Usf Microbiology Lab Midterm 2, Vandenbergh

Front 1

What is a bacteriophage?

Back 1

A virus that infects bacteria.

Front 2

True or False? Bacteriophage are very specific.

Back 2

True.

Front 3

What happens during the Lytic Cycle after the phage has injected its genome into the bacteria?

Back 3

The phage's genome is immediately replicated and new phage particles are synthesized.

Front 4

What happens during Lysogeny after the phage has injected its genome into the bacteria?

Back 4

The phage's genome is integrated into the host's genome, called a prophage, then it is replicated along with the bacterium's genome.

Front 5

True or False? The prophage formed in Lysogeny will remain latent until a cue, usually environmental, triggers it to excise from the host genome.

Back 5

True.

Front 6

True or False? The T4 phage only replicates by the lytic cycle and is considered a virulent phage.

Back 6

True.

Front 7

What is a plaque in respect to phages and bacterial growth on plates?

Back 7

A clearing in a lawn of bacterial growth due to infection from a phage.

Front 8

What bacteria is the T4 phage known to kill?

Back 8

E. Coli.

Front 9

What are fungi?

Back 9

Eukaryotic heterotrophs that have cell walls made up of chitin.

Front 10

What is the difference between fungi and bacteria?

Back 10

Fungi are eukaryotes, where as bacteria are prokaryotes.

Front 11

True or False? Fungi are usually smaller than bacteria.

Back 11

False. Fungi are usually larger than bacteria.

Front 12

True or False? Fungi and animals are more closely related than fungi and bacteria.

Back 12

True.

Front 13

Mushrooms are made up of filaments of __________.

Back 13

Hyphae.

Front 14

True or False? Yeasts are not fungi.

Back 14

False. Yeasts are fungi.

Front 15

How do fungi eat?

Back 15

They excrete enzymes into the environment which breakdown organic substrates. The fungus can then absorb these nutrients.

Front 16

Fungi that are decomposers and cycle essential nutrients back into the environment from decaying material are termed ____________.

Back 16

Saprotrophs.

Front 17

Fungi that prey on living cells are called __________.

Back 17

Necrotrophs.

Front 18

Fungi that utilize nutrients from living cells, yet not killing them are called ____________.

Back 18

Biotrophs.

Front 19

Fungi that reproduce by mitotic cell divisions producing asexual mitospores directly from the hyphae are called _____________.

Back 19

Anamorphs. Such as Penicillium and Apergillus.

Front 20

True or False? Some fungi can reproduce by sexual reproduction through alternation of generations.

Back 20

True.

Front 21

If one sees the presence of zygospores, then the ___________ stage is represented.

Back 21

Teleomorph.

Front 22

Multicellular fruiting bodies of some fungi are called _____________.

Back 22

Mushrooms.

Front 23

True or False? Antibiotics are produced from the cultivation of some fungi.

Back 23

True.

Front 24

What is the name for the study of fungi?

Back 24

Mycology.

Front 25

What is the fungi slide we did in class?

Back 25

The Henrici slide.

Front 26

What Fungi did we use for our Henrici slide?

Back 26

Either Penicillium notatum or Rhizopus Stolonifer.

Front 27

What does a Henrici slide consist of?

Back 27

Toothpick, water, slide, agar block, fungi on top of block underneath a slide cover.

Front 28

What are antimicrobial agents?

Back 28

Chemicals or processes that reduce or kill microbes on a substance and can be achieved through physical or chemical means.

Front 29

Physical antimicrobial methods examples are....

Back 29

High or low temperatures, changes in pH, irradiation, or filtration.

Front 30

Chemical antimicrobial methods examples are....

Back 30

Antibiotics, antiseptics, and disinfectants.

Front 31

Define Pasteurization.

Back 31

A process that allows us to disinfect milk or other beverages that contain microorganisms. Heating the substance for a given amount of time to kill microorganisms.

Front 32

What are the two temperature and time options for pasteurization?

Back 32

63C for 30 minutes, or 72C for 15 seconds.

Front 33

What are two bacteria pasteurization kills?

Back 33

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (tuberculosis), and Coxiella burnetii (Q Fever)

Front 34

How does electromagnetic radiation sterilize material?

