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117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Algonquians
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occupied the are when the English settled in Jamestown
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indians idea of land
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they had an idea of land different from what we know
they rented/borrowed where the term “Indian-giver” came from they were kind of stone-aged they used the “slash and burn” method (slash the trees’ nutrients |
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indians idea of houses
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very simple “huts” (Algonquian’s lived in round huts w/ holes at top)
tree saps and/or branches (also tree bark) warm n winter and cool n the summer |
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indians economy
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fishing, hunting, and lots of agriculture
planted beans, squash, maze, etc EXCELLENT FARMERS!!! (Impressed the Europeans) planting n groups they fertilized the soil (with grinded fish) (also impressed the Europeans) |
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Indian Women's role
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cultivated the soil
planted the crops harvested the crops picked berries and nuts (when available) cooked the food made the clothes built the houses watch the kids |
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Indian men's role
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hunt and fish
defend the village |
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indians religious belief- background
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There was an all-powerful god
omniscient, omnipotent, all-knowing |
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Manitou
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everything n the universe had a spirit (Manitou)
Young men had a transformation (puberty) from childhood to manhood- he went out searching for his “Manitou”- a spirit that would guide u for the rest of your life |
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Shaman (medicine man)
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just a general term for a religious figure
played a very important role brought weather cured illness predict the future interpret dreams had tremendous prestige |
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indians social aspects
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Consisted of “Family groups”(extended families) and da family groups would elect to choose their “Sachem”
Sachem- |
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Sachem
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the Indian-chief
the spokesman advised by the Shamen |
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Expansion of trade between Europe and the East
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More than just ideal curiosity
from the east comes spices (ie black pepper, cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg, etc) also from the middle east came silk, cotton cloth (they wore woolen clothing), rugs, perfumes, etc They gave back silver, gold, leather, woolens etc Italians have a chokehold on trade |
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Formation of Unified Nation States
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Portugal- forms into a state in da 1480s
Spain- 1460s kingdoms come together to create Spain France- at da end of da 1460s England- 1485 Henry da VII |
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Caravel
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- Ship that was lighter, more durable, and faster due to the lateen
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lateen
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the reason that the caravel was faster. Triangle shaped sail- able 2 catch the wind
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Bartolomeu Diaz (1487)
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was a Portuguese explorer who sailed around the western tip of Africa in 1488, the first European known to have done so.
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Vasco de Gama
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, one of the most successful in the European Age of Discovery and the commander of the first ships to sail directly from Europe to India...he was accompanied by bartolomeu diaz
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Christopher Columbus
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He’s Italian
From Genoa red-headed Sailor by profession Visionary by avocation knew the world was a sphere |
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Christopher Columbus
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Approached a number of countries about his ideas- culdnt get anyone interested til…
The queen of Castillo- funded by the Spanish |
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three ships taken by Christopher Columbus
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the pinta, the nina, the santa maria- august of 1492- western coast of spain from the canary islands, they went to the UNKNOWN
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where Christopher Columbus landed
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In his own way, he was the “Shaman”- October 1942- they landed on the Caribean Islands (san Salvador)
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Indian- Spanish encounter
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more “War of the Worlds” than “Close Encounters”
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Treaty of Tordesilas (1484)
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divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe into an exclusive duopoly between the Spanish and the Portuguese along a north-south meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands (off the west coast of Africa).
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Line of Demarcation-
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was an imaginary longitude, moved slightly from the line drawn by Pope Alexander VI to divide new lands claimed by Portugal from those of Spain. This line was drawn in 1493 after Christopher Columbus returned from his maiden voyage to the Americas
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Hernan Cortes- Aztecs (1519)
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lands in the western part of mexico with ab 400 spanish
about where vercuz is n a short time, he conquers Tenachtalan (city of 200,000) HOW!?!? Partially cuz of their religion there was a god who’d return (quesalquatal) also they nvr saw horses |
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Francisco Pizarro- Incas (1533)
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Captured the Incan emperor
warlike they enslaved the Incas |
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Columbian Exchange
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What the old world gave to the new and what the new world gave to the old
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Black Legend
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The idea that the Spanish treated native peoples cruley- the English propogated the legend in order to cast the Spanish as the villains (spar partners- rivals)
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Bartolome de las Casas
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archbishop for the Indes- As a settler in the New World, he was galvanized by witnessing the torture and genocide of the Native Americans by the Spanish colonists.
