Usf Mcb 3020C Vandenbergh Microbiology Test 3

Front 1

Symbiosis

Back 1

This term describes an intimate association between different organisms of different species.

Front 2

This term describes an intimate association between different organisms of different species.

Back 2

Symbiosis

Front 3

Symbiosis is divided into WHAT groups

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endosymbiosis AND ectosymbiosis

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endosymbiosis

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the microbe grows within the host cell

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ectosymbiosis

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the microorganism remains outside the host cell but may be attached.

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in this type of symbiosis the microorganism remains outside the host cell but may be attached.

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ectosymbiosis

Front 7

in this type of symbiosis the microbe grows within the host cell

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endosymbiosis

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name the types of associations Symbiosis is Usually categorized into

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mutualism, parasitism, commensalism

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Mutualism

Back 9

both species benefit.

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Parasitism

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one species benefits (parasite), the host is harmed. Usually the parasite is smaller than the host. Sometimes these associations last a long time.

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Commensalism

Back 11

one organism is benefited, the other is not affected.

Front 12

in this association of symbiosis
one species benefits, the host is harmed. Usually the subject is smaller than the host. Sometimes these associations last a long time.

Back 12

Parasitism

Front 13

in this association of symbiosis
one organism is benefited, the other is not affected.

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Commensalism

Front 14

in this association of symbiosis
both species benefit.

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Mutualism

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T/F there is always a clear distinction between the different associations of symbiosis(mutualism,parasitism,commensalism)

Back 15

False,sometimes diseases or therapies can change a mutualistic relationship into a parasitic one.

Front 16

name all given examples of mutualism

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nitrogen fixation, lichen, mycorrhiza associations, flashlight fishes, in protozoans, in insects, in ruminants.

Front 17

nitrogen fixation

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This example of mutualism involves a symbiotic relationship between a Gram negative bacterium and certain plants of the legume family The association results in the formation of root nodules and the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen.

Front 18

This example of mutualism involves a symbiotic relationship between a Gram negative bacterium and certain plants of the legume family

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nitrogen fixation

Front 19

name the gram negative bacterium involved in nitrogen fixation with the legumes

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Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, Azorhizobium

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Rhizobium

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gram negative bacterium involved in nitrogen fixation with the legumes

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Bradyrhizobium

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gram negative bacterium involved in nitrogen fixation with the legumes

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Azorhizobium

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gram negative bacterium involved in nitrogen fixation with the legumes

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_____to_____ times more nitrogen is fixed symbiotically than non symbiotically

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Five to ten times more nitrogen is fixed symbiotically than non symbiotically

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T/F the association between the microbe and the plant in nitrogen fixation is not specific

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False, the association between the microbe and the plant in nitrogen fixation is highly specific

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_________
converts gaseous nitrogen into a useable form. It increases the available nitrogen for the plant.

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Nitrogen fixation

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nitrogen fixation

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converts gaseous nitrogen into a useable form. It increases the available nitrogen for the plant.

Front 27

when Rhizobium infects the leguminous plant the plant secretes this compound that attracts the Rhizobium

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flavonoid compounds

Front 28

Rhizobium are attracted to which area of the leguminous

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the root area

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Rhizobium have a set of ___ genes that are constitutively expressed. The ___ gene recognizes specific flavonoids secreted by plant roots.

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nod/nodD

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In the presence of this _____, the transcription of the remaining nod genes occur in
Rhizobium

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flavonoid

Front 31

In the presence of this flavonoid, the transcription of the remaining _____genes occur in Rhizobium

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nod

Front 32

nod genes in Rhizobium

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encode for such things as root hair curling, nodule development etc

Front 33

These genes encode for such things as root hair curling, nodule development etc in the Rhizobium

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nod genes

Front 34

the bacteria rhizobium are rich with this enzyme that enables them to fix atmospheric nitrogen

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nitrogenase

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nitrogenase

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enzyme in Rhizobium that enables them to fix atmospheric nitrogen

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Nitrogen fixation continues in the plant until _______ then it ceases

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seed formation

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Frankia

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another Nitrogen Fixing bacteria
an actinomycete forms a symbiotic relationship with Australian pine trees, and over 180 other plants.

