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107 Cards in this Set

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Describe the Ghost Dance Movement
a movement where indians would gather together in a circle and where shirts that were "bullet proof" and receive visions of peace when the buffalo would be back and all the white men would be gone.

The government thought of it as a threat and anti-christian so in 1890 an army was sent to detain the indians; however, a massacre occured at Wounded Knee killing over 300 indians.
Who began the Ghost Dance movement?
Wovoka, a paiute prophet
What tribal group of indians were associated with the Ghost Dance Movement?
the Lakotas
Who was John Muir?
A conservationist and naturalist that in 1891 pressured President Benjamin Harrison to create forest reserves in order to prevent public lands from private-interest deforestation. John Muir founded the Sierra club
How successful was John Muir's efforts?
Not extremely successful. Even though he did raise awareness there was still strong opposition from those in the west that wanted to take advantage of its resources.

Also one drawback to creating natural parks was that they couldn't be completely preserved because roads and facilities had to be built to accompany tourists
riparian rights
A system adopted from English common-law that dealt with appropriating water rights. According to the principle only those who owned land along a river's banks could appropriate from the water's flow. It held the idea that the river/stream belong to God and could be used for basic water needs as long as it wasn't depleated. The concept did not encouraged economic developement
prior appropriation
Americans favored this idea.

The principle held that water rights were given to the first person who claimed it.
standard time
The development of the railroad system in America altered their views of space and time. In order to have train schedules, everyone needed to be on the same time schedule; however, the sun wasn't overhead (noon) at the same time everywhere, so the standard time system was developed.
rugged individualism
The belief that all individuals, or nearly all individuals, can succeed on their own and that government help for people should be minimal.
Why did people migrate West into the plains?
It seemed to guarentee a promise of a second chance.
The increasing demand for agricultural products and the development of the railroad (easier to send products) made it economically favorable to be a farmer
What resource hardships did ppl on the plains experience?
lack of lumber (build house out of sod, burn buffalo poo for fuel)
Water was scarce
Weather was h-core (unpredictable cycles leading to extreme temperature ranges, terrain was bi-polar, spring flood, tornadoes)
Insects ate everything
What was hard socially for people who lived in the plains
they were isolated where the closest family may be half a mile away
How did farmers cope with social isolation?
farm families would create social get togethers a couple times a year.
Mail-Order companies became popular to provide goods to families.
Congress in 1896 created Rural Free Delivery which allowed for mail to be delivered to the homes of farmers
What benefits did farmers receive from mechanization of agriculture?
increased productivity
What was the Morrill Land Grant Act?
States received federal lands to sell in order to finance educational institutions that aided agricultural development
What did the Hatch Act of 1887 do?
provided agricultural experiment stations in every state
How did science help farmers?
use soil more efficently
ways to combat plant and animal diseases
dry farming
a technique of plowing and harrowing that minimized evaporation of precious moisture
What caused the rise of the cattle kingdoms?
-railroads made it easier for transport of beef around america
-population growth increased demand
-increased international demand
-cattle had all kinds of industrial uses: glue, fertilizer, candles, soap, sausage
What caused the fall of the cattle kingdom?
-inefficency in raising cattle over long range areas of land; made the cattle sinewy and tough
-tensions between farmers/sheep herders and cattle raisers over property
**brutal winters in 1886-1887 destroyed 90 percent of herds
-illegal fencing
-labor strikes for better pay
Gospel of Wealth
Andrew Carnegie created the idea

It asserted that he and other industrialists were guardians of society's wealth and as such ahd a duty to serve society in humane ways

justified him giving large sums of money to things he wanted in the america(libraries, school)
laissez-faire economics
An economic doctrine that opposes governmental regulation of or interference in commerce beyond the minimum necessary for a free-enterprise system to operate according to its own economic laws.
Henry George
a writer/printer that entered poverty in the 1870 depression. He was appalled by the social gap between the poor and the rich. He thought that his was a product of a few ppl gaining wealth from rising land values (cost of living was up). He proposed the idea to replace all taxes with a "single tax" on the "unearned increment"--the rise in property values caused by increased market demand rather than owners' improvements
Edward Bellamy
Wrote a book that was against competetive capitalism. He proposed a state in which government owned the means of production (essentially it kinda worked like communism) but he called it nationalism
John D Rockefeller
One of the richest Americans in history, John D. Rockefeller was the founder of the Standard Oil Company and, later, a philanthropist whose wealth bankrolled the Rockefeller Foundation. Hard-working and meticulous, Rockefeller started out small and then made his fortune via hard-nosed and sometimes controversial business tactics, which have since made him an entrepreneurial hero to some, a greedy fiend in the eyes of others. He started in the oil business, and by the end of the century the Standard Oil Trust controlled so many other interests that it fell afoul of anti-trust laws. In 1911 the U.S. Supreme Court called Standard Oil a monopoly and forced the Trust to separate into competing companies. By that time Rockefeller himself was no longer involved in running the business, having devoted himself completely to philanthropy since 1896. He gave away millions to schools, health organizations and civic projects through the Rockefeller Foundation, which endures today.
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
Introduced by Senator John Sherman.

