Usmle 2 Gold - Pathology

Front 1

Mobitz I

Back 1

117. Usually due to inferior MI. Rarely goes into 3rd degree block. 118. Txt w/ Atropine or Isoproterenol.

Front 2

Mobitz II

Back 2

119. BBB association. Often goes to 3rd degree AV block. Usually due to anterior MI.

Front 3

P wave

Back 3

120. Atrial depol.

Front 4

a wave

Back 4

121. LA contraction

Front 5

T wave

Back 5

122. Vetricular repol.

Front 6

Wavy fibers

Back 6

123. Eosinophilic bands of necrotic myocytes. Early sign of MI.

Front 7

Janeway’s lesions

Back 7

124. Acute bacterial endocarditis. 125. Nontender, erythematous lesions of palms & soles.

Front 8

Osler’s nodes

Back 8

126. Subacute bacterial endocarditis. 127. Tender lesions of fingers & toes.

Front 9

Thiamine defcy

Back 9

128. Wet Beri Beri heart. Dilated (congested) cardiomyopathy due to chronic alcohol consumption 129. Dyr Beri Beri = peripheral neuropathy 130. Wernicke-Korsakoff = ataxia; confusion; confabulation; memory loss

Front 10

Fibrinous Pericarditis

Back 10

131. Associated w/ MI: Dressler’s

Front 11

Serous Pericarditis

Back 11

132. Associated w/ nonbacterial; viral (Coxsackie) infection; immunologic reaction.

Front 12

Friction Rub

Back 12

133. Pericarditis association

Front 13

Hemorrhagic Pericarditis

Back 13

134. Associated w/ TB or neoplasm

Front 14

Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

Back 14

135. Aka infiltrative cardiomyopathy that stiffens the heart 136. Due to amyloidosis in the elderly 137. Due to , also see schaumann & asteroid bodies in young (<25 yoa).

Front 15

PML’s infectious agent

Back 15

138. JC Virus (Papovavirus = dsDNA, naked icosahedral capsid)

Front 16

Edema

Back 16

139. increases Pc (more seeps out) 140. decreases πc (less reabsorbed) 141. increases permeability 142. Block lymphatic drainage

Front 17

Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease

Back 17

143. Commonly see liver cysts & Berry aneurysms along w/ kidney cysts. Hematuria & HTN also present. 144. 3 cysts in ea. Kidney w/ + family history confirms diagnosis

Front 18

Malignant HTN & Kidneys

Back 18

145. Petehial hemorrhages are seen on kidney surfaces = Flea-Bitten surface = young black men

Front 19

Nephritic signs

Back 19

146. Hematuria; RBC casts; HTN

Front 20

Nephrotic signs

Back 20

147. Proteinuria; Hypoalbuminemia; Edema

Front 21

Podocyte Effacement seen w/

Back 21

148. Minimal Change (Lipoid nephrosis) disease

Front 22

ASO seen in

Back 22

149. Acute post-streptococcal GN (due to βHGASrtep) 150. Anti streptolysin O

Front 23

Crescentic GN

Back 23

151. Rapidly progressive GN – nephritic syndrome 152. Associated w/ multi system disease or post-strep/post infectious glomerular nephritis

Front 24

Hereditary Nephritis

Back 24

153. Alport’s syndrome. X linked 154. Renal disease w/ deafness & ocualr abnormalities

Front 25

Membranoproliferative GN

Back 25

155. Can be secondary to complement deficiency; chronic infections; CLL 156. See tram tracking

Front 26

TypeI Membrano Proliferative GN deposits

Back 26

157. C3 & IgG deposits

Front 27

TypeII Membrano Proliferative GN deposits

Back 27

158. Only C3 deposits 159. Aka Dense deposit disease

Front 28

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis deposits

Back 28

160. IgM & C3 deposits

Front 29

Cold agglutinins

Back 29

161. Seen in atypical pneumonia 162. It is IgM Ab with specificity for I Ag on adult RBCs

Front 30

Scrofula

Back 30

163. TB in the lymph nodes

Front 31

Aspirin-Asthma Triad

Back 31

164. Nasal polyps – Rhinitis – bronchoconstriction

Front 32

Ferruginous bodies

Back 32

165. Hemosiderin (pigment w/ Fe3-) covered macrophages that have been pahgocytised

Front 33

Pancoast’s tumor causes

Back 33

166. Ulnar nerve pain & Horner’s syndrome

Front 34

Fatty degeneration

Back 34

167. Made up primarily of triglycerides 168. Most commonly due to alcoholism which commonly leads to hepatic cirrhosis 169. Associated w/ CCl4 -

