Us History Midterm Review

Front 1

bering strait

Back 1

• Passage of land that joined the continents

Front 2

Christopher Columbus

Back 2

Discovered America

Front 3

Amerigo Vespucci

Back 3

1st person to go around the world and map it; America after himself

Front 4

Sir Walter Raleigh

Back 4

founded Roanoke in Virginia; 1st to attempt colonization but failed

Front 5

Roanoke

Back 5

1st attempt at colonization but failed

Front 6

Columbian Exchange

Back 6

The transfer- beginning with Columbus’ first voyage-of plants, animals, and diseases between the Western and Eastern Hemisphere

Front 7

What were the positives and negatives of European Settlement of the western hemisphere with regard to Native Americans?

Back 7

+: NA introduced to new tech and trade
-: disease and war

Front 8

What led to European exploration and expansion?

Back 8

God- spread christianity; gold- make $$, glory- get more land for an empire and rub it in everybody's face

Front 9

joint-stock company

Back 9

Businesses in which investors pool their wealth for a common purpose

Front 10

Jamestown

Back 10

The 1st settlement to be established and survive

Front 11

William Penn

Back 11

Quaker who founded Pennsylvania to serve as a home for escaping Quakers from persecution

Front 12

William Bradford

Back 12

One of the main founders for Mass.

Front 13

Nathanial Bacon

Back 13

Rebelled against native’s to get help from wealthy people; 1st instance of regular guy rebelling against what would later become the planter areostocy; governor tried to shut them him down

Front 14

Royal Colony

Back 14

Colony under direct control of the English monarch

Front 15

Proprietary Colony

Back 15

colony owned by a small group of people

Front 16

Charter Colony

Back 16

Colony run on a contract to run a colony

Front 17

Ann Hutchinson

Back 17

Banned because of her religious beliefs; started Rhode Island

Front 18

Roger Williams

Back 18

Started Rhode Island

Front 19

Quakers

Back 19

people who were accepting of everything; tolerant

Front 20

To what extent did the environment determine the culture of the colonies?

Back 20

north: rocky soil and cold climate, led to less farming and more trading
south: good soil and warm climate led to farming society with cash crops as the $ maker

Front 21

what were some of the roles of woman in the English colonies? What challenges did they face?

Back 21

they were suppose to feed and clean and educate, work.
Challenges they faced were not being part of meetings and not having rights

Front 22

why and to what extent, did slavery take root and develop in the North American colonies? How did African Americans adapt to life on North America?

Back 22

one person had a lot of land so there was a need for people to farm the land, so Britain took part in the slave trade and started exporting them over here to work the land
African Americans families were important, community-songs, stories about home

Front 23

Enlightenment

Back 23

an 18th century movement that emphasized the use of reason ad he scientific methods as means of reasoning

Front 24

Benjamin Franklin

Back 24

father of america, founding father, invented a lot of stuff

Front 25

great Awakening

Back 25

a revival of religious feelings in American colonies

Front 26

colonial assemblies

Back 26

colonial form of gov't, where delegates would meet

Front 27

mercantilism

Back 27

made people rich by exporting more than they imported

Front 28

salutary neglect

Back 28

britain let the colonies alone as long as they were bringing in money

Front 29

navigation acts

Back 29

a series of laws enacted by Parliament, to tighten England's control of trade in its American colonies

Front 30

cash crops

Back 30

crops grown to make money instead of to eat

Front 31

middle passage

Back 31

the voyage that brought enslaved Africans to the west indies and later to North America

Front 32

Fort Duquesne

Back 32

a battle that started the French and Indian War

Front 33

French and Indian War

Back 33

colonists were afraid that the French were going to confine them between the Appalachian Mts and the Indian ocean and the french were afraid they were going to invade their territory and invade their fur trading; both paranoid of each other; neither groups thought about the native americans; at 1st natives were on the French side, when the british started winning the war, the natives switched sides, in the end natives weren't even thought of, only reason natives in the treaty is so the colonists would not mess with the natives

Front 34

Peace of Paris

Back 34

the treaty that ended the French and Indian War

Front 35

Proclamation Line of 1763

Back 35

an order in which England prohibited its colonists from settling west of the appalachians

Front 36

How were the Americans beginning to change their form of government in comparison with the British form of government?

Back 36

colonial government became independent from England because they had no voice and because of salutary neglect, so they developed colonial assemblies to come up with way to govern themselves

Front 37

How did the Great Awakening and the Enlightenment affect colonial society?