The law made illegal "every contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy in the restraint of trade"

basically, no monopolies
US vs. EC Knight
The federal government prosecuted the Sugar Trust for owning 98 percent of the nation's sugar refinery.

The SC ruled that control of manufacturing did not necessarily mean control of trade
How did department stores and chain stores contribute to new consumerism in america?
they offered large quantities of many different items that were available to people of all different incomes.

they offered home deliveries, exchange policies, and charge accounts
How did advertising contribute to new consumerism?
increased variety of goods
billboards everywhere made goods more appealing
more elaborate photography to advertise
transformed the news because ppl bought newspaper to see the ads
consumption communities
group of ppl that were loyal to a particular brand name
How stock helped build american business
stock allows for companies to sell a part of their business to investors.
stockholders shared in profits without personal risk because law limited their liability for company debts to the amoun t of their own investment
Identify pools and their impact on american business
Business consildation --> to massive conglomerates

competing companies tired to control the market by agreeing how much each should produce and sharing profits
identify how trusts impacted american business
a trust is a legal arrangement whereby a responsible individual would mange the financial affairs of a person unwilling or unable to handle them alone.

Large companies would lure small company stockholders to give up their stocks to trust them to a larger company's board of trustees
identify holding companies
Where large companies have stock in other corporations

holding companies would merge their assests and their management.

this allowed for monopolies
financers
buisnessmen that would be financial organizers for companies.

they would sell stock and borrow from banks.
Who made up the industrial workforce?
immigrants (Eastern and Southern Europe)
women and children
African-Americans (in railroads)
Surplus of farm population
How did industrialization change worker-management relations?
works became more distant from their managers-->more impersonal
What ethnic group rose in rank throughout the industrial revolution?
Irish
who were the grunt workers in the industrial revolution?
hungarian, czech, poles
How did managers reduce cost?
pay less
increase labor hours
reduce quality
increase efficency
find a better supply for resources
barrios
Isolated residential and commercial districts where Mexican-Americans lived because they were excluded from living in other areas
describe conditions of inner city housing
because on low wages and lack on inexpensive housing, multiple families would crowd into one living space, creating large population density. Conditions were harsh. most rooms lacked windows and were small. very little plumbing and polluting coal-stoves
What resulted from housing reforms in the late 1800s
States started providing government financing for better housing, making better housing codes, fixing harsh conditions by adding light fixtures and ventilation
What were some new home technologies that American enjoyed in the early 1900s
Central heating, lightin, indoor plumbing.

These things lead to new attitudes about privacy (bedroom and bathroom)

Better water purification

Street paving
What was the main emphasis of urban reform?
eliminating inefficiency
How did people decided that urban reform should be achieved?
elect officials who would hold one expenses and prevent corruption

also advocated reducing city budgets, making public employees work more efficiently, and cutting taxes
How was urban reform implemented
structural changes to small government systems
What was a problem with urban reform
urban reformers only addressed the waste and corruption that machines bred, but neglected the fact that bosses were successful because they provided for the needs of the people
What did social reformers advocate for?
better housing-safety and building codes
education-use public school to prepare immigrant children
What was the settlement house
an urban reform movement where typically young middle class women would work in inner-city houses to work amoung poor people to bridge the gap of social classes
what did moral reformers advocate?
restricting the sale of alcoholic beverages would prevent working-class ppl from squandering wages and ruining their health
identify the household social unit
a group of people, related or unrelated, who would share the same residence
identify the family social unit
a group related by kinship, some members of which would typically live together
What was the typical family like?
nuclear family--
married
usually with kids
15 to 20 percent had extended family
What factors explain the family pattern trends?
-ppl were young (starting families at a younger age)
so there were less older ppl to care for and also there was less age gap between generation which allowed for extended familes to live together
What contributed to declining birth rates
awareness that another child meant another mouth to feed (families couldn't afford)

as medical care improved, families didn't need to have more children to ensure that some would survive

Contraception and awareness about how to have smaller families
What was the trend for unmarried couples
A large number of city dwellers were unmarried

Gay and lesbians also made up the unmarried portion of cities. The culture was basically an underground movement and the term homosexual, gays, and lesbians hadn't even come to be yet
What changed about stages of life for ppl?
Since couples were having less children, they had empty nest syndrome.