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“Destruction of the Indies” (1540
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detailing how the spanish mistreated these people and did them wrong
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“Sea Dogs”
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People like: Sir Francis Jake and Sir John Hawkins- queen obviously please with what they were doing cuz theyre knighted
They were English sea-captains (commanded ships, fleets of ships) Praid on spanish “Galleon”to get commerce was approved by the monarch Rein of Queen Elizabeth I N Spanish eyes, they were pirates in English eyes they were buccaneers were the “special forces” for raiding and capturing the Spanish commerce |
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Northwest Passage
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English searched for a “northwest passage” to America- would be their passage through Nroth America
Never found one Because of this search theyre gonna be exploring what we know of as the Atlantic |
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John Cabot (1497- 1498)
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was an Italian navigator and explorer commonly credited as one of the first early modern Europeans to land on the North American mainland
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Giovanni de Verrazano
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the first European to explore the Atlantic coast of North America - sails around the same time as cabot
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Humphrey Gilbert
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Later knighted
Man of considerable influence in England Soldier, adventurer, colonizer Made military commander when enlgish defeated Was supposedly hard and a beast Executed irish people and put their heads in front of their tents Tried to plant a colony in the New World |
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Humphrey Gilbert's experience with New Finland
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Chose New Finland- its freezing their
The colonists he left their got “cold feet” (pun) and they left Eventually he was lost at sea His sister-ship saw him go down |
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Richard Hakluyt
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was an English writer. He is principally remembered for his efforts in promoting and supporting the settlement of North America by the English through his works,
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Discourse of Western Planting (1584)
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This document was written to convince Queen Elizabeth I to suport the colonization schemes of Sir Walter Raleigh, and to encourage English merchants and gentry to invest in those enterprises
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Walter Ralegh
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political hangers only
a courtier became one by (the incident involving the mud puddle- Elizabeth came to a mud puddle- wearing a very expensive piece of clothing, Ralegh took his coat off and put it on the mud puddle so she could walk across Now that he has her favor in court, he and some of his buddies invest in Reanoke Island |
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Reanoke Island
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(1584, 1587)- they got cold feet at first Ralegh doesn’t quit…he eventually gets some more people together and the leader of that group is John White
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John White
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had a daughter- was the first person to be born in the colonies
He had to go back to England and his return to the new world was delayed by two years- he got back and didn’t noe where neone was…this was known as the “Lost Colony”- |
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“Lost Colony”-
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no one knew what happnd to these people…only evidence was a word written on one of the post of one of the houses…this word was Croatoan
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Croatoan
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the local Indian tribe- obviously they had something to do with the Lost Colony
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Joint- Stock Company
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a number of investors in an enterprise- each merchant pooled part of his wealth in an enterprise- It distributed the risk of lost by distributing the investment-
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Jamestown
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a joint stock enterprise
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James I
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James (Stuart) VI of Scotland was brought in after Queen Elizabeth (Tudor) dies- he issuad the virginia charter
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Virginia Charter (1606
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young boys recruited to go on a voyage- they were employees of the company- set out on ships
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Jamestown
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named after the new king James I- they were instructed to find a place that was easily defended and one that was healthy- the new place WAS easily defended but not very healthy- one of the people that was on the exhibition was John Smith
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John Smith
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he is very obnoxious- actually put n chains before they got 2 the colony- open the directions when they got there, and he was one of the directors- he was not a “gentleman” (someone who labored with his hands) as most of the others were
Imposes discipline right off the bat- there wasn’t a single farmer with them- he would go on expeditions- Indian’s captured him |
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John Smith
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He claimed Pocohontas saved his life
In imposing discipline, he gets a lot of enemies- one of his arms is mangled by the burning of an “accidental burn” He had to go back to England |
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starving time
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during the winter of 1609, the jamestown settlers had to result to cannibalism due to the lack of food because of lack of trade
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Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr
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headed the contingent of 150 men, who landed in Jamestown on June 10, 1610, just in time to persuade the original settlers not to give up and go home to England.