Front 35

Cloudy swelling

Back 35

170. Failure of cellular Na pump 171. Seen in Fatty degeneration of the liver and in Hydropic (Vacuolar) degeneration of the liver

Front 36

Hydropic degeneration

Back 36

172. Severe form of cloudy swelling 173. Seen with hypokalemia induced by vomitting/diarrhea

Front 37

Liquefaction necrosis

Back 37

174. Rapid enzymatic break down of lipids 175. Seen commonly in Brain & Spinal cord (CNS) injuries 176. Seen in suppurative infections = pus formation

Front 38

Coagulation necrosis

Back 38

177. Result of sudden ischemia 178. Seen in organs w/ end arteries limited collateral circulation) = heart, lung, kidney, spleen

Front 39

Caseation necrosis

Back 39

179. Combination of both coagulation & liquefaction necrosis 180. Seen w/ M. tuberculosis & Histoplasma capsulatum infection

Front 40

Fibrinoid necrosis

Back 40

181. Seen in the walls of small arteries 182. Associated w/ malignant hypertension, polyarteritis nodosa, immune mediated vasculitis

Front 41

Fat necrosis

Back 41

183. Result of lipase actions liberated from pancreatic enzymes 184. Seen w/ Acute pancreatitis = saponification results

Front 42

Hemoptysis

Back 42

185. Blood in sputum

Front 43

Pulmonary embolism

Back 43

186. Most commonly thrombus from lower extremity vein

Front 44

Phlebothrombosis

Back 44

187. From a vein of lower extremities, of a pregnant uterus, in Congestive heart failure, bed ridden pt, 188. As a complicaiton in a pt w/ Pancreatic CA due to increases d blood coagulability

Front 45

Saddle embolus

Back 45

189. Embolus lodged in bifurcation of pulmonary trunks 190. increases increases RV strain = RV & RA dilate = Acute cor Pulmonale

Front 46

Paradoxical embolism

Back 46

191. Right to Left shunt allows a venous embolism to enter arterial circulation 192. Patent ovale foramen or Atrial septal defect

Front 47

Tuberculoid granuloma

Back 47

193. Collection of macrophages w/o caseation 194. Seen w/ Sarcoidosis (non-caseating); Syphilis; Brucellosis and Leprotic infections

Front 48

Cellulitis

Back 48

195. Spreading infection due to streptococcus

Front 49

PSA

Back 49

196. Prostate Specific Antigen = elevated in prostatic CA

Front 50

increases increases 5-HT

Back 50

197. In cases of metastatic carcinoid, txt w/ Methysergide (5HT antagonist)

Front 51

increases αFeto Protein

Back 51

198. Hepatocarcinoma 199. Neural tube defects

Front 52

CEA

Back 52

200. Carcinoembryonic Antigen = elevated in Colon CA

Front 53

Chromosome 13

Back 53

201. Retinoblastoma

Front 54

Chromosome 11p

Back 54

202. Wilms tumor of the kidney

Front 55

Vinyl Chloride

Back 55

203. Associated w/ Angiosarcoma of the liver

Front 56

Agent Orange

Back 56

204. Contains dioxin 205. Implicated as a cause of Hodgkin;s disease, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma & soft tissue sarcomas

Front 57

Parasites & CA

Back 57

206. Schistosoma haematobium = Urinary bladder CA 207. S. mansoni = Colon CA 208. Aspergillus flavus = potent hepatocarcinogen

Front 58

Ochronosis

Back 58

209. Alkaptonuria 210. Error in tyrosine metabolism due to Homogentisic acid (oxidizes tyrosine) 211. Involving intervertebral disks = Ankylosing Spondilitis = Poker spine 212. See dark urine; dark coloration of sclera, tendons, cartilage

Front 59

Lead poisoning

Back 59

213. Acid fast inclusion bodies 214. increases urinary coproprophyrin 215. Anemia: microcytic/ hypochromic 216. Stippling of the basophils 217. Gingival line & lead line in bones: x-ray 218. Mental retardation

Front 60

Heroin OD, clinically

Back 60

219. Massive pulmonary edema w/ frothy fluid from the nostrils

Front 61

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Back 61

220. Small head, small eyes, funnel chest, ASD, mental deficiency, and hirsutism

Front 62

Atypical mycobacterium

Back 62

221. M. kanasasii & M. avium intracellulare

Front 63

Cold abscesses

Back 63

222. Liquefied TB lesions similar to pyogenic abscesses but lacking acute inflammation

Front 64

Actinomyces isrealli

Back 64

223. Farmers infection 224. Lumpy jaw (from chewing grain) & PID (IUD), but most common is due to saprophyticus

Front 65

Congenital Syphilis

Back 65

225. Saddle nose, Saber shin, Hutchinson’s teeth, nerve deafness, interstitial keratitis

Front 66

Warthin-Finkeledy cells

Back 66

226. Reticuloendothelial giant cells on tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen 227. Seen with Rubeola (measles) due to paramyxovirus

