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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name 3 types of joints
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-FIBROUS (suture, syndesmoses)
-CARTILAGINOUS(synchondroses, symphyses -SYNOVIAL |
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What are the characteristics of fibrous joints?
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-intervening connective tissue between bones
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What differentiates sutures from syndesmoses?
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-sutures have interlocking bone borders
-syndesmoses do not |
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What are the characteristics of cartilaginous joints?
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-uninterrupted cartilage interposed between bones
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What differentiates synchondroses from symphyses?
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-synchondroses are usually temporary (epiphyseal plates) made from hyaline cartilage; costosternal joints are also synchondroses
-symphyses are permanent joints primarily composed of fibrocartilage |
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What type of joint is the intervertebral disk?
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-symphysis
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Describe the composition of fibrocartilage.
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-large concentration of fibrillar collagen (type I & II)
-cells are fibrocytes or chondrocytes depending on location -composed of water (70% wet mass), collagen (60-70% dry mass) and proteoglycans -many collagen crosslinks -avascular and aneural |
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What are the characteristics of synovial joints?
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-lack tissue connecting bones
-bone surface covered with hyaline cartilage -highly movable -have capsule, synovial membrane, ligaments and sometimes articular disks |
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What are the functions of bone?
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-rigid framework for body
-protects viscera -stores Ca, Mg, Na -allows motion (joints) -muscle attachments -shock absorption |
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What are the 3 zones of articular cartilage?
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-superficial (tangential)
-intermediate -deep |
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Describe the superficial zone of articular cartilage.
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-porous and deformable
-collagen oriented tangentially to jt surface -helps distribute jt load -10-20% of cartilage thickness |
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Describe the intermediate zone of articular cartilage.
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-open meshwork
-deformable, energy storing -random collagen orientation -40-60% of thickness |
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Describe the deep zone of articular cartilage.
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-tight meshwork
-radial collagen orientation -fibers attached firmly to underlying bone -considerable stiffness and resistance to compression |
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What are the functions of articular cartilage?
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-load transmission
-load dispersion -friction reduction -minimal shock absorption |
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What anchors the articular capsule to bone?
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Sharpey's Fibers
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What are the functions of the articular capsule?
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-provides a defined joint space
-contains synovial fluid -maintains volume and jt vacuum to provide stability -serves as site for mechanoreceptor fxn -helps guide movement -helps restrict excess motion |
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What are the functions of synovia?
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provides synovial fluid for:
-cartilage nutrition -jt lubrication -jt surface adhesion |
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Where are synovia present?
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-synovial joints
-bursa -tendon sheaths |
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What are the contents of synovial fluid?
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-water
-hyaluronic acid -minerals |
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Describe the mechanism of synovial fluid for providing nutrition to cartilage.
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-compression squeezes water and mineral salts into cartilage
-hyaluronate remains outside cartilage which draws out spent minerals and waste -synovial fluid is replaced by lining |
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What composes all ligaments?
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dense regular fibroelastic tissue
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Describe direct insertion ligaments.
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-perpendicular to bone surface
-attach to a small area -angle of pull changes as joints move thru ROM =>collateral ligaments on CONVEX side of joint |
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What are the 4 zones of direct insertion ligaments?
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-ligament proper
-fibrocartilage -mineralized fibrocartilage -bone |
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Describe indirect insertion ligaments.
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-large diffuse attachments
-large area of fibers blending into periosteum -ligament attachments on CONCAVE side of joints |
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What are the functions of ligaments?
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-maintain relationship of articular surfaces
-provides mechanoreceptor info -restrict excess motion -guide movement -postural stability |
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What are the functions of muscle?
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-power for motion
-shock absorption -protect the joint when fatigued -generate heat |
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What are the functions of menisci?
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-improve fit of joint
-aids lubrication -weight bearing -protect capsule from impingement -protect articular edge -shock absorption -facilitate combined movement |
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List the type, location and stimulus of each mechanoreceptor type.
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TYPE I - postural, capsule, oscillations
TYPE II - dynamic, capsule, oscillations TYPE III - inhibitive, capsule/ligament, stretch/sustained pressure/thrust TYPE IV - nociceptive, most tissues, injury/inflammation |
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What are the functions of labra?
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-deepens concavity
-increases joint stability |
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What are the functions of fascia?
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-forms divisions within body
-provides attachments and form for muscle -surrounds and protects nerve -constitutes vessel walls -semipermeable -stretch in response to force -can restrict motion and even shorten |
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Describe the origin and insertion of the multifidus muscle.
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-lumbar spine = mammillary process to superior spinous process
-thoracic and cervical = transverse process to spinous process -extends from C2/3 to PSIS and Sacrum (S4) |
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Describe the origin and insertion of transversus abdominis.
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-anteriorly blends with abdominal fascia (linea alba)
-posteriorly blends with thoraco-lumbar fascia -superiorly ribs 7-12 -inferiorly lateral inguinal ligament and anterior iliac crest |
