypersensitivty reactions, vitamin K defiency, increased nephrotoxicity of aminoglycosides. pharmacology micro

Front 852

give use of cefazolin

Back 852

cephalexin.,1st generation cephalosporins. PEcK. Proteus, E.coli,Klebsiella. Cefazolin used preop to prevent A.aureus infections. pharmacology micro

Front 853

give use of cefoxitin

Back 853

cefaclor,cefuroxime`,2nd generation cephalosporins. HEN PEcKs. H.ib, Enterbacter, Neisseria, Proteus, E.coli,Klebsiella, Serratia. pharmacology micro

Front 854

give use of ceftriaxone

Back 854

cefotaxime,ceftazidime,3rd gen. cephalosporins. Serious gram - infections. Ceftriaxone = meningitis and gonorrhea. Ceftazidime = pseudomonas. pharmacology micro

Front 855

give use of cefepime.

Back 855

increased activity against pseudomonas and G+ bugs. pharmacology micro

Front 856

Aztreonam(mechanism

Back 856

use,toxicty),a monobactem resistant to B-lactamases, prevents binding to PBP3 and is synergistic with aminoglycosides;gram - rods only;very nontoxic, some GI upset. pharmacology micro

Front 857

what transpeptidase inhibitor can be used in penicillin allergy?

Back 857

aztreonam. pharmacology micro

Front 858

imipenem/cilastatin

Back 858

meropenem,etrapenem,doripenem(mechanism,use,toxicity),broad spectrum, B-lactamase resistent but imipenem needs cilastatin to inhibit renal dehydropeptidase. later carbepenems do not;G+ cocci,G- rods, anerobes. used only in life threating events;skin rash, CNS toxicity, seizures. pharmacology micro

Front 859

Vancomycin(mechanism

Back 859

use,toxicty),inhibits cell wall binding peptidoglycan formation by binding D-ala percursors, is bacterialcidal; G+ only, especially for multidrug resistant onces;NOT - nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, thrombophlebitis, red man syndrome. pharmacology micro

Front 860

How is redman syndrome prevented in vancomycin use?

Back 860

slow infusion and rate and antihistamines. pharmacology micro

Front 861

How does vancomycin resistant occur?

Back 861

amino acid change of D-ala D-ala to D-ala D-lac. pharmacology micro

Front 862

List antibiotic protein synthesis inhibitors

Back 862

AT 30, CCEL at 50. 30S = Aminoglycosides, Tetracyclines. 50S = Chloramphenicol, Clindamycin, Erythromycin, Linezolid. pharmacology micro

Front 863

Gentamicin

Back 863

neomycin, amikacin,tobramycin,streptomycin(mechanism,use,toxicity),aminoglycosides, bacterialcidal, block translocation but require oxygen for uptake;ineffective in anaerobes,use in gram - rod infections and before bowel surgery; nephrotoxicty, NMJ block, ototoxicity, teratogen. pharmacology micro

Front 864

how does resistenace to aminoglycosides occur?

Back 864

transferase enzymes that inactivate the drug by acetylation, phosphorylation, or adenylation. pharmacology micro

Front 865

tetracycline

Back 865

doxycycline, demecycline,minocycline(mechanism, use, toxicity),bacteriostatic, prevents aminoacyl-tRNA binds;Borrela, M. Pneuomo, Rickettsia, Chlamysia; can't take with milk, antacids, iron because ions bind it, GI distress, discoloration of teeth, inhibition of bone growth, contraindication in pregnancy. pharmacology micro

Front 866

how does resistance to tetracyclines occur?

Back 866

decrease uptake into cells or increased efflux by pumps. pharmacology micro

Front 867

Azithromycin

Back 867

clarithromycin, erythromycin(mechanism,use,toxicity),bacteriostatic, blocks translocation; atypical pneumonias, chlamydia, gram + cocci; MACRO: increased Motility, arrhythmia, Cholestatic hepatitis, Rash, eOsinophilia. pharmacology micro

Front 868

how does resitance to macrolides occur?