Front 67

Diphyllobothrium latum

Back 67

228. Tapeworm infection causing megaloblastic anemia by consuming large amount of vit B12 in the host

Front 68

Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis

Back 68

229. α Hemolytic Streptococci (S. viridans) = usually in pt w/ pre-existing heart problem

Front 69

Acute Bacterial Endocarditis

Back 69

230. Staph aureus, β Hemolytic Streptococci, E. coli 231. Common among drug addicts & diabetics

Front 70

Mitral Insufficiency

Back 70

232. Ruptured papillary muscle

Front 71

Left Anterior Descending branch

Back 71

233. Branch of the Left Coronary artery 234. Highest frequency of thrombotic occlusion 235. MI = anterior wall of the LV, especially in apical part of interventricular septum

Front 72

Left Circumflex branch

Back 72

236. Branch of the Left Coronary artery 237. Occlusion = MI of posterior/lateral wall of the LV

Front 73

Dissecting Aneurysm

Back 73

238. False aneurysm: it is splitting of the media of the aorta 239. Usually accompanied w/ long history of severe hypertension, also seen w/ familial hyperlipidemia, atherosclerotic disease, Marfan’s Collagen disease 240. Zones of medial necrosis +/- slitlike cysts = Medial Cystic Necrosis of Erdheim

Front 74

Cor Pulmonale

Back 74

241. Right ventricular strain, associated w/ right ventricular hypertrophy

Front 75

Acute Cor Pulmonale

Back 75

242. Sudden right ventricular strain due to a massive pulmonary embolism

Front 76

Bronchopneumonia

Back 76

243. Lobular (rather than lobar) 244. Due to Staph aureus; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Klebsiella; E. coli 245. Abscess formation is common

Front 77

Lobar pneumonia

Back 77

246. Due to Strep. Pneumoniae infection (5% due to Klebsiella) 247. Red Hepatization: days 1-3 of the pneumonia 248. Gray Hepatization: days 3-8 of untreated pneumonia 249. Complicaitons: pleural effusion; atelectasia; fibrinous pleuritis; empyema; fibrinous pericarditis; otitis media

Front 78

Bronchiectasis

Back 78

250. Permanent dilatation of the bronchi – predisposed by chronic sinusitis and post nasal drip 251. Supparation associated 252. Lower lobe > than upper lobe involvement

Front 79

Cold Agglutinins

Back 79

253. Found w/ Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Front 80

Panlobular Emphysema

Back 80

254. α1 – antitrypsin deficiency, causing elastase increases = increases compliance in the lung

Front 81

Bulla

Back 81

255. Associated w/ Emphysema = “Bleb” = outpouching - If it ruptures causes Pneumothorax

Front 82

Farmer’s Lung

Back 82

256. Due to Micropolyspora faeni (thermophilic actinomycetes)

Front 83

Bagassosis

Back 83

257. Due to M. vulgaris (actinomycetes) 258. Inhalation of sugar cane dust

Front 84

Silo-Filler’s Lung

Back 84

259. Due to Nitrogen dioxide from nitrates in corn

Front 85

G6PDH Deficiency

Back 85

260. Sex-linked chronic hemolytic anemia w/o challenge or after eating fava beans 261. Heinz Bodies appear in RBCs

Front 86

HbF increases increases

Back 86

262. Sickle Cell Anemia

Front 87

Multiple Myeloma

Back 87

263. Lytic lesions of flat bones (“salt & pepper lesions”) = vertebrae, ribs, skull; Hypercalcemia; Bence-Jones protein casts

Front 88

Hodgkin’s Disease

Back 88

264. Malignant neoplasm of the lymph nodes causing pruritis; fever = looks like an acute infection
265. Reed Sternberg cells

Front 89

Polyarteritis Nodosa

Back 89

266. Immune complex disease of Ag-Ab complexes on blood vessel wall
267. Half of the immune complexes have Hepatitis B Ag
268. Can see fever; abd.pain; decreases wt; HTN; muscle aches

Front 90

Sprue

Back 90

269. Celiac disease due to a gluten-induced enteropathy = small intestine villi are blunted 270. High titers of anti-gliadin Abs & increases IgA levels

