Useful

Front 1

phosphorylated

Back 1

molecule forms a less stable molecule

Front 2

delta g

Back 2

determines whether a reaction is spontaneous (happens on its own) and thereformexogonic (releases energy)

If negative then it is spontaneous {when calculating: ^G = ^H-T^S H being enthralpy and S be entralpy and ^G can be set to 0.]

Front 3

Anabolic reactions are endogonic and require enzymes

Back 3

E.g: Glucose to glycogen

smaller-->bigger

anabolic

High Blood Sugar: Hypothalamus detects it, tells pancreas to secrete insulin for glycogenesis. The glycogen is then stored in the liver. The liver metabolises nutrients and detoxifies waste using enzymes. The enzymes in the liver are used to convert small glucose to larger glycogen molecules as the reaction is anabolic. Lipase is used in this case and energy from this enzyme is taken in to lower the ATP.

E.G: Photosynthesis

Front 4

Induced Fit: related to enzymes

Back 4

when the active site changes to accommodate the substrate

Front 5

Enzymes lower activation energy by

Back 5

Acts as a template for substrate orientation (understanding)

**Acting directly at Catalytic Reactions

Provide Favourable Microenvironments

Stressing the Substrate to Stabilise transition States

Front 6

Catalytic Reactions

Back 6

-Homogenous-catalyst in the same phase as the reactants-usually the desired reaction is difficult to achieve because of ion repulsion so ions in the same phase (thus homegenous) are used to react with a reactant forming the opposite charge allowing the desired action to occur easier. This is an example of providing a favourable microenvironment as well as SSSTS [stressing the substrate to stabilise transition states] as a transition metal (e,g iron) is generally used)

-Heterogenous- catalyst in a different phase as the reactants- reactant adsorption to active site (sticks to) increases reactivity by either weakening bonds or an actual reaction so the reaction occurs between the reactants then it is desorbed (important that enzymes don't adsorb too much or too little)

Example of Substrate orientation and, acting directly and providing favourable microenvironments

Phase meaning state (g, l, s, aq) differed from state as a phase can be 2 liquids that don't dissolve in each other (water and oil) and this would be considered 2 phases even thpough they are both one state

Front 7

Hydrogenation

Back 7

Reaction requiring 300-350 degrees and a nickel catalyst

Reaction that breaks a double bond

Front 8

Catalytic Convertors

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Covert toxic molecules to safe ones

Uses Heterogenous catalyst

E.g: in car exhausts where sometimes incomplete combustion occurs and CO and other nitrogen oxides form. Expensive metals are present to catalyse them into CO2 and NO2. Catalysts include platinum, palladium and rodium

Front 9

Catalytic Poisoning

Back 9

A foreign substance is adsorbed onto the active site so the reaction required doesn't occur

E.G: lead can cause this to happen. Lead used to be used for smoother engine fuelling but it blocked the catalytic convertors which caused more poisonous gases to be released so now poisonous lead has been removed from petrol (gasoline)

Front 10

Catabolic reactions are exogonic and don't necessarily require enzymes

Back 10

glycogen-->glucose

glucagon converts glycogen to glucose when blood sugar is low, the glycogen is broken down, bonds are broken and rearranged to form glucose. When bonds are broken energy is released this energy is sometimes used to fuel endogonic reactions

E.G: Cellular Respiration

Front 11

Glycogen

Glucose

Back 11

C24H42021

C6H1206

Front 12

Free Energy

Back 12

Work that is performed when temp and pressure are equal

Front 13

Cells work

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Transport: function

Chemical: Replicating DNA, building polymers, growing

Mechanical: contraction

Front 14

ATP --> ADP+

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Exergonic

Breaks Bonds

Catabolic

Sponatanous: -Delta G

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Energy Coupling

Back 15

Use of an exergonic reaction to fuel an endergonic reaction