Front 38

This process requires large amounts of energy, up to 30 moles of ATP. The energy expenditure is to reduce the N≡N bond.

Back 38

Nitrogen Fixation

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Nitrogen Fixation

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his process requires large amounts of energy, up to 30 moles of ATP. The energy expenditure is to reduce the N≡N bond.

Front 40

the nitrogenase enzyme consists of what 2 distinct protiens

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nitrogenase and nitrogenase reductase

Front 41

nitrogenase and nitrogenase reductase both contain what element

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Iron

Front 42

The complete genes for nitrogen fixation and nitrogenase have been determined and sequenced on the ______ genes

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NIF

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on the nif genes _____ have been
determined on this gene cluster

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20

Front 44

the nif genes have been determined to contain _____ operons

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7

Front 45

what are the requirements of nitrogenase to fix atmospheric nitrogen

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The nitrogenase enzyme requires ATP and Mg and a reducing agent, (ferrodoxins)

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what is the name of the reducing agent the nitrogenase enzyme requires for nitrogen fixation

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ferrodoxins

Front 47

what is the purpose of the ferrodoxins(reducing agents) in the nitrogenase enzyme

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The reducing agents transfer the electrons to the nitrogenase reductase

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rhizobiums enzyme nitrogenase is sensitve to what (or will cause a inactivation of enzyme)

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oxygen

Front 49

rhizobium evolved a mechanism to protect the nitrogenous enzyme from oxygen this acts as a oxygen scavenger in Rhizobium

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a red hemoglobin protein

Front 50

A plant like structure made up of a fungus, and a algae or cyanobacterium living mutualistically

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Lichen

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Lichen

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A plant like structure made up of a fungus, and a algae or cyanobacterium living mutualistically

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in the lichen relationship between fungus and algae or cyanobacterium the fungus provides what

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the support to anchor the lichen to the surface, the fungal hyphae tightly pack around the algal cells

Front 53

in the lichen relationship between fungus and algae the fungus also

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absorbs water from the environment

Front 54

in the lichen relationship between fungus and algae the algae provides

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photosynthesis which provides organic compounds to the fungus

Front 55

lichens are sensitive to WHAT

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pollution

Front 56

Mycorrhiza

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symbiotic relation ship between fungi and vascular plants

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symbiotic relation ship between fungi and vascular plants

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Mycorrhiza

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in mycorrhiza fungi do what for plants in this symbiotic mutualistic relationship

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increase the surface area of the roots to help with the absorption of minerals

Front 59

what types of Mycorrhiza are known to be found in nature

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endomycorrhizae and Ectomycorrhizae

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Ectomycorrhizae

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surround the plant roots but do not penetrate

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endomycorrhizae

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the most common mychorrhizae, organic compounds produced by the plant attract the fungus the fungal hyphae form intracellular vesicles in the plants cortical cells

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in this type of mycorrhizae organic compounds produced by the plant attract the fungus the fungal hyphae form intracellular vesicles in the plants cortical cells

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endomycorrhizae

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in this type of miycorrhizae the fungus suuround the plant roots but do not penetrate

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Ectomycorrhizae

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mycorrhiza help the plant to absorb what element

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phosphorus

Front 65

the sybiotic relationship from this organism between the anomalopidae fish family are a type of luminescent bacteria these fish are also known in flashlight fish

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Photobacterium and Vibrio

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Photobacterium and Vibrio bacteria

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are the organism that provide luminescence in flashlight fish

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what type of enzme is produced by photobacterium that break down aldehydes to give light for luminescence

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luciferase

Front 68

this was discovered in the process in discovering bioluminescence

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Quorum Sensing

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Quorum Sensing

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a single bacterium is able to sense a critical mass of bacteria

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a single bacterium is able to sense a critical mass of bacteria

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Quorum Sensing

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Quorum Sensing was determined from the discovery of what signal molecule