Front 91

Regional Enteritis

Back 91

271. Crohn’s Disease 272. Association w/ Arthritis; Uveitis; Erythema Nodosum

Front 92

Whipple’s Disease

Back 92

273. Intestinal Lipodystrophy = malabsorption syndrome

Front 93

Kulchitsky cells

Back 93

274. Neural cest cells from which carcinoids arise = of the Bronchi; GIT; Pancreas

Front 94

Ulcerative Colitis

Back 94

275. Inflammatory disease of the colon w/ increases colon CA incidence 276. Crypt abscess in the crypts of Lieberkuhn 277. Pseudopolyps when ulcers are deep 278. Not transmural involvement

Front 95

Vaginal Adenosis

Back 95

279. Women exposed to DES (Diethylstilbesterol) in utero before the 18th week of pregnancy 280. Some develop clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina & cervix

Front 96

Scirrhous Carcinoma

Back 96

281. Infiltrating Duct Carcinoma w/ fibrosis – most common type of breast carcinoma

Front 97

Hofbauer Cells

Back 97

282. Lipid laden macrophages seen in villi of Erythroblastosis Fetalis

Front 98

Retinopathy of Prematurity

Back 98

283. Retrolental Fibroplasia = cause of bindness in premies due to high O2 concentrations

Front 99

IgA deficiency

Back 99

284. Pt has recurrent infections & diarrhea w/ increases respiratory tract allergy & autoimmune diseases 285. If given blood w/ IgA = develop severe, fatal anaphylaxis reaction

Front 100

Priamry Sjorgen’s

Back 100

286. Dry eyes & dry mouth, arthritis. increases risk for B cell lymphoma. HLA-DR3 frequent. Autoimmune disease.

Front 101

Secondary Sjorgen’s

Back 101

287. Rheumatoid arthritis, SLE, or systemic sclerosis association 288. RA association shows HLA-DR4

Front 102

LDH1 & LDH2

Back 102

289. Myocardium. LDH1 higher than LDH2 = Myocardial Infarction

Front 103

LDH3

Back 103

290. Lung tissue

Front 104

LDH4 & LDH5

Back 104

291. Liver cells

Front 105

Keratomalacia

Back 105

292. Severe Vit A deficiency. See Bitot’s spots in the eyes = gray plaques = thickened, keratinized ET

Front 106

Metabisfite Test

Back 106

293. Suspending RBCs in a low O2 content solution 294. Can detect Hemoglobin S, which sickles in low O2

Front 107

Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia

Back 107

295. Can be due to Hemolyitc Uremic Syndrome & Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) 296. See Helmet cells

Front 108

Wright’s stain

Back 108

297. Stain for Burkitt’s lymphoma

Front 109

Mononucleosis

Back 109

298. Due to EBV infeciton 299. If Mono is treated w/ Ampicillin, thinking that it is a strep pharyngitis, a rash will occur.

Front 110

T(8;14)

Back 110

300. Burkitt’s lymphoma = c-myc oncogene overexpression

Front 111

T(9;22)

Back 111

301. CML = c-abl/bcr gene formation = Philadelphia translocation

Front 112

Langerhan Cell Histiocytosis

Back 112

302. Letter Siwe syndrome; Hand Schuller Christian Disease; Eosinophilic Granuloma 303. Birbeck granules are present = tennis racket shape

Front 113

Myeloid Metaplasia

Back 113

304. Alkaline phosphatase increases /normal compare to CML = low to absent 305. Anemia; splenomegaly; platelets > 1 million = extensive extra-medullary hematopoiesis

Front 114

Multiple Myeloma

Back 114

306. Weakness; wt. loss; recurrent infection; proteinuria; anemia; increases proliferation of plasma cells in BM = plasma cell dx 307. Serum M protein spike – most often of IgG or IgA 308. Hypercalcemia (increases bone destruction)

Front 115

T(14;18)

Back 115

309. NH Lymphoma = bcl2 proto-oncogene overexpression seen w/ Small Cleaved Cell (Follicualr) Lymphoma

Front 116

Focal Segmental GN exs

Back 116

310. IgA Focal GN = Berger’s disease; SLE; PAN; Schonlein-Henoch purpura (anaphylactoid purpura)

Front 117

Nephrotic Syndrome exs

Back 117

311. Focal (Segmental) GN; Membranous GN; Lipoid (Minimal Change) GN; Membranoproliferative GN; Hep B; Syphilis; Penicillamine