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Dale's Laws
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- were designed to give order and discipline
capital offenses- theft, adultery, rape, lieing, wining, etc etc for idoling- first offense- tied your head to your feet 2nd offense- whipped 3rd offense- executed |
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The way it was under Dale's Laws
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Everything is military discipline under dale’s law
more like employees than citizens Didn’t find any gold/silver Didn’t find a northwest passage They needed to find something to market on the European market they found sassafras tea wines from grapes silks from silkworms iron, tore, etc |
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John Rolfe
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Pocohontas’s husband
found a variety of tobacco on the island of trinadad Everyone liked it and they began smoking it everywhere They called it “drinking tobacco” It became the economic basis for Virginia They also needed to enduce colonists to come over |
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James I's feelings onf tobacco
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James I wrote “counterblast to tobacco” denouncing tobacco- stinking, effecting the lungs,
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Virginia Company Reforms (1619)
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land offered to the colonists in order to come over
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Headright system
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Four head- 200 acres of land
Couple more heads- few more acres If you brought servants, they owed u something. Twas calld an indenture |
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indenture
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Very much like slavery
Company might have these indentured servants too |
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Freeholder
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Once you got over and had your own land you were known as this
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General Assembly
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^legislature^
The first time in the new world that there was a representative assembly |
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house of burgesses
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he first elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619
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Virginia Becomes Royal Colony (1624)
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Up until this time, (Jamestown) Virginia was spread out
James decides that Virginia is not be adequately governed No longer a normal colony |
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Indian Attack (1622)
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Indians launched a surprise attack
At the signal, they attacked the colonists and killed everything Killed 1/3 of the colonists The return was equally as bad- Indians paid dearly Pohatan’s younger brother was responsible, FYI |
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Africans Appear in Jamestown (1619)
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Only evidence is that John Rothe noted that among the cargo one day was 20 africans- we don’t know what their status was- the presumption is that they assumed the status of indentured service
We DO know that 4 a while, there were black farmers About 1/26 people was black- 25000 whites and 900 blacks in 1660 We’re not exactly sure when they became slaves We know BY 1660, there are court records making decisions that the children of black mothers will follow the status of the mother- henceforth slavery existed Will exist throughout colonial America |
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Virginia Government (1634)
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Was fixed- the kind of gov’t that would exists for the rest of Virginia
divided into Counties- governed by county court- and residing over them is the justice of the peace |
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Anglican Church
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established in Virginia was the Anglican church-
governed by the parish- body who ran the church was the vestry NO SEPERATION OF CHURCH AND STATE!!! Church supported by gov’t and gov’t supported by church |
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Martin Luther
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Didn’t agree with the catholic church
He didn’t like indulgences- your time in purgatory was shortened So he wrote the 95 thesis |
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95 thesis
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A paper denying indulgences
Posted on Catholic Church’s wall One of the fundamental differences was: the church believed that good works was needed through God’s grace- Lutheran believed in Faith rather than good works |
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John Calvin
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Moves to Geneva in Switzerland where he institutes christian religion- different from Lither but have the same values
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Predestination
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every person is predestined to die and go to hell
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the “elect”
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you couldn’t do nething to get into God’s Grace, he just has to like you
“its not what you do, its what you are” type of belief |
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Calvinists
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Is a doctrine, not a church
People carried the doctrine |
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Huguenots
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French Calvisnists
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Presbytarians
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Scottish Calvisnists
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Reformed
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Dutch Calvisnists
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Puritans