Back 34

By damaging DNA material, causing death.

Front 35

Define disinfectants.

Back 35

Chemical compounds that are used on non-living objects.

Front 36

Define antiseptics.

Back 36

Chemical compounds that are used on living tissue.

Front 37

Define antimicrobials.

Back 37

Chemical compounds that will selectively kill or inhibit pathogens inside the individual without causing harm to the host.

Front 38

Define antibiotics.

Back 38

Antimicrobial substances that are derived from microorganisms.

Front 39

Define germicides.

Back 39

Chemical or physical methods used to kill microorganisms.

Front 40

Define sterilization.

Back 40

Method to kill all viable organisms and spores.

Front 41

Define disinfection.

Back 41

Method to kill pathogens from living substances.

Front 42

Define antisepsis.

Back 42

Removal of pathogens from living tissue.

Front 43

What is the most common method to test a pathogens susceptibility to an antimicrobial agent?

Back 43

Disk diffusion method.

Front 44

What kind of plate is used in a disk diffusion method?

Back 44

Mueller-Hinton plate, forming a lawn.

Front 45

Define zone of inhibition in relation to the disk diffusion method.

Back 45

Clearing around the disks in the agar plate in the disk diffusion method.

Front 46

Define the Kirby-Bauer test.

Back 46

Measurement of the zone of inhibition and comparing the values to a chart that will determine the susceptibility of a pathogen to antibiotics.

Front 47

Why is the Mueller-Hinton agar used in the Kirby-Bauer test?

Back 47

To standardize the results of the Kirby-Bauer test. Also the plates don't contain PABA, which could interfere with how the bacterium react to the antibiotics.

Front 48

Mannitol Salt plate:

pH indicator?
Inhibitor?
Fermentable sugar?
Sodium thiosulfate and Fe++?
Selective or Differential medium?
When Mannitol is fermented, the medium turns ____.

Back 48

pH indicator? Phenol red.
Inhibitor? 7.5% NaCl
Fermentable sugar? Mannitol.
Sodium thiosulfate and Fe++? -
Selective or Differential medium? Both
When Mannitol is fermented, the medium turns yellow.

Front 49

EMB plate:

pH indicator?
Inhibitor?
Fermentable sugar?
Sodium thiosulfate and Fe++?
Selective or Differential medium?
When lactose is fermented the colonies will turn ______.

Back 49

pH indicator? Eosin & Methylene blue.
Inhibitor? Eosin & Methylene blue.
Fermentable sugar? Lactose.
Sodium thiosulfate and Fe++? -
Selective or Differential medium? Both
When lactose is fermented the colonies will turn blue/black with a green sheen.

Front 50

SS plate:

pH indicator?
Inhibitor?
Fermentable sugar?
Sodium thiosulfate and Fe++?
Selective or Differential medium?
Coliforms will appear _______. Paracolons will appear ____.

Back 50

pH indicator? Neutral red.
Inhibitor? Bile salts and brilliant green.
Fermentable sugar? Lactose.
Sodium thiosulfate and Fe++? +
Selective or Differential medium? Both.
Coliforms will appear red. Paracolons will appear colorless.

Front 51

MacConkey plate:

pH indicator?
Inhibitor?
Fermentable sugar?
Sodium thiosulfate and Fe++?
Selective or Differential medium?
Inhibits growth of Gram _ bacteria.
When lactose is fermented, coliforms will appear ____. Paracolons will appear ____.

Back 51

pH indicator? Neutral red.
Inhibitor? Bile salts & crystal violet.
Fermentable sugar? Lactose.
Sodium thiosulfate and Fe++? -
Selective or Differential medium? Both
Inhibits growth of Gram + bacteria by crystal violet.
When lactose is fermented, coliforms will appear red. Paracolons will appear colorless.

Front 52

TSI plate:

pH indicator?
Inhibitor?
Fermentable sugar?
Sodium thiosulfate and Fe++?

Back 52

pH indicator? Phenol red.
Inhibitor? None.
Fermentable sugar? Glucose, lactose, and sucrose.
Sodium thiosulfate and Fe++? +

Front 53

Citrate plate:

pH indicator?
Inhibitor?
Fermentable sugar?
Sodium thiosulfate and Fe++?