Front 118

Schistosoma Haematobium

Back 118

312. Infection is assocaited w/ Squamous cell CA of the Bladder (most common Bladder CA is transitional cell type) 313. Associated w/ portal HTN due to intrahepatic obstruction

Front 119

Penicillin Resistant PID

Back 119

314. PID is usually due to N. Gonorrhoeae, but if unresponsive to penicillin think of Bacteroides species

Front 120

Duret Hemorrhages

Back 120

315. Severe increases in ICP w/ downward diplacement of cerebellar tonsils into Foramen Magnum causing a compression on the brainstem w/ hemorrhaging into the pons & midbrain 316. Nearly always associated w/ death due to damage to the vital centers in these areas

Front 121

Hypertensive Hemorrhage

Back 121

317. Predilection for lenticulostriate arteries = putamen & internal capsule hemorrhages

Front 122

Cerebral Embolism from

Back 122

318. MI w/ Mural Thrombi; Atrial Fib Thrombi = Marantic thrombi; L-sided Bacterial Endocarditis; Paradoxical Embolism of septal defect

Front 123

Neurosyphilis

Back 123

319. Tabes Dorsalis = decreases joint position sensation, decreases pain sensation, ataxia, Argyl Robertson pupils 320. Syphilitic meningitis 321. Paretic neurosyphilis

Front 124

5p¬

Back 124

322. Cri di Chat: mental retardation; small head; wide set eyes; low set ears; cat-like cry

Front 125

Trisomy 13

Back 125

323. Patau’s: small head & eyes; cleft lip & palate; many fingers

Front 126

Acute Cold Agglutinaiton

Back 126

324. Abs to I blood group Ag. Mediated by IgM Abs 325. Complication of EBV or Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections

Front 127

Chronic Cold Agglutinaiton

Back 127

326. Associated w/lymphoid neoplasms. See agglutination & hemolysis in tissue exposed to cold. IgM Abs

Front 128

RBC Osmotic Fragility

Back 128

327. Hereditary Spherocytosis

Front 129

Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas

Back 129

328. Small Lymphocytic: low grade B cell lymphoma of the elderly. Related to CLL. 329. Small Cleaved cell (Follicualr): low grade B cell lymphoma of the elderly. T(14;18) bcl-2 oncogene 330. Large Cell 331. Lymphoblastic: high grade T cell lymphoma of kids progressing to T-ALL 332. Small Non Cleaved = Burkitt’s: high grade B cell lymphoma. EBV infection. Starry sky histo appearance. T(8;14) c-myc proto-oncogene. Related to B-ALL

Front 130

Singer’s Nodules

Back 130

333. Benign laryngeal polyps associated w/ smoking & overuse of the voice

Front 131

Paraseptal emphysema

Back 131

334. Associated w/ blebs (large subpleural bullae) that can rupture and cause pneumothorax

Front 132

Superior Vena Cava Syndrome

Back 132

335. Obstructed due to bronchogenic carcinoma. Causing swollen face & cyanosis.

Front 133

Betel nuts

Back 133

336. Associated to oral cancer.

Front 134

Fundal (Type A) Gastritis

Back 134

337. Antibodies to parietal cells; pernicious anemia; autoimmune diseases

Front 135

Antral (Type B) Gastritis

Back 135

338. Associated w/ Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori infection. 90% of duodenal ulcer

Front 136

Primary Biliary Cirrhosis

Back 136

339. Autoimmune origin; middle aged women; anti-mitochondrial Abs 340. Jaundice; itching; hypercholesterolemia (can see cutaneous xanthomas)

Front 137

Acute Pancreatitis

Back 137

341. increases pancreatic enzymes = fat necrosis; sapponification = hypocalcemia; increases serum amylase 342. Severe epigastric ab pain; prostration; radiation to the back

Front 138

Radiating Back Pain

Back 138

343. Chronic pancreatitis

Front 139

Complete Hydatidiform Mole

Back 139

344. No embryo. Paternal derivation only. 46XX

Front 140

Partial Hydatidiform Mole

Back 140

345. Embryo. 2 or more sprems fertilized 1 ovum: triploidy/tetraploidy occurs

Front 141

Cold Nodules

Back 141

346. Hypoplastic Goiter nodules that do not take up radio active iodine. [Opposite: hot & do take up iodine]

Front 142

Acidophils

Back 142

347. Mammotrophs = Prolactin 348. Somatotrophs = GH

Front 143

Basophils

Back 143

349. Thyrotrophs = TSH 350. Gonadotrophs = LH 351. Corticotrophs = ACTH & FSH

Front 144

Lacunar Strokes

Back 144

352. Small/focal aa occlusions. Purely motor or sensory. 353. Sensory: lesion of thalamus 354. Motor: lesion of internal capsule