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English Calvisnists
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Congretionalists
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New England Calvisnists
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Henry VII
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becomes King of England Marriage alliance between Spain and England- Henry’s brother and wife
Brother dies, and marries his widow (Spanish princess) She has a daughter |
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Henry VII
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And he wants a son
He falls in love with a young lady named Anne Asks them to annul the marriage and the Pope declines- Henry gets parliament to dissolve the marriage- church excommunicates Henry- he cuts off the church and places himself in the Pope’s place- they are now a protestant church and the church of England is calld the anglican church |
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Act of Supremacy (1534)-
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Made Henry the head of the church of England
But in doctrine and belief, they’re Calvinists The reason theyre called puritans is cuz they wanna purify the Anglican church by getting rid of anything from the Catholic Church |
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Two types of puritans
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the non-seperating puritans eventually end up in the Massachusetts Bay
The second kind are sinners and persecuted- the seperatists- farmers |
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mayflower-ness
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One group of the seperatists they decide to leave England to a town called Scooby- they become “Dutchified” but they don’t want that- they decide to leave there and take a ship called the Mayflower
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William Bradford
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wrote "Of Plymouth Plantation" Where he talks about his life and whatnot
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Massachusetts Bay (1629)
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They are trying to purify the Anglican church but they lose hope- we need to find a new home and set up a model community or "City on a Hill"
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city on a hill
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The way they do this is:
The puritans here are professional people so theyre able to secretly buy out the majority of a trading company called “the Massachusetts Bay Colony”- which enables them to take the charter of the company to the new world- they set it up there and they didn’t have people coming from England |
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Commonwealth (1631)
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Mass Bay is really one of these
Something that is self-governing They needed that independence- headed by the minister They don’t create counties, they create townships- They would have “Visible Saints”- the saints were the elect- they were members of the saints They believed their community was responsible to God This puritanisms is a very broad spand in the American Psyche |
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John Withrop
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Says Providence “That sewer”- where they sent anyone that was casted out
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Roger Williams
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They have to establish an orthodoxy in order to create their “model” society- in comes Roger Williams- Cambridge lawyer he begins to criticize the church- he says the Charter was illegal cuz they had not paid the Indians for the land- also he said dat you have no right to tell people how to “get rite” with God- he was interrogated. Found to be a heritic- was cast out- set-up his own colony called Providence (Rhode Island) which means Heaven
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Congregational Puritan
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the church and religious culture of the Puritans of the Massachusetts Bay Colony formed the basis of post-colonial American Congregationalism, specifically the Congregational Church proper.
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Anne Hutchinson
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Arrives around the same time as Roger Williams
She questioned the religious beliefs She was able to fend them off…but had a slip of the tongue…she claimed she spoke with God…heracy (no one speaks with God)…shes banished from the cult…winds up in Providence…had 14-15 children |
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Antinomianism (1637)
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More extreme form of protestanism…you can have a direct relationship with God…you don’t need the preachers, popes, etc…affiliated with Anne
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Half-way covenant (1662)
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Fewer generations were goin 2 church…they settled it with the Half-Way covenant…a way for people to get back into the church…baptized into the church but just not able to take communion…theyre half-way members of the church…can vote…strengthens the hold on the colony but weakens the puritans religious hold on the colonists
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Corporate colony
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company colonies (joint-stock)…earliest colonies
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Proprietary colonies
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private colony owned by one or more people
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Royal colonies
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that’s what most of them wind up being…owned by the gov’t of England…when Virginia lost its charter it became a royal colony…only colony founded as a royal colony (Georgia)
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New Netherland
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A corporate colony founded by the Dutch
Henry Hudson (1609)- English but sailing for the Dutch…looking for the NW passage…starts up this long river…thought he found it…just found a long River…named after him…Hudson River |