Back 53

pH indicator? Bromothymol blue.
Inhibitor? None.
Fermentable sugar? None.
Sodium thiosulfate and Fe++? -

Front 54

Staphylococcus aureus:

Gram Stain Reaction?
Hemolysis Patterns?
Catalase?
NaCl Tolerant?
Mannitol Fermentation?

Back 54

Gram Stain Reaction? G+ Cocci. Grape-like clusters.
Hemolysis Patterns? Beta.
Catalase? +
NaCl Tolerant? +
Mannitol Fermentation? +

Front 55

Staphylococcus epidermidis:

Gram Stain Reaction?
Hemolysis Patterns?
Catalase?
NaCl Tolerant?
Mannitol Fermentation?

Back 55

Gram Stain Reaction? G+ Cocci. Grape-like clusters.
Hemolysis Patterns? N/A
Catalase? +
NaCl Tolerant? +
Mannitol Fermentation? -

Front 56

Streptococcus pyogenes:

Gram Stain Reaction?
Hemolysis Patterns?
Catalase?
NaCl Tolerant?
Mannitol Fermentation?

Back 56

Gram Stain Reaction? G+ cocci, chains or pairs.
Hemolysis Patterns? Beta.
Catalase? -
NaCl Tolerant? -
Mannitol Fermentation? -

Front 57

Streptococcus pneumoniae:

Gram Stain Reaction?
Hemolysis Patterns?
Catalase?
NaCl Tolerant?
Mannitol Fermentation?

Back 57

Gram Stain Reaction? G+ cocci, chains or pairs.
Hemolysis Patterns? Alpha.
Catalase? -
NaCl Tolerant? -
Mannitol Fermentation? -

Front 58

Escherichia coli:

Gram Stain Reaction?
Lactose Fermentation?
H2S Production?
Citrate Utilization?

Back 58

Gram Stain Reaction? G- Rods.
Lactose Fermentation? +
H2S Production? -
Citrate Utilization? -

Front 59

Klebsiella pneumoniae:

Gram Stain Reaction?
Lactose Fermentation?
H2S Production?
Citrate Utilization?

Back 59

Gram Stain Reaction? G- Rods.
Lactose Fermentation? +
H2S Production? -
Citrate Utilization? +

Front 60

Salmonella enterica:

Gram Stain Reaction?
Lactose Fermentation?
H2S Production?
Citrate Utilization?

Back 60

Gram Stain Reaction? G- Rods.
Lactose Fermentation? -
H2S Production? +
Citrate Utilization? +

Front 61

Yersina enterocolitica:

Gram Stain Reaction?
Lactose Fermentation?
H2S Production?
Citrate Utilization?

Back 61

Gram Stain Reaction? G- Rods
Lactose Fermentation? -
H2S Production? -
Citrate Utilization? -

Front 62

What media is used to select and isolate specific types of bacteria by containing chemical substances that allow the growth of a particular organism, while inhibiting the growth of other organisms?

Back 62

Selective media.

Front 63

What media contains chemical compounds that allow bacteria to be distinguished between each other based on their reactions to the compounds on the media?

Back 63

Differential media.

Front 64

What is a pH indicator?

Back 64

Something incorporated into media to allow changes in pH to be observed at color changes to the medium.

Front 65

What kind of organisms produce no lysis of red blood cells, with no change to the surrounding medium?

Back 65

Nonhemolytic.

Front 66

What type of hemolysis exhibits incomplete lysis of red blood cells? A greenish halo around a colony is a characteristic of this hemolysis and is caused by oxidation of the heme iron in the red blood cells in the agar.

Back 66

Alpha hemolysis.

Front 67

What type of hemolysis exhibits complete lysis of red blood cells? The organism completely utilizes the released hemoglobin from the red blood cells using hemolysins, resulting in a clear halo surrounding the colonies.

Back 67

Beta hemolysis.

Front 68

True or False? Blood agar is a differential medium.

Back 68

True.

Front 69

What is Catalase?

Back 69

An enzyme that converts hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen gas.