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N-acyl homoserine lactone

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N-acyl homoserine lactone(AHL)

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the signal molecule that allows a single bacterium to sense a critical mass of bacteria (i.e quorum sensing)

Front 73

True or False
N-acyl homoserine lactone(AHL)is produced intially at high levels, as it decreases it induces expression of the luminescence genes

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False N-acyl homoserine lactone is produced initailly at low levels, as it increases it induces expression of the luminescence genes

Front 74

mutualism between what protozoa and a bacteria

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Paramecium aurelia

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Paramecium aurelia

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protozoa that has mutualistic symbiotic relation ship with bacteria

Front 76

true or false
during the mutualistic relation ship between the protozoan Paramecium aurelia and bacteria the bacteria infect the protozoa and they produce toxic particles that kill sensitive strains but not killer strains

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true

Front 77

the giant amoeba have 2 types of endo symbiotes that seem to function as what cellular structure in the amoeba

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mitochondria

Front 78

some protozoa bacteria produce what enzyme that helps them break down what substrate for digestion

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cellullases/ cellulose

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cellulases

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enzyme in protozoa bacteria that assists in cellulose digestion

Front 80

cellulase producing bacteria help break down what in the guts of insects

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wood

Front 81

wood is broken down by what enzyme produced by a bacteria

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cellulase

Front 82

the name of this symbiot is represented by plant eating mammals and bacteria

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Ruminants

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Ruminants

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Ruminants are plant eating mammals that are incable of breaking the beta 1,4 linkage in cellulose whithout the help of the symbiotic bacteria

Front 84

true or false bacteria assist ruminants to break down the beta
1,4 linkage in cellulose in the rumen of these animals

Back 84

true

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Rumen

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Large organ, 100 liters in a cow, 6 liters in a sheep. Anaerobic environment contains (10)^10 bacteria /ml.

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the rumen is an anaerobic enviroment that contains how many bacteria per ml

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(10)^10 bacteria /ml.

Front 87

true or false the bacteria in the rumen are aerobic cellulose degraders

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False the bacteria in the rumen are anaerobic cellulose degraders

Front 88

list the cellulose degrading bacteria that are located in the rumen

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Bacteroides, Ruminococcus, Butyrivibrio.

Front 89

Bacteroides, Ruminococcus, Butyrivibrio.

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cellulose degrading bacteria located in the rumen

Front 90

list the starch degrading bacteriea located in the rumen of plant eating mamamals.

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Bacteroides, Succinomonas, Selenomonas

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Bacteroides, Succinomonas, Selenomonas

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starch degrading bacteriea located in the rumen of plant eating mamamals

Front 92

list the methane producing bacteria located in the rumen of
plant eating mammals

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Methanobrevibacter

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Methanobrevibacter

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methane producing bacteria located in the rumen of
plant eating mammals

Front 94

name the major acids formed by bacterial fermentation in the rumen.

Back 94

acetic, propionic, and butyric acids

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acetic, propionic, and butyric acids

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the major acids formed in the rumen as a result of bacterieal fermentation these acids enter the blood stream and provide energy for cows

Front 96

name the products formed by bacterial fermentation in the rumen of cows (incidently also all plant eating mammals that have rumen)

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carbohydrates, proteins, organic acids, and gases

Front 97

carbohydrates, proteins, organic acids, and gases are products of WHAT

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bacterial fermentation of cellulose or starch in the rumen of rumen containing mammals

Front 98

WHAT is the true stomach of the rumen, fully degrades the plant material before it passes to the intestine for absorption

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abomasum

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abomasum

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the true stomach of the rumen, fully degrades the plant material before it passes to the intestine for absorption

Front 100

True Or False Rechewed material flows from the mouth into the reticulum, bypassing the rumen, omasum, abomasum

Back 100

True

Front 101

Parasitism

Back 101

This symbiosis is often associated with diseases in plants and animals.

Front 102

This symbiosis is often associated with diseases in plants and animals.

