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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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CONQUISTADOR
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A conqueror, but especially one of the Spanish soldiers that invaded Central and South America in the 16th century and defeated the Incas and Aztecs.
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MESTIZO
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A person of mixed ancestry, especially one of Spanish and Native American heritage.
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CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS
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Italian explorer who discovered the Americas for Spain.
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INCA
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A member of the group of Quechuan peoples of highland Peru who established an empire from northern Ecuador to central Chile before Spanish conquest.
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AZTEC
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Also known as the Mexica people. They established an empire in Central Mexico prior to the Spanish conquest.
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NATION-STATE
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A political entity associated with a particular cultural entity (a nation).
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SEPRATISTS
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A belief originating in Christian theology that faith alone, not obedience to religious law, is necessary for salvation.
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SALUTARY NEGLECT
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A type of law, typically found in the United States, designed to enforce religious standards, particularly the observance of Sunday as a day of worship or rest, and a restriction on Sunday shopping. Most have been repealed, have been declared unconstitutional, or are simply unenforced, although prohibitions on the sale of alcoholic beverages, and occasionally almost all commerce, on Sundays are still enforced in many areas. Blue laws often prohibit an activity only during certain hours and there are usually exceptions to the prohibition of commerce, like grocery and drug stores. In some places blue laws may be enforced due to religious principles, but others are retained as a matter of tradition or out of convenience.
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PURITANS
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A theological system and an approach to the Christian life.[1] The Reformed tradition was advanced by several theologians such as Martin Bucer, Heinrich Bullinger, Peter Martyr Vermigli, and Huldrych Zwingli, but this branch of Christianity bears the name of the French reformer John Calvin because of his prominent influence on it and because of his role in the confessional and ecclesiastical debates throughout the 16th century. The system is best known for its doctrine of predestination and stressing the absolute sovereignty of God.
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PREDESTINATION
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A change from one religious identity to another. This requires internalization of the new belief system. It implies a new reference point for one's self identity and is a matter of belief and social structure—of both faith and affiliation. This typically entails the sincere avowal of a new belief system, but may also present itself in other ways, such as adoption into an identity group or spiritual lineage.
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PEQUOT WAR
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A short-lived administrative union of English colonies in the New England region of North America. King James II of England decreed the creation of the Dominion as a measure to enforce the Navigation Acts and to coordinate the mutual defense of colonies against the French and hostile Native Americans.
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PATROONSHIP
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A series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists. The first (1642–46) and second (1648–49) civil wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the third war (1649–51) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament. It ended with the Parliamentary victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651. Thisl War led to the trial and execution of Charles I, the exile of his son, Charles II, and replacement of English monarchy with first, the Commonwealth of England (1649–53), and then with a Protectorate (1653–59), under Oliver Cromwell's personal rule.
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NAVIGATION LAWS
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Adopted by the Connecticut Colony council on January 14, 1638/39 This describes the government set up by the Connecticut River towns, setting its structure and powers. It has the features of a written constitution, and is considered by some as the first written Constitution in the Western tradition, and thus earned Connecticut its nickname of The Constitution State.
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MAYFLOWER COMPACT
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Also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England (VII of Scotland and II of Ireland) in 1688 by a union of Parliamentarians with an invading army led by the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange) who, as a result, ascended the English throne as William III of England together with his wife Mary II of England.
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MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY
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The Winthrop Fleet of 1630 of eleven ships, led by the flagship Arbella, delivered 700 passengers to the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Migration continued until Parliament was reconvened in 1640, at which point the scale dropped off sharply. In 1641, when the English Civil War began, some colonists returned to England to fight on the Puritan side. From 1630 through 1640 approximately 20,000 colonists came to New England. This movement is not so named because of sheer numbers, but is because the movement of colonists to New England was not predominantly male, but of families with some education, leading relatively prosperous lives. Winthrop's noted words, a City upon a Hill, refer to a vision of a new society, not just economic opportunity.
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KING PHILIP’S WAR
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Sometimes called Metacom's War or Metacom's Rebellion, was an armed conflict between Native American inhabitants of present-day southern New England and English colonists and their Native American allies in 1675–1676. The war is named after the main leader of the Native American side, Metacomet, Metacom, or Pometacom. It continued in northern New England (primarily on the Maine frontier) even after Metacom was killed, until a treaty was signed at Casco Bay in April 1678. According to a combined estimate of loss of life is 800 out of 52,000 English colonists (1.5%) and 3,000 out of 20,000 Native Americans (15%) lost their lives due to the war. Proportionately, it was one of the bloodiest and costliest wars in the history of North America. More than half of New England's ninety towns were assaulted by Native American warriors.