Back 868

methylation of 23s rRNA binding site. pharmacology micro

Front 869

Chloramphenicol(mechanism

Back 869

use,toxicity),Bacterialstatic, blocks peptidlytransferase; Meningitis in adults, used in power countries due to being cheap; dose dependent anemia, dose independent aplastic anemia, gray baby syndrome. pharmacology micro

Front 870

what causes grey baby syndrome?

Back 870

use of chloramphenicol in premature infants, they lack UDO-glucuronyl-transferase. pharmacology micro

Front 871

How does resistance to chloramphenicol occur?

Back 871

plasmid-encoded acetyltransferase. pharmacology micro

Front 872

clindamycin(mechanism

Back 872

use,toxicity),Bacteriostatic. Blocks peptide transfer; anaerobic infections in lung infections and oral anerobes; C. Diff infection, fever, diarrhea. pharmacology micro

Front 873

Sulfamethoxazole(SMX)

Back 873

sulfisoxazole, sulfadiazine(mechanism, use, toxicity),Bacteriostatic, PABA metabolites inhibit dihydropteroate synthase; Gram +, G-, Nocardia, Chlamydia, UTI; hypersensitivty, hemolysis in G6PD, nephrotoxic, kernicterus, displaces other drugs from albumin. pharmacology micro

Front 874

how does resistance to sulfonamides occur?

Back 874

altered bacterial dihydropteroate or increased PABA synthesis. pharmacology micro

Front 875

Trimethoprim(mechanism

Back 875

use,toxicity),Bacteriostatic, inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase, blocks folate synthesis; used in UTI, PCP (prophylacis and treatment), shigella, salmonella; megaloblastic anemia, leukopenia, granulocytopenia. pharmacology micro

Front 876

ciprofloxacin

Back 876

norfloxacin, levofloxacin, etc...(mechanism, use, toxicity),bactericidal, inhibits DNA gyrase(topo II and IV);G- rods of urinary and GI tracts, Neisseria, some G+;( lones hurt the bones) tenonitis and tendon rupture, superinfections, don't give to kids or pregnant women due to cartilage damage. pharmacology micro

Front 877

how does resistance to fluroquinolones occur?

Back 877

mutation in DNA gyrase or efflux pumps. pharmacology micro

Front 878

What groups are susceptible to fluorquinolone tendon rupture?

Back 878

older than 60 or taking prednisone pharmacology micro

Front 879

Metronidazole(mechanism

Back 879

use, toxicity),bacterialcidal, forms free radical toxic metabolites that damge bacterial DNA damage; (GET GAP) Giardia, Entamoeba, trichomonas, Gardnerella, Anaerobes, Pylori; causes disulfiram like reaction, headache, metallic taste. pharmacology micro

Front 880

Isoniazid(mechanism

Back 880

use,toxicity),decrease synthesis of mycolic acids, bacterial catalase peroxidase(KatG) must activate INH; TB drug, only one used as prophylaxis and in latent TB; peripheral neuropathy, hepatoxic, lupis like drug interaction, pyridoxine antagonist. pharmacology micro

Front 881

Rifampin(mechanism

Back 881

use,toxicity),inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase; TB, Leprosy, prophylaxis in meningococcus and Hib type B; hepatotox, p450 inducer, orange body fluids. pharmacology micro

Front 882

Pyrazinamide(mechanism

Back 882

use, toxicity),unknown; TB; hyperuricemia, hepatotoxic. pharmacology micro

Front 883

Ethambutol(mechanism

Back 883

use,toxicity),decreased carbohydrate polymerization of TB cell wall, blocks arabinosyltransferase; TB; optic neuropathy(red-green color blindness_ pharmacology micro

Front 884

Amphotericin B(mechanism

Back 884

use, toxicity),binds fungal ergosterol, causes holes in membranes; use in systemtic and CNS mycoses infections; fever/chills, hypotension, arrythmias, nephrotoxic, IV phlebitis, must supplement K and MG. pharmacology micro

Front 885

nystatin(mechanism

Back 885

use,toxicty),binds fungal ergosterol;topical only due to high toxicity, used for oral thrush and topical diaper rash or vaginal candidiasis. pharmacology micro