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Patronships
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A little experiment by the dutch…create great big farms along the Hudson river…in place of these…in charge would be a patron (land holder)…aka a plantantion
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Peter Stuyvesant (1664)
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Director who demanded that the people hand over their land
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Duke of York
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Charles duke of York…there was a period where there was no king…they just had a Lord Protector (Oliver Cromwell)…they got tired of that…came back with a king (Charles II)…he gave his land to his brother…what we noe of now as New York
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Maryland
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Queen of Charles I is named Mary…george calvin settles the area…called it marlyand…but dies b4 he can settle it…so Cecilius Calvert settled
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Cecilius Calvert
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Settles Maryland (2nd Lord Baltimore)
Puritans are the ones who cut off Charles I head…worries catholics…puritans are everywhere…they pass the Toleration Act (1649) |
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Toleration Act (1649)
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They tolerate everybody…regardless of religion
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Carolina
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Charter comes in 1653…grants vast track of land to 7-8 english entitled nobility theyre gonna try to recreate English society…a microcosm…even titles
Albemarle Sound becomes North Carolina Charles Town becomes South Carolina Barbados…rice planters |
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Pennsylvania (1681)
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Proprietary colony- owned by William Penn
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George Fox
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Set up the society of friends
Belies on the quakers was centered around the “inner light” |
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Society of Friends
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Aka Quakers…VERY RELIGIOUOS!
Were non-conformists…poor ppl…humble…held up to scorn…they didn’t believe in going to war…all ppl equal…no ranks or social heiarchies…no ingestures that would indicate subordination (bowing, taking of hats)…didn’t believe in taking oaths (swearing)…they had no ministers or clergy…met in meeting houses…no ministers to preach sermon…would stand up and each person having their own say |
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“Inner Light”
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Aka conscious…tells him how to deal with things
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William Penn
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Not born a quaker…was born in the upper class of the English society…his father (Sr.) was VERY wealthy…actually, the king was in debt to him…as a young man, Penn converted to being a Quaker…flunked out of Cambridge…given a piece of land…wanted to create a special quaker society with the land…called Pennsylvania…called it a Holy Experiment
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“Holy Experiment”
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In Christian living…the quaker version…establish ideal place 4 quakers and make money…only thing u culd be executed 4 is 4 treason and murder…spent a lot of time in Europe trying to recruit people…while he’s away, company is run by managers…corrupt or incompetent…collects debt…Penn is sent to debtors prison…tried to turn the charter over to the crown…
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Mercantilism
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to establish a favorable balance of trade…object to build up gold in your own treasure at the expense of your trade partner…how!?!?...protect tariffs
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Adam Smith. The Wealth of Nations (1776)
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Englishman who writes this book…coins the term mercantilism…actually bashes mercantilism though…
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Navigation Law (1660)
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1660- The first navigation law and the restoration of the crown to the Stuart line (Charles II)…called the restoration years…the navigation law makes a list of commoditites that can only be sent to England…sugar is one (can only be produced in the carribeans… Southern don’t agree with the north very well…English evade the laws…they also didn’t belong to the church of England, they were puritans…English wanna break the puritan hold on new England
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Glorious Revolution
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the overthrow of King James II of England (VII of Scotland) in 1688 by a union of Parliamentarians and the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange), who as a result ascended the English throne as William III of England.
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Bacon's Rebellion
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an uprising in 1676 in the Virginia Colony, led by Nathaniel Bacon. It was the first rebellion in the American colonies in which discontented frontiersmen took part; a similar uprising in Maryland occurred later that year. The uprising was a protest against the governor of Jamestown. Nathaniel Bacon demanded an aggressive Native American policy.
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georgia
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last colony admitted
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Sir Edmund Andros
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was an early colonial governor in North America, and head of the short-lived Dominion of New England. Andros was not a popular governor, and at one point was placed under arrest and forced to return to England.
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