Back 37

GA- people closer to God, religion farther away from the state
E- made people question British monarchy, importance of science and reason

Front 38

Parliamentary sovereignty

Back 38

parliament makes the decisions

Front 39

John Locke

Back 39

wrote two treaties saying that people are allowed to rebel against a gov't that they do not like; BIG source of stuff for the DoI

Front 40

Stamp Act

Back 40

a law in which Parliament established the 1st taxation of goods and services within the British colonies in North America

Front 41

Virginia Resolves

Back 41

Patrick Henry's speeches saying it is unfair to tax without representation, people thought it was way out, Virginia resolves passes and because of this people realized he was right and other colonies passed the same thing saying it is not right for British to be taxing

Front 42

Stamp Act Congress

Back 42

when representatives of colonies met to draw up the Declaration of rights and grievances stating that Parliament lacked the power to impose taxes because the colonies were not represented in parliament

Front 43

Sons of Liberty

Back 43

"terrorist" group for loyalists and harmed them to to to get people to join their cause of liberty from Britain; responsible for Boston Tea Party

Front 44

Samuel Adams

Back 44

one of the founders of the Sons of Liberty

Front 45

Declatory Act

Back 45

asserted parliament was able to make all the laws, gave them full power

Front 46

Townshend Revenue Acts

Back 46

indirect taxes, or duties levied on imported materials taxed tea

Front 47

Boston Massacre

Back 47

drunk colonists attacked red coats with snow ball and they get shot

Front 48

Tea Act

Back 48

lowered the tax on tea so the Indian company could have monopoly on it, even thought it lowered the tax, colonists still felt t was taxation without representation, why the tea party happened

Front 49

Boston Tea Party

Back 49

the dumping of tea into the Boston harbor by the colonists in protest of the tea act

Front 50

Coercive (Intolerable) Acts

Back 50

a series of laws enacted by parliament to punish the colonists for the Boston Tea Party

Front 51

First Continental Congress

Back 51

looking to maintain peace with Britain; at the congress the olive tree branch saying to stop with the hostilities and they wanted to not separate

Front 52

Battles of Lexington and Concord

Back 52

after 1st continental congress, because the british wanted to take the stock of gun powder in the cities, 1st shots of the war, made them realize they had to take up arms

Front 53

Second Continental Congress

Back 53

the continental congress that approved the DoI, and served as the only agency of national government during the revolutionary war

Front 54

Thomas Paine

Back 54

wrote Common Sense, made colonists want to be free from Britain

Front 55

Declaration of Independence

Back 55

the document written by Thomas Jefferson in 1776 in which the delegates of the Continental Congress declared the colonies' independence from Britain

Front 56

Loyalists

Back 56

people who stood with Britain

Front 57

battle of Saratoga

Back 57

turning point of the war, involved the French

Front 58

York-town

Back 58

final battle of the of the Revolutionary War

Front 59

Terms of the Peace Treaty

Back 59

America: west to the Mississippi, north to the Great Lakes, south to Spanish Florida
Britain did not attempt to protect land interests of Native Americans; didn’t specify when they would leave forts
Loyalists couldn’t be prosecuted; congress had to recommend that state legislatures give back confiscated property; states could not prevent debts being payed to British creditors…didn't happen

Front 60

How were the 1st and 2nd continental congress different?

Back 60

1st: wanted to remain in peace with Britain-olive branch petition
2nd: was to convince colonies to prepare for war b/c shots had already been fired

Front 61

how did propaganda influence american's view of the british?

Back 61

john lockes' ideas were influential in common sense and the sons of liberty, both saying fight because its common sense and its not right

Front 62

what were the two advantages and disadvantages the americans had going into the war?

Back 62

+: on colony soil, colonies were fighting for a cause, not just to get paid
-: british more organized in army; gov't more $ and power to atx

Front 63

articles of confederation

Back 63

a document, adopted by the second continental congress and finally approved by the states that outlined the form of the gov't f the new USA

Front 64

northwest ordinance

Back 64

a law that established a procedure for admission of new states to the Union

Front 65

federalists

Back 65

people for ratifying the constitution

Front 66

anti-federalists

Back 66

an opponent of strong central government

Front 67

philadelphia convention

Back 67

constitutional convention; because they saw the AoC were gonna fail, they met to draw up the constitution

Front 68

virginia plan

Back 68

representation in government depended on the population of the sate

Front 69

new jersey plan

Back 69

equal representation for everybody in gov't

Front 70

constitution

Back 70

plan drawn up to serve as the make of the USA, includes laws to be followed and the beliefs of the founding fathers; has three branches

Front 71

three fifth compromise

Back 71

the constitutional convention's agreement to count three fifths of the state's slave population as a vote

Front 72

bill of rights

Back 72

1st ten amendments stating the citizen's rights and freedoms

Front 73

george washington

Back 73

1st prez of the USA; established cabinet; judiciary act- established court system

Front 74

thomas jefferson

Back 74

secretary of state to GW; for a democracy and for common people; DoI; Louisiana Purchase

Front 75

alexander hamilton

Back 75

secretary of treasury to GW; for central government; wanted the gov't run by wealthy people

Front 76

Hamilton's Financial Plan

Back 76

assumption of state debt; establish a national bank; funding- all the gov't IOU's would be paid back in full

Front 77

Jay's Treaty

Back 77

sent to get british out of their posts and to limit the seizures of american cargo but it did not work

Front