Front 145

CSF of Bacterial Meningitis

Back 145

355. decreases Glucose; increases Protein; increases Neutrophils; increases Pressure

Front 146

CSF of Viral Meningitis

Back 146

356. Normal Glucose; +/-increases Protein; increases Lymphocytes

Front 147

Marble Bone Disease

Back 147

357. Osteoporosis: Albers-Schonberd Disease = inspite of increases d bone density, many fractures = decreases osteoclasts

Front 148

C5a

Back 148

358. Involved in Chemotaxis (for Neutrophils)

Front 149

C3b

Back 149

359. Involved in Opsonization (& IgG)

Front 150

Anaphylotoxins

Back 150

360. C3a & C5a (mediate Histamine release from Basophils & Mast cells)

Front 151

Vasoactive Mediators

Back 151

361. Vasoconstriction: TxA2; LTC4; LTD4; LTE4; PAF 362. Vasodilation: PGI2; PGD2; PGE2; PGF2α; Bradykinin; PAF 363. increases d Vascular Permeability: Hist.; 5HT; PGD2; PGE2; PGF2α; LTC4; LTD4; LTE4; Bradykinin; PAF

Front 152

Platelet Aggregation

Back 152

364. ADP; Thrombin; TxA2; collagen; Epinephrine; PAF

Front 153

Platelet Antagonist

Back 153

365. Prostacyclin (PGI2)

Front 154

Intrinsic Pathway

Back 154

366. F XII (Hagman): APTT

Front 155

Extrinsic Pathway

Back 155

367. F VII: PT

Front 156

Lines of Zahn

Back 156

368. Aterial thrombi = pale red colored (dark red is venous thrombi)

Front 157

Currant Jelly appearance

Back 157

369. Post mortem clots

Front 158

Emigration: Chemotaxis

Back 158

370. Margination 371. Pavementing 372. Adhesion 373. Chemotaxis 374. Phagocytosis 375. Intracellular microbial killing

Front 159

Transudate

Back 159

376. Specific gravity < 1.012 – low protein

Front 160

Exudate

Back 160

377. Specific gravity > 1.020 – high protein

Front 161

Hurler’s

Back 161

378. Lysosomal storage disease α L Iduronidase – Heparan/Dermatan Sulfate accumulation

Front 162

Galactosemia

Back 162

379. Deficiency of Galactose 1 Phosphate Uridyl Transferase. increases Galactose 1 Phosphate

Front 163

Phenylketonuria

Back 163

380. Deficiency: Phenylalanine Hydroxylase. increases Phenyalanine & degradation products 381. Mousy body odor

Front 164

Autosomal Dominant Diseases

Back 164

382. Adult Poly Cystic Kidney Disease 383. Familial Hypercholestrolemia Disease 384. Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telengectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu) 385. Hereditary Spherocytosis 386. Huntington’s Disease (chromosome 4p) 387. Marfan’s Syndrome 388. Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen’s) 389. Tuberous Sclerosis 390. Von Hippel Lindau Disease

Front 165

Autosomal Recessive Diseases

Back 165

391. Tay-Sachs 392. Gaucher’s 393. Niemann-Pick 394. Hurler’s 395. Von Gierke’s 396. Pompe’s 397. Cori’s 398. McArdle’s 399. Galactosemia 400. PKU 401. Alcaptonuria

Front 166

X Linked Recessive Diseases

Back 166

402. Hunter’s Syndrome (L-Iduronosulfate Sulfatase deficincy, increases Heparan/Dermatan Sulfate) 403. Fabry’s Disease (α Galactosidase A deficiency, increases Ceremide Trihexoside) 404. Classic Hemophilia A (Factor VIII deficiency, F8 Gene on X chromosome is bad, increases Ceremide Trihexoside) 405. Lisch-Nyhan Syndrome (HGPRT deficiency, increases Uric acid) 406. G6Phosphatase deficiency (G6PDH deficiency, increases Ceremide trihexoside) 407. Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy (Dystrophin deficinecy, increases Ceremide Trihexoside)

Front 167

Hypersensitivity Reactions “ACID”

