Us History - The Road To Revolution Chp 7

Front 1

admiralty courts

Back 1

special courts that existed in British law that handled cases dealing with maritime issues
- didn't have a jury
- Both the Stamp Act and the Sugar Act said that offenders would be tried in these type of courts, admiralty courts which had no jury
- In these courts, defendants are guilty until proven innocent.

Front 2

"Virtual" representation

Back 2

- This was one of Greenville's defense argument to the colonists' claim of "taxation without representation"
- Claimed that colonists were represented b/c every member of Parliament represented all Brit subjects.
- They claim this representation included all AMericans b/c they were considered part of Britain, even those Amers that had never voted for a member of the London Parliament
- SO they claimed that they DID have representation

Front 3

Benjamin Franklin  

Back 3

An important inventor, politician, and author for the Sons of Liberty  

- his main contribution was as a DIPLOMAT - he was one of the envoys sent to negotiate the Treaty of Paris in 1783.

Front 4

Boston Massacre  

Back 4

A late night fight that happened between citizens of Boston and British soldiers.
- The American soliders were upset and rebellious and were taunting the brits.
-British soldiers fired on the crowd killing 11 Boston citizens.
-Members of the Sons of Liberty used this event to spread propaganda about the British government.
- 1770

Front 5

Boston Tea Party  

Back 5

The Sons of Liberty in Boston, dressed as Indians, protested the tea act by unloading three tea ships' cargo (342 chests)into Boston Harbor.  
- Sam Adams was the ring leader

Front 6

Charles Townshend  

Back 6

Imporant member of Parliament that created the Townshend Acts.  Light import duty on glass, paper, tea...colonists were greatly against it.

Front 7

Committees of Correspondance

Back 7

- Committe started by Sam Adams whose goal was to communicate and keep the resitance ALIVE
- it spread colonits' propaganda and secret information through letters.
- started in Boston and spread to other colonies.
-Extremely effective
- lead to the 1st American COngress

Front 8

Comon Sense  

Back 8

A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that gave clear reasons why the colonies should be independent from Great Britain.  

Front 9

Currency Acts 1751, 1764

Back 9

1st forbade Ma from printin currency. 2nd forbade all colonies from issuing currency. madde $ scarce in colonies.

Front 10

Declaration of Indepence  

Back 10

A formal document signed on July 4, 1776 that declares that the United States of America is a free and Independent country from Great Britain.  

Front 11

Declaratory Act 1766

Back 11

1766 English PArliament repealed Stamp Act and signed this act.
- Stated that Parliament had right to 'bind' colonies whenever it wanted. -
Stopped the violence and rebellions. -
-Restarted trade w/England.
- It made virtual representation legal. It confirmed the right of PArliament's parental authority over colonies.
-colonists ignore it.

Front 12

Depreciate

Back 12

to decrease in value, as in the decline of the purchasing power of money.
-When the colonists started issuing paper money, their value depreciated (went down)

Front 13

Desert

Back 13

to leave official government or military service without permission. (hundreds of anxious fathers abd husbands deserted

Front 14

direct tax

Back 14

tax imposed to raise revenue rather than to regulate trade.

Front 15

Duty

Back 15

a customs tax on the export or import of goods. (ex. Townsend Revenue Duties)

Front 16

Enlightenment

Back 16

rejection of traditiona;, social, religious and political ideas. rationalism: John Locke

Front 17

First Continental Congress

Back 17

Convention and consultative body in 1774.
- In Philly
-Was the American's response to the Intolerable Acts, considered ways of redressing colonial grievances.
-Wrote a Declaration of Rights and appeals to Brit Amer colonies and Britain.
- Called for boycott through their creation-the "Association."

Front 18

French & Indian War  

Back 18

A war between France and Britain with their Native American allies. The war was fighting over controll of the Ohio River Valley in North America.  

Front 19

General Gage  

Back 19

The General of the British Army in Boston. He was also the Royal Governor of Massachusetts.  

Front 20

George Grenville

Back 20

"British prime minister 1763-1765. To obtain funds for britain after the costly 7-yrs war, he ordered/passed the following things:
1) the Navy to enforce the unpopular Navigation Laws.
2) created the Stamp Act  -1765
3) 1764-got Parliament to pass the Sugar Act
4) 1765- Quartering Act

Front 21

Grenville Acts 1764-1765

Back 21

Stamp, Sugar, and Currency Acts. designed to control trade and raise revenue.

Front 22

Hessians

Back 22

German soldiers hired by George III to smash colonial rebellion; proved good in mechanical sense but were more concerned w/$ than duty.