Back 102

Parasitism

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these are obligate predators of Gram negative bacteria, survive only on other bacteria. All members of this genus, posses a long sheathed flagellum, penetrate its prey via the periplasmic space, grow as filaments inside this space

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Bdellovibrio

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Bdellovibrio

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A curved Gram negative bacterium that has the unique property of preying on other bacteria

Front 105

Name the primary prey for the bdellovibrio and describe what occurs during infection of this
bacteria

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They attack other Gram negative bacteria, they bore through the outer membrane of the host, causes leakage grows on the nutrients of the host cell. The host cell lysis and releases new Bdellovibrio.

Front 106

name the predator that parasitizes the mitochondria of Ixodes ticks

Back 106

Rickettsiales

Front 107

name the host for the predatory bacteria Rickettsiales

Back 107

the mitochondria of Ixodes ticks

Front 108

name the six predatory bacteria discussed in class

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Rickettsiales
Myxococcales
Bdellovibrioales
both of the δ-proteobacterium phylum
Myxobacteria
Bdellovibrio

Front 109

this predatory bacteria is a are facultative predators that feed on a wide array of alive or dead bacteria

Back 109

Myxobacteria

Front 110

the genomes for predatory bacteria encode for what type of enzyme

Back 110

hydrolytic enzymes

Front 111

true or false in the bacrterial world predator y size matters meanning small cannot eat big

Back 111

false Size doesn’t matter, ie in the bacterial world “small eats big” Predators couple feeding with multiplication

Front 112

Obligate intracellular parasites that cause disease in birds and humans. They are the agents of psittacosis, trachoma, lymphogranuloma venereum.

Back 112

Chlamydiae

Front 113

Chlamydiae

Back 113

Obligate intracellular parasites that cause disease in birds and humans. They are the agents of psittacosis, trachoma, lymphogranuloma venereum

Front 114

True or false
Chlamydiae have a distinct cycle of replication, grow only inside host cells, their cell walls resemble Gram negative bacteria and contain muramic acid.

Back 114

False Chlamydiae have a distinct cycle of replication, grow only inside host cells, their cell walls resemble Gram negative bacteria but lack muramic acid

Front 115

causes psittacosis

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Chlamydia psittaci

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Chlamydia psittaci

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causes psittacosis

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causes ocular, respiratory, and genital infections

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Chlamydia trachomatis

Front 118

Chlamydia trachomatis

Back 118

causes ocular, respiratory, and genital infections

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causes atypical pneumonia.

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Chlamydia pneumoniae

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Chlamydia pneumoniae

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causes atypical pneumonia.

Front 121

Chlamydia psittaci

Back 121

causes psittacosis natural host birds, transmitted to humans via the inhalation of dried bird feces. This is a pneumonia

Front 122

causes psittacosis natural host birds, transmitted to humans via the inhalation of dried bird feces. This is a pneumonia

Back 122

Chlamydia psittaci

Front 123

Chlamydia trachomatis

Back 123

causes Urethritis, pneumonia, conjunctivitis natural host humans, mode of transmission, sexual contact, perinatal transmission.

Front 124

causes Urethritis, pneumonia, conjunctivitis natural host humans, mode of transmission, sexual contact, perinatal transmission.

Back 124

Chlamydia trachomatis

Front 125

Chlamydia pneumoniae

Back 125

causes Atypical pneumonia natural host humans, mode of transmission via respiratory droplets

Front 126

causes Atypical pneumonia natural host humans, mode of transmission via respiratory droplets

Back 126

Chlamydia pneumoniae

Front 127

describe the replicative cycle of chlamydia

Back 127

Replicative cycle: the small, inert extracellular elementary body (EB) enters the cell and becomes the larger metabolically active reticulate body (RB). The RB, undergoes binary fission to form daughter EB, these are released from the cell.
EB’s enter a host cell by inducing phagocytosis, RB’s replicate in vacoules in the host cell.

Front 128

what stain is used in the laboratory diagnosis of chlamydia

Back 128

Chlamydiae form cytoplasmic inclusions, which are seen with special stains, Giemsa’s stain. Chlamydiae can only be grown in cell cultures.