Back 167

408. Type I (Anaphylactic): IgE mediated. Exs: Hay Fever; Allergic asthma; Hives 409. Type II (Cytotoxic): Warm Ab autoimmune hemolytic anemia; hemolytic transfusion reactions; Erythroblastosis Fetalis; Grave’s Disease; Goodpastures 410. Type III (Immune Complex): Insoluble complement bound aggregates of Ag-Ab complexes. Exs: Serum sickness; Arthus Reaction; Polyarteritis Nodosa; SLE; Immune Complex Mediated Glomerular Disease 411. Type IV (Delayed = Cell mediated immunity): Delayed hypersensitivity. Involves memory cells. Exs: Tuberculin reaction; Contact dermatitis; Tumor cell killing; Virally infected cell killing

Front 168

Transplant Rejections

Back 168

412. Hyperacute Rejection = occurs w/in minutes of transplant. Ab mediated. 413. Acute Rejection = occurs w/in days to months of transplant. Lymphocytes & macrophages. Only rejection type that can be treated w/ therapy. 414. Chronic Rejection = occurs months to years of transplant. Ab mediates vascular damage.

Front 169

Blood Metastasis

Back 169

415. Sarcoma, exception – renal cell CA: early venous invasion

Front 170

Lymph Metastasis

Back 170

416. Carcinoma, exception – renal cell CA: early venous invasion

Front 171

Aflatoxin

Back 171

417. Seen w/ Aspergillus. increases risk for Hepatocellular CA

Front 172

Cleft Lip

Back 172

418. Incomplete fusion of maxillary prominence w/ median nasal prominence

Front 173

Cleft Palate

Back 173

419. Incomplete fusion of lateral palatine process w/ each other & median nasal prominence & medial palatine prominence

Front 174

Craniopharyngioma

Back 174

416. Pituitary tumor - usually calcified

Front 175

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

Back 175

Inolved in Vision relay

Front 176

Medial Geniculate Body

Back 176

Involved in Hearing relay

Front 177

Lung Development

Back 177

Glandular: 5-17 fetal weeks Canalicular 13-25 fetal weeks Terminal Sac 24 weeks to birth Alveolar period birth-8yoa

Front 178

Heart’s 1st Beat

Back 178

21-22 days

Front 179

Foregut

Back 179

Mouth ‚ Common Bile Duct - supplied by Celiac Artery

Front 180

Midgut

Back 180

Duodenum, just below Common Bile Duct ‚ Splenic flexure of the Colon supplied by Superior Mesenteric artery

Front 181

Hindgut

Back 181

Splenic Flexure ‚ Butt crack ‚ supplied by Inferior Mesenteric Artery

Front 182

Hypnagogic Hallucinaitons

Back 182

Narcolepsy

Front 183

Type I Error

Back 183

α: “Convicting the innocent” – accepting experimental hypothesis/rejecting null hypothesis

Front 184

Subdural Hematoma

Back 184

Ruptured cerebral bridging veins

Front 185

Epidural Hematoma

Back 185

Ruptured middle meningeal artery “intervals of lucidness”, 2ry to Temporal bone fracture

Front 186

Type II Error

Back 186

β: “Setting the guilty free” – fail to reject the null hypotesis when it was false

Front 187

Power

Back 187

1 -β

Front 188

Sensitivity

Back 188

TP/TP + FN

Front 189

Specificity

Back 189

TN/TN + FP

Front 190

Positive Predictive Value

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TP/(TP+FP)

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Negative Predictive Value

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TN/TN + FN

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Odds Ratio

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ad/bc

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d-Dimers

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DIC

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Delusion

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Disorder of thought content

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Loose Association

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Skip from topic to topic

Front 196

5 Stages of Death

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Denial – Anger – Bargaining – Depression – Acceptance

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1st Branchial Arch

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Meckel’s cartillage – gives rise to incus/malleus bones of ear

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2nd Branchial Arch

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Reichert’s cartillage – gives rise to stapes bone of ear

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Median nerve lesion

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No pronation

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Radial nerve lesion

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Wrist drop – seen w/ humerus fracture

Front 201

Common peroneal lesion

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Foot drop. No dorsiflexion or eversion of the foot

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Diract inguinal hernia

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Goes through superficial inguinal ring. Medial to inferior epigastric artery Seen in older men

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Indirect inguinal hernia

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Goes through deep & superficial inguinal ring Lateral to inferior epigastric artery Seen in young boys – processus vaginalis did not close

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@ Diaphragm T8, T10, T12

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T8 = Inferior vena cava T10 = Esophagus/ Vagus T12 = Aorta/ Thoracic duct/ Azygous vein

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Hemiballism

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Wild flailing of 1 arm. Lesion of the sub thalamic nucleus

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O Linked Oligosaccharide

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In the Golgi

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N Linked Oligosaccharide

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In the RER

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MLF Syndrome

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Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia: medial rectus palsy on lateral gaze; Nystagmus on abducting eye. Seen w/ MS