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GREAT MIGRATION
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An English settlement on the east coast of North America in the 17th century, in New England, centered around the present-day cities of Salem and Boston. The area is now in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, one of the 50 United States of America.
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GLORIOUS REVOLUTION
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The first governing document of Plymouth Colony. It was written by the colonists, later together known to history as the Pilgrims, who crossed the Atlantic aboard the Mayflower. Almost half of the colonists were part of a separatist group seeking the freedom to practice Christianity according to their own determination and not the will of the English Church. It was signed on November 11, 1620 by 41 of the ship's more than one hundred passengers, in what is now Provincetown Harbor near Cape Cod.
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FUNDAMENTAL ORDERS
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An exception that allows an old rule to continue to apply to some existing situations, when a new rule will apply to all future situations. a series of laws which restricted the use of foreign shipping for trade between England (after 1707 Great Britain) and its colonies, which started in 1651. At their outset, they were a factor in the Anglo-Dutch Wars. Later, they were one of several sources of resentment in the American colonies against Great Britain, helping cause the American Revolutionary War. They formed the basis for British overseas trade for nearly 200 years.
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ENGLISH CIVIL WAR
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A landholder with manorial rights to large tracts of land in the 17th century Dutch colony of New Netherland in North America (notably along the Hudson River in New York). Through the Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions of 1629, the Dutch West India Company first started to grant this title and land to some of its invested members. These inducements to foster immigration (also known as the "Rights and Exemptions"), are the basis for the patroon system. These deeded tracts could span 16 miles in length on one side of a major river, or 8 miles if spanning both sides.
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DOMINION OF NEW ENGLAND
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An armed conflict in 1634-1638 between an alliance of Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth colonies with Native American allies (the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes) against the Pequot tribe. The result was the elimination of the Pequot as a viable polity in what is present-day Southern New England. Most of the Pequot people, warriors or otherwise, were killed by the colonists and their allies, or captured and sold into slavery in Bermuda. Other survivors were dispersed. It would take the Pequot more than three and a half centuries to regain political and economic power in their traditional homeland region along the Pequot (present-day Thames) and Mystic rivers in what is now southeastern Connecticut.
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CONVERSION
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A religious concept, which involves the relationship between God and God's creation. Those who believe in this, such as John Calvin, believe that, before the Creation, God determined the fate of the universe throughout all of time and space.
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CALVINISM
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A significant grouping of English-speaking Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries. This religious group, in this sense was founded shortly after the accession of Elizabeth I of England in 1559, as an activist movement within the Church of England. They were blocked from changing the system from within, but their views were taken by the emigration of congregations to the Netherlands and later New England, and were spread into lay society by preaching and parts of the educational system, particularly certain colleges of the University of Cambridge. Initially, they were mainly concerned with religious matters, rather than politics or social matters. They took on distinctive views on clerical dress and in opposition to the Episcopal system.
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BLUE LAWS
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An undocumented, though long-standing British policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws, meant to keep the American colonies obedient to Great Britain. Prime Minister Robert Walpole stated that "If no restrictions were placed on the colonies, they would flourish". This policy, which lasted from about 1607 to 1763, allowed the enforcement of trade relations laws to be lenient. Walpole did not believe in enforcing the Navigation Acts, established under Oliver Cromwell and Charles II and designed to force the colonists to trade only with England, Scotland and Ireland. Successive British governments ended this policy through acts such as the Stamp Act and Sugar Act, causing tensions within the colonies.
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ANTINOMIANISM
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English Protestants who occupied the extreme wing of Puritanism. These people were severely critical of the Church of England and wanted to either destroy it or separate from it. Their chief complaint was that too many elements of the Roman Catholic Church had been retained, such as the ecclesiastical courts, clerical vestments, altars and the practice of kneeling. They were also critical of the lax standards of public behavior, citing widespread drunkenness and the failure of many to keep the Sabbath properly. Referring to themselves as the Saints, they believed that they had been elected by God for salvation (see Calvinism) and feared spiritual contamination if they worshiped with those outside of their congregations, often referred to as the Strangers. In 1608, a community of these people decided to escape persecution by moving to Holland, an area long known for its toleration. Dutch society was so welcoming that the Pilgrims, as they had come to be known, eventually feared that they were losing control over their children. In 1620, they set out for a more remote location that would allow them to protect their community. This effort resulted in the founding of Plymouth Colony.
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