Front 886

Fluconazole

Back 886

ketoconazole, clotrimazole, itraconazole, voriconazole(mechanism, use,toxicity),inhibits fungal ergosterol synthesis by binding p450;Fluconazole for suppression of cryptococcus in AIDs patients, itraconazle for blasto, coccio, histo. pharmacology micro

Front 887

Flucytosine(mechanism

Back 887

use, toxicity),inhibits fungal DNA and RNA synthesis by conversion to 5FU; used in systemic fungal infections, especially cryptococcus; bone marrow suppression. pharmacology micro

Front 888

Caspofungin

Back 888

micafungin(mechanism, use, toxicity),inhibits fungal cell wall synthesis by inhibiting B-glucan synthesis; invasive aspergillosis, candida; flushing via histamine releae. pharmacology micro

Front 889

terbinafine(mechanism

Back 889

use,toxicity),inhibits fungal squalene epoxidase; treat dermatophytes - toe nail infection especially;abnormal LFT, visual disturbances. pharmacology micro

Front 890

Griseofulvin(mechanism

Back 890

use,toxicity),interferes with microtubules, stops mitosis in fungi;deposits in keratin so used in superficial infections, stops dermatophytes; teratogenic, carcinogenic, confusion, p450 inducer. pharmacology micro

Front 891

Pyrimethamine use

Back 891

toxoplasmosis pharmacology micro

Front 892

suramin and melarsoprol use

Back 892

trypanosoma brucei pharmacology micro

Front 893

nifurtimox use

Back 893

trypanosoma cruzi pharmacology micro

Front 894

sodium stibogluconate use

Back 894

leshmaniasis pharmacology micro

Front 895

Chloroquine(mechanism

Back 895

use,toxicity),blocks formation of heme into hemozoin. Heme accumulates and is toxic to plasmodia;used on all species but falciparum(too much resitance); retinopathy pharmacology micro

Front 896

quinidine use

Back 896

lifethreatening malaria pharmacology micro

Front 897

artemether/lumifantrine use

Back 897

p. falciparum killing pharmacology micro

Front 898

Zanamivir

Back 898

oseltamivir(mechanism,use),inihibits influenza neuraminidase, stops progeny release; treamt of influenze a and b pharmacology micro

Front 899

Ribavarin(mechanism

Back 899

use,toxicity),inhibits sythesis of guanine nucleotides by competitvely inhibiting IMP dehydrogenase; RSV, chronic hep C; hemolytic anemia, severe teratogen pharmacology micro

Front 900

Acyclovir

Back 900

valacyclovir(mechanism, use, toxicity),Guanosine analog, inhibits viral DNA polymerase; monophosphorylated by thymidine kinase in HSV/VZV so active in lesions and encephalitis, good for prophylaxis, pharmacology micro

Front 901

Famciclovir use

Back 901

used in herpes zoster active infections pharmacology micro

Front 902

mechanism for resistance to acyclovir

Back 902

mutated viral thymidine kinase pharmacology micro

Front 903

Ganciclovir

Back 903

valgangciclovir(mechanism,use,toxicity),guanosine analog, 5'-monophosphate formed by CMV viral kinase, inhibits viral DNA polymerase;CMV infections;leukopenia,neutopenia,thrombocytopenia,renal toxicity pharmacology micro

Front 904

mechanism for resistance to acyclovir

Back 904

mutated CMV DNA polymerase or lack of viral kinase pharmacology micro

Front 905

Foscarnet(mechanism

Back 905

use,toxicity),viral DNA polymerase inhibitor, binds to pyrofosphate binding site, doesn't need viral kinase activation;CMV retinitis when ganciclovir fails and acyclovir restitant HSV; nephrotoxic pharmacology micro

Front 906

mechanism for resistance to foscarnet

Back 906

mutated DNA polymerase pharmacology micro

Front 907

cidofovir(mechanism

Back 907

use,toxicity),inhibits DNA polymerase, doesn't require activiation by viral kinase; CMV retenitis, acyclovir resistant HSV; nephrotoxic pharmacology micro

Front 908

HAART consist of what?