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ADA Deficiency

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SCID

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Raphe Nucleus

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Initiation of sleep via 5HT predominance

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β waves

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Alert; Awake; Active mind – also seen in REM, therefore we say “paradoxical sleep”

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Irreversible Glycolysis Enzymes

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Hexokinase PhosphoFructo Kinase = Rate Limiting Step Pyruvate Kinase Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

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Irreversible Gluconeogenesis Enzymes

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PyruvateCarboxy Kinase PEPCarboxyKinase Fructose 1,6 BiPhosphatase Glucose 6 Phosphatase **muscle dose not take part in Gluconeogenesis, only takes place in the liver, kidney & GI epithelium

Front 214

Pellagra

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Diarrhea, Dermatitis, Dementia Niacin Deficiency (Vit B3 deficiency) Hartnup’s Disease Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome INH use

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TLCFN

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Needed as co-factor for Pyruvate DH complex & α Ketoglutarate DH complex

Front 216

LCAT or PCAT

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Esterification of cholesterol: lecithin cholesterol acetyltransferase Lecithin = Phosphatidylcholine, therefore phosphotidylcholine acetyltransferase

Front 217

HMGCoA Reductase

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Rate limiting step in cholesterol synthesis Changes HMGCoA ‚ Mevalonate (-) by Lovastatin

Front 218

Ketogenic amino acids

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Leucine & Lysine

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Glucogenic amino acids

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Methionine, Threonine, Valine, Arginine, Histadine

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Keto & Gluco amino acids

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Phenylalanine, Trytophan, Isoleucine

Front 221

Carnitine Shuttle

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Feeds FA into the mitochondria for their consumption

Front 222

Cori Cycle

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Keeps muscles working anaerobically. Transfers lactate to the liver to make glucose which is sent back into the muscles for energy use

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(-) Na+ Pump (ATPase)

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Ouabain [(-) K+ pump] Vanadate [(-) phosphorylation] Digoxin [increases heart contractility]

Front 224

TCA Cycle Products

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“Citric Acid Is Krebs Starting Substrate For Mitochondrial Oxidation” Citrate • Aconitate • Isocitrate • α Ketoglutarate • Succinyl • Succinate • Fumarate • Malate ‚OAA

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Cones

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Color vision. Contain Iodopsin = Red-Blue-Green specific pigment. For acuity.

Front 226

Rods

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Contain Rhodopsin pigment. High sensitivity. Concentrated in the fovea. Night vision.

Front 227

Gastrula

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Seen @ 3rd week: Ecto, Meso & Endo

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Epiblast

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@ 2nd week: forms the primitive streak, from which Meso & Endo come from. Directly gives rise to Ecto.

Front 229

Sydenham’s Chorea

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Post streptococcal infection. Necrotizing arteritis of the caudate, putamen, thalamus

Front 230

(+) Frei Test

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Chlamydia trachomatis types L1, L2, L3 = Lymphogranuloma venereum

Front 231

Sabouraud’s Agar

Back 231

Culture for all Fungi ie…Culture Cryptococcus neofromans which is found in pigeon droppings

Front 232

FMR1 Gene Defect

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Fragile X Syndrome: macro-orchidism; long face; large jaw; large everted ears; autism, mental retardation

Front 233

Barr Body

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Present in Kleinfelters: Male: XXY Not present in Turner’s: Female: XO

Front 234

Aortic Insufficiency Signs

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Traube Sign = Pistol shot sound over the femoral vessels Corrigan pulse = water hammer pulse over coratid artery = aortic regurgitation

Front 235

Scleroderma :”CREST”

Back 235

Calcinosis; Raynauds; Esophageal; Sclerodactyl; Telangiectasis

Front 236

Cretinism

Back 236

Sporadic: bad T4 phosphorylation or developmental failure of thyroid formation Endemic: no Iodine in diet: protruding belly & belly button

Front 237

Hemochromatosis Triad

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Micronodular pigment cirrhosis; Bronze Diabetes; Skin pigmentation = due to increases Fe3+ deposition

Front 238

Fastest growing tumor

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Burkitt’s

Front 239

PE’s

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Are found in half of all autopsies

Front 240

Courvoisier’s Law

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tumors that obstruct the common bile duct cause enlarged gallbladders, but obstructing gallstones do not (too much scarring), so if you can palpate the gallbladder you’e probably looking at cancer.

Front 241

Carcinomas grow without destroying the normal architecture of the lung

Back 241

Bronchioalveolar