Front 23

Intolerable/Coercive Acts -1774

Back 23

Laws intended to punish the colonies for the Boston Tea Party
-Considered unfair because they were designed to chastise Boston in particular -
-CONSISTED OF 5 laws passed by Parliament:
1)closed Boston port/harbour until order restored (this is the most famous of the laws)
2) British soldiers in America who committed crime (i.e. killing rebellious colonists) would be tried in England and not in America as they were before
3)reduced power of colonies local govt - removed many of Massachuset charter powers
4) forbade town meetings
5)required colonists to provide food and shelter to Brit soldiers - Quartering Act

Boston hurt economically, funds from other colonies.
-> 1st Continental Congress

Front 24

John Adams

Back 24

Second president of the US; attended the 1774 Continental Congress as a delegate from Georgia. Swayed his countrymen to take revolutionary action against England.

Front 25

King George III

Back 25

Good man but not a good ruler; lost all 13 American colonies.

Front 26

Loyalists

Back 26

Colonists loyal to the king during the Amer Revolution

Front 27

Massachusetts Circular letter 1770

Back 27

drafted by MA legislatures. urged all colonies to support Non-importation agreements-against Townshend Acts

Front 28

Mercantilism

Back 28

the economic theory embraced by the Brits where a nation's power was measured by how much gold/wealth they had
- that all parts of an economy should be coordinated for the good of the whole state;
-hence, that colonial economics should be subordinated for the benefit of an empire.
- view that Colonies exist for the benefit of the mother country. Export more than you import

Front 29

Monopoly

Back 29

the complete control of a product or sphere of economic activity by a single producer or business. (Virginia tobacco planters enjoyed a monopoly in the Brotish market)

Front 30

Mulatto

Back 30

a person of mixed African and European ancestry.(Crispus Attucks was a mulatto)

Front 31

Navigation Acts/Laws

Back 31

-Passed in 1610 but not enforced until a century later in 1760s.
- Said that all goods transported to AMerica had to be transported in Brit ships or had to pay taxes to the british
- Part of the mercantilistic theory...
- meant to lower trade with other countries, so that Britain would benefit

Front 32

No Taxation without Representation

Back 32

Used by the colonists to protest the 1765 Stamp Act.

Front 33

non-importation agreement

Back 33

pledges to boycott, or decline to purchase, certain goods from abroad.

Front 34

Patrick Henry

Back 34

Give me Liberty or Give Me Death incite revolution

Front 35

Paul Revere  

Back 35

An important messenger for the Sons of Liberty. His engraving of the Boston Massacre was very usefull in spreading revolutionary messages.  

Front 36

Proclamation Line of 1763  

Back 36

A law that stated that no colonist is allowed to live west of the Applachian mountains.  

Front 37

Propaganda

Back 37

particular materials designed to promote certain ideas; sometimes but not always the term is used negatively, implying the use of manipulative or deceptive means.

Front 38

Quatering Act

Back 38

Forced colonists to pay taxes to house and feed Brit soldiers. Allowed Brit troops could stay in homes of colonists. colonists openly resentful - 1774

Front 39

Quebec Act

Back 39

"After the F& I war, the English claimed Quebec.
-Quebec Act (1774) allowed the French Colonists to go back freely to their own customs INCLUDING religion and trials w/o juries (as inCanada).
-Gave Caadians the right to access Catholic religion which Americans saw as a threat.
-Extended Quebec N & S into Ohio River Valley
--->tension w/colonists

Front 40

Repeal of Stamp Act 1766

Back 40

boycott of stamps. British enforce Declaratory Act

Front 41

Repeal of Townshend Acts

Back 41

still tax on tes

Front 42

Salutary Neglect

Back 42

neglect by England of her colonies. colonistss did not enforce Parliaments acts, began to believe Parliament had no control over them

Front 43

Samuel Adams

Back 43

- leader of Am revolution.
-led Boston Tea Party and "Committee of Correspondence"
- attended 1st Continental Congress for MA.
- signed Dec. of Ind.
- Master propagandist and engineer of rebellion.
-One of the main leaders of the Sons of Liberty.
- His writings and speechs inspired people to join the revolutionary cause.  
- one of the ones that the brit soldiers were looking for when the shooting at COncord/Lex started.

Front 44

Sons of Liberty

Back 44

1765 Organization of upper&middle class people resisting the 1765 Stamp Act.
-Even though the Stamp Act was repealed in 1766, the Sons of Liberty & Daughters of Liberty remained active resistors.
- they were radicals whoransacked houses of unpopular officials and stamp agents. boycotted english goods. (boycott/mob rule)

Front 45

Stamp Act 1765

Back 45

A law that placed a tax on all paper products.   helped pay for British troops to protect the colonists. Stamp ACt Congress begins to try to end Stamp Act. (letters to other colonies, petition Parliament and king, non-importation agreement Was repealed in 1766; major colonial victory

Front 46

Stamp Act Congress

Back 46

1765 met in NYC; to try to figure out how to end the stamp act
-9/13 of the colonies attended - beginning to show colonial unity-
had little effect at the time but helped toward colonial unity