Longer life expentancy created a class of retirees that could no longer work or be hired for employment

Childhood and adolescence become more distinct from adulthood when they were forced into compulsory school-attendance
What caused an increase in leisure time?
decreased work-hour weeks by the 1920s

economic boom around that time allowed for more consumption of leisure items
What was the most popular organized sport?
baseball
What game appealed to both sexes and all classes?
croquet
By 1900 Americans owned 10 million of these, and was beginning to compete with baseball for leisure popularity
bicycling
What game most attracted the wealthy?
football
What game became popular for women enrolled in college by the late 1800s
basketball
what are the 3 branches of American show business?
popular drama
musical comedy
vaudeville
What was the most popular mass entertainment of the early 1900s
vaudville
Why was vaudville so popular
mass variety
-new opportunities for women, african americans, and immigrants to perform
What was developed by Thomas Edison in the 1880s that soon became a major form of entertainment?
movies
Joseph Pulitzer
an immigrant who created the New York Word. he created a mass culture journalism that had stories of disaster, crimes and scandals.
Yellow Journalism
made popular by Pulitzer, it was comics printed on yellow paper
William Randolph Hearst
bought the New York Journal and started an empire of mass circulation of newspapers

competed with Pulitzer
crop lien system
Crop-lien system was a way for farmers to get credit. After the crop was harvested they would use it to pay back their loan.The deal was similar to the land owners': a percentage of the harvest would be given to the merchant to pay for the supplies. This system would have worked if the merchant lenders charged reasonable interest rates. However, racism was a factor in that the merchant's interest rates were impossible for the sharecroppers to pay off. In addition, when the bank gave someone a loan, it was allowed to dictate the crop that a farmer grew. Therefore, the banker for a certain area would tell everyone to grow the same crop and with an increased competition it was even harder for the farmers to sell their goods. It was a constant cycle of debt.
Chester A Arthur
successor of President Garfield when he was shot/died
signed the Pendleton Cilvil Service Act
modified old tarriff policy
pro federal regulation of railroads
big fan of using veto power
How did railroads contribute to the economic depression of the 1890s?
Railroads, like Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, had borrowed a lot of money so they could lay track/expand, but they expanded too much, which cut into profits and made them unable to pay off their debts
How did manufacturers contribute to the economic depression of the 1890s
Output was greater than revenue. To compensate companies tried to buy more equipment and get more work out of fewer laborers. This increased debt and unemployment. People and employers couldn't pay their debts
How did banks contribute to the economic depression of the 1890s
When customers defaulted, banks had to close.
How did currency problems contribute to the economic depression of the 1890s?
At the time, the government used treasury certificates to buy a lot of silver each month. Ppl could redeem the treasury certificates for gold. Although because of mining silver eventually became more plentiful and the market value of silver fell. Gold being more valuable, everyone started turning in their certificates, which began depleting the nation's reserve. As the gold reserve fell to 100 million, foreign investors began to lose faith in the American economy and stopped investing.
What did President Cleveland try to do to address the economic depression
Repealed the Sherman Silver Purchase Act
Made a gold for bonds deal with big business including JP Morgan (little people got cranky about that one)
What ailments was Cleveland battling during the economic depression?
he had a malignant tumor that needed to be removed immediately, but he kept it a secret.

He said he was going on a sailing trip to cover it up
What were consequences of the 1890 depression
It crumbled the old economic system and created a new one.
Old-national economy (not sectional. ie a large business failing in one part of the country would effect all of the country/other businesses)
New-competition from outside markets and american businessmen seeking new markets abroad
Eugene Debs
President of the American Railway Union
Socialist
Became America's leading spokesperson for socialism and his eloquence helped unite American socialist movements to follow his ideas, leading it to have a more powerful presence at the turn of the century
What were some problems with the American socialist movement?
-no strong leadership
-disagreement over how to acheive Marx's visions
-consisted of small groups that often focused on fine points rather than worker's everday needs
-social mobility and individualism undermined socialist aims
-most americans were about bettering themselves, not everyone
What were differences between Coxey's Army and American socialist movements
-Coxey was about better jobs and living standards, not changing the capitalist system
-Coxey was much more organized. 1 head, strong band of individuals with one purpose
-Socialist actually didn't take place in a lot of demonstrations/protests, unlike Coxey
What caused the decline of the populist party?
-lack of financing
-lack of organization
-didn't have strong enough candidates to challenge the major parties
-voters reluctant to abandon old party loyalties
free silver
Idea that became the main campaign of the Populist party. They believed that the free coinage of silver would end special priviledges for the rich, return the government into the hands of the ppl, increase cash circulation, and reduce interest rates.
William McKinley
was the republican presidential nominee for the 1896 election.