Back 908

[2 NRTI] +[1 NNRTI OR 1 protease inhibitor OR 1 integrase inhibitor] pharmacology micro

Front 909

give mechanism and toxicity of protease inhibitors

Back 909

all end in -NAVIR! stops HIV mRNA cleavage into functional parts; hyperglycemia, GI upset, lipodystrophy. pharmacology micro

Front 910

Ritonavir does what to be a "booster"

Back 910

inhibits cytochrome p-450, boosting concentration of other drugs. pharmacology micro

Front 911

Tenofovir

Back 911

emtricitabine, abacavir, lamivudine, zidovudine, didansoine, stavudine(mechanism,use,toxicity,(NRTI)competitively blocks binding of nucleotide to reverse transcriptase, only tenofovir doesn't need to be activated;all NRTIs, zidovidine used in pregnancy to reduce fetal transmision; bone marrow suppression, lactic acidosis, peripheral neuropathy. pharmacology micro

Front 912

Nevirapine

Back 912

Efavirenz, Delavirdine(mechanism,use,toxicity),(NNRTI) bind at a site different from NRTIs, no don't require activation don't compete with nucleotides; bonow marrow suppression, peripheral neuropathy, lactic acidosis, pharmacology micro

Front 913

Raltegravir(mechanism

Back 913

use,toxicity),inhibits integrase, which stops HIV integration into host cells;HIV;hypercholesterolemia pharmacology micro

Front 914

Interferons(mechanism

Back 914

use,toxicity),glycoproteins synthesized my virus infected cells, block RNA and DNA virus replication; INFa- chronic hep b and c, Kaposi sarcoma, IFN-b -MS, INF-gamma -NADPH oxidase defiency; neutropenia, myopathy. pharmacology micro

Front 915

What antibiotics must be avoided in pregnancy?

Back 915

SAFe Children Take Really Good Care. sulfonamides(kericterus), aminoglycosides(ototox), fluoroquinolones(cartilage damage), Clarithromycin(embryotoxic), Tetracycline(teeth,bone damage),Ribavarin(teratogenic),Griseofulvin(teratogenic),Chloramphenicol(grey baby) pharmacology micro

Front 916

benzodiazepines

Back 916

alcohol withdrawl

Front 917

ssri

Back 917

anorexia/bulimia

Front 918

benzodiazepines

Back 918

buspirone, ssri,anxiety (3)

Front 919

methylphenidate

Back 919

amphetamines, atomoxetine,ADHD (3)

Front 920

mao inhibitors

Back 920

ssri,atypical depression (2)

Front 921

lithium

Back 921

valproic acid, carbamazepine, atypical antipsychotics,bipolar disorder (4)

Front 922

ssri

Back 922

snri, tca,depression (3)

Front 923

mirtazapine

Back 923

depression with insomnia

Front 924

ssri

Back 924

clomipramine,ocd (2)

Front 925

ssri

Back 925

tca, benzodiazepines,panic disorder (3)

Front 926

SSRI

Back 926

ptsd

Front 927

antipsychotics

Back 927

schizophrenia

Front 928

antipsychotics (haloperidol)

Back 928

tourette's syndrome

Front 929

ssri

Back 929

social phobia

Front 930

adhd

Back 930

narcolepsy, appetite control,cns stimulants clinical use

Front 931

increased catecholamines at the synaptic cleft (especially NE

Back 931

dopamine),cns stimulants mechanism

Front 932

cns stimulant

Back 932

methylphenidate

Front 933

cns stimulant

Back 933

dextroamphetamine

Front 934

cns stimulant

Back 934

mixed amphetamine salts

Front 935

antipsychotic

Back 935

haloperidol

Front 936

antipsychotic

Back 936

trifluoperazine

Front 937

antipsychotic

Back 937

fluphenazine

Front 938

antipsychotic

Back 938

thioridazine

Front 939

antipsychotic

Back 939

chlorpromazine

Front 940

block dopamine D2 receptors (increases cAMP)

Back 940

typical antipsychotics mechanism

Front 941

schizophrenia (positive symptoms)