Front 47

Sugar Act - 1764

Back 47

First law ever passed by Parliament.
- This act taxed luxury items like sugar.
- forbade importation of rum.
-threatened triangular trade.
-Put in place for raising revenue for the crown.
-Colonists refuse to buy sugar/boycott. r
-considered taxation w/out representation. 
1764

Front 48

Tea Act/Boston Tea Party - 1773

Back 48

tax on tea coming from Britain. Colonists dress as MOwhawks and raid ships belonging to Britain's East India Tea Co. (tax w/out rep)

Front 49

The Association

Back 49

Document produced by the 1775 Continental Congress calling for a complete boycott of Brit goods. Hoped to bring back the days before Parliamentary taxation.

Front 50

The Battle of Bunker Hill  

Back 50

A battle fought outside of the Boston.
-The British won the battle but at the cost of over 2000 soldiers.
- This battle proved to the colonists that they could effectively fight the British.  

Front 51

The Battle of Lexington and Concord  

Back 51

The first armed battle of the American Revolution. The colonists forced the British army to retreat to Bosotn.  

Front 52

The Board of Trade

Back 52

an English legislative body based in London, instituted for the governing and economic controlling of the Amer colonies. Keep the colonies functioning under mercantilism while it could.

Front 53

Thomas Jefferson  

Back 53

The main author of the Declaration of Independence.  

Front 54

Thomas Paine  

Back 54

The author of Common Sense  

Front 55

Townsend Acts 1767

Back 55

An act that brought back the tax on paper from the Stamp Act and added a tax on all imported goods.  Colonists protested against the items that were taxed, but found ways around it like smuggling.

Front 56

virtual representation

Back 56

the political theory that a class of persons is represented in a lawmaking body without direct vote.

Front 57

veto

Back 57

the constitutional right of a ruler or executive to block legislation passed by another unit of government

Front 58

patronage

Back 58

a bribe or a system in which BENEFITS (jobs, $, or protection) are given in return for political support
-"The WHIGS mounted horrible attacks on the use of patronage and bribes by the kings' ministers"

Front 59

inflation

Back 59

when there is a large demand for some goods relative to what there is avaialble. This leads to high prices and low value of the $

Front 60

BATTLE OF LEXINGTON AND CONCORD

Back 60

-happened right after Brit Parliament rejected the Americans plead for addressing their various grievances documented in the 1st Continental COngress.
- Brit sent soliders to capture gunpowder, ammunitions and the 2 ringleaders (Sam Adams and John Hancock) bc they were afraid of a BIG confrontation.
-But fighting started in Lex - 8 Amer were killed and then moved to Concord where the Brits had 300 casulaties and 70 deaths

Front 61

REPUBLICANISM

Back 61

One of the philosophies around during the early 1760s when the colonists started to get rebellious.
- felt that they should have a selfless society where everyone contributed to the betterment of society as a whole
- by its nature, it opposes monarchy and aristocracy

Front 62

BOSTON PORT ACT

Back 62

part of the Intolerable Acts after Boston Tea Party and Boston Massacre.
- they closed Boston Harbor until order could be restored
- deeply affected the COlonists
- the worst of the Intolerable Acts

Front 63

GEORGE WASHINGTON

Back 63

leader of COlonists Army during the Revolution

Front 64

cONTINENTAL MONEY

Back 64

money printed by the colonists when money was short.
- only created inflation and a devaluation of the $

Front 65

ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION

Back 65

1781
1ST real constitution of the Americans
- drafted to help in the war

Front 66

BARON VON STEUBEN

Back 66

PRUSSIAN drillmaster that came to America to help American soldiers
- he whipped thenm into shape when they were all destroyed at the beginning of the war, and later in the war again.

Front 67

JOHN HANCOCK

Back 67

One of the rebel ringleaders wanted by the british soldiers in Concord (alogn with Sam Adams) - when they were looking for him and ammunition, the war started
(Lex and COncord)

Front 68

CHAR TOWNSEND

Back 68

"Champagne CHarley" - started and paassed the Townsend Act (tax on paper, lead, paint and MOST imp TEA)

Front 69

LORD NORTH

Back 69

Prime Minister of George III of England during the Rev War

Front 70

THOMAS HUTCHINSON

Back 70

Massachusets governor during the Boston Tea Party
- he ordered the unloading of the British Tea from the british ships - the one that eventually got dumped by the Indians

Front 71

MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE

Back 71

19 yr old French Army Mayor who was responsible for seeking monetary support from France for the Americans at the beginning of the war

Front 72

LORD DUNMORE

Back 72

royal governor of Virginia - announced freedom for any black slave who would join the BRitish army "Ethiopian Regio me" -
- However some of these blacks who signed up to fight in return for freedom were tricked and shipped back to slavery...