He eventually became president
What was the big dividing issue between republicans and democrats during the 1896 election?
Gold standard vs. silver standard

repub-gold
dem-silver
William Jennings Byran
Democratic presidential nominee for the 1896 election
-helped write parties' platform for the free coinage for silver
-very eloquent
-gave 20 speeches a day during political campaigning process
What were the election results of the 1896 presidential election?
-McKinley beat Bryan by a landslide
600,000 popular votes
271:176 electoral votes
What did McKinley do once he became president?
sign the Gold Standard Act, requiring all paper money be backed by gold.
-all about protective tarrifs, so he made high tariffs
-he promoted imperialistic ventures in Latin America and the Pacific
Pendleton Civil Service Act
landmark U.S. legislation establishing the tradition and mechanism of permanent federal employment based on merit rather than on political party affiliation (the spoils system).
how did the massive wave of immigrants change america
-pluralism of social, cultural, ethic, and religious elements
-labor force influx
-more consumers
-reinforce the American Dream
-conditions that lead to social/economic reform
-adventuresome spirit
-old ways
How many immigrants would stay in America?
1 in every 3 would return

therefore

2 in every 3 would stay
What were some urban problems as a result of the immigration increase (lecture notes)?
sanitation
overcrowding
disease
labor problems/violence
crime
political corruption
How were immigrants changed by America?
learn english
survivial (had to learn how to cope with new environ)
rural to urban transformation (lived in rural communities but now had to live in large cities)
culture shock
What are things that must be kept in mind about reliability when using autobiographies as a source
-when was the memoir written? Many were written years later and events could be forgotten or purposely taken out
-it's a subjective perspective
-the memoir could be filled with personal motives or "agenda"
-personal bias could lead to conscious distortion of events

Questions to ask:
Who is the author? characterize them
Who is the audience?
When was it written?
What is the genre of writing?
Why is it written?
What are common challenges that immigrants faced (old and new)
adapting to new environment
discrimination
preserving previous culture
Why did immigrants stick it out?
life is better than home, even if it is still reasonably unfavorable conditions

hope for a better life for their children and grandchildren
Sharecropping
Sharecropping is a system of agriculture or agricultural production in which a landowner allows a sharecropper to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced on the land.
tenant farming
A tenant farmer is one who resides on and farms land owned by a landlord. Tenant farming is an agricultural production system in which landowners contribute their land and often a measure of operating capital and management; while tenant farmers contribute their labour along with at times varying amounts of capital and management.
What was the african american situation in the new south?
uneducated
impoverished
allowed to vote but didn't because of fear of death
no land to call own
not self-sufficient, still had to rely on whites
What gave african americans hope during the post reconstruction period?
family
church
hope for children
tradition of persistance
Ida B Wells
journalist

spoke out against lynchings
boycotting railroads
necessity to arm oneself

realized the power of the press
Booker T Washington
Educated man went to Harvard
organized the Tuskegee Institute (black college)

spoke about cross-racial cooperation
expressed that blacks have something to offer whites
spoke to white audiences to use african american labor for good
told african americans to take advantage of what you have (work from bottom up)
all about economic and social cooperation
expresses that african americans have been loyral to whites
Henry Turner
minister of Episopal church
-slavery was a means for african americans to find God
-motif of "manhood" in speeches
(no way for Af Amer to achieve manhood in the US)
-government pay the way for everyone to go back to Africa
-be involved politically
W E B Du Bois
educated man w/ phd from harvard
Came up with idea of the talented tenth of men that should go to college.
proposed that a few will save all (see talented tenth)
higher education is the way to solve problems
-wanted equal political rights
-was against violence
-get your ways through protesting injustice
Frances Harper
founder of the national association of colored women
-change comes through mothers teaching Christian values to children
-teach them morals and discipline them/dont let kids get away with stuff that isn't good