Back 941

psychosis, acute mania, tourette's syndrome,typical antipsychotics clinical use (4)

Front 942

atypical antipsychotic

Back 942

olanzapine

Front 943

atypical antipsychotic

Back 943

clozapine

Front 944

atypical antipsychotic

Back 944

quetiapine

Front 945

atypical antipsychotic

Back 945

risperidone

Front 946

atypical antipsychotic

Back 946

aripiprazole

Front 947

atypical antipsychotic

Back 947

ziprasidone

Front 948

block 5-HT2

Back 948

doapine, alpha, and H1 receptors,mechanism of atypical antipsychotics

Front 949

schizophrenia (positive and negative)

Back 949

atypical antipsychotic clinical use

Front 950

ocd

Back 950

anxiety disorder, depression, mania, tourette's syndrome,olanzapine clinical use

Front 951

mood stabilizer for bipolar disorder

Back 951

blocks relapse and acute manic events, SIADH,lithium clinical use (3)

Front 952

not established

Back 952

related to inhibition of phosphoinositol cascade,lithium mechanism

Front 953

stimulates 5HT1a receptors

Back 953

buspirone mechanism

Front 954

generalized anxiety disorder

Back 954

buspirone clinical use

Front 955

increases NE and dopamine via unknown mechanism

Back 955

bupropion mechanism

Front 956

smoking cessation

Back 956

antidepressant,bupropion clinical use (2)

Front 957

a2 antagonist (increases release of NE and serotonin)

Back 957

antagonist at 5HT2, 5HT3,mirtazapine mechanism

Front 958

atypical antidepressant

Back 958

mirtazapine

Front 959

atypical antidepressant

Back 959

bupropion

Front 960

atypical antidepressant

Back 960

maprotiline

Front 961

atypical antidepressant

Back 961

trazodone

Front 962

primarily inhibits serotonin reuptake

Back 962

trazodone mechanism

Front 963

insomnia (high doses needed for antidepressant effects)

Back 963

trazodone clinical use

Front 964

blocks NE reuptake

Back 964

maprotiline mechanism

Front 965

block reuptake of NE and serotonin

Back 965

tricyclic antidepressant mechanism

Front 966

major depression

Back 966

fibromyalgia,tricyclic antidepressants general use

Front 967

bedwetting

Back 967

imipramine special use

Front 968

ocd

Back 968

clomipramine special use

Front 969

tca

Back 969

imipramine

Front 970

tca

Back 970

amitriptyline

Front 971

tca

Back 971

desipramine

Front 972

tca

Back 972

nortriptyline

Front 973

tca

Back 973

clomipramine

Front 974

tca

Back 974

doxepin

Front 975

tca

Back 975

amoxapine

Front 976

ssri

Back 976

fluoxetine

Front 977

ssri

Back 977

paroxetine

Front 978

ssri

Back 978

sertraline

Front 979

ssri

Back 979

citalopram

Front 980

serotonin specific reuptake inhibitor

Back 980

mechanism of ssris

Front 981

depression

Back 981

ocd, bulimia, social phobias,clinical use of ssris (4)

Front 982

cyproheptadine (5HT2 receptor antagonist)

Back 982

treatment of serotonin syndrome

Front 983

venlafaxine

Back 983

duloxetine,snris (generic names) 2

Front 984

inhibit serotonin and NE reuptake

Back 984

mechanism of SNRIs

Front 985

depression

Back 985

generalized anxiety disorder (venlafaxine); diabetic peripheral neuropathy (duloxetine),clinical use of SNRIs (3)

Front 986

nonselective MAO inhibition

Back 986

increases levels of (NE, serotonin, dopamine),mao inhibitors mechanism

Front 987

atypical depression

Back 987

anxiety, hypochondriasis,mao inhibitors clinical use (3)

Front 988

mao inhibitor

Back 988

phenelzine

Front 989

mao inhibitor

Back 989

tranylcypromine

Front 990

mao inhibitor

Back 990

isocarboxazid

Front 991

mao inhibitor (mao-b selective)

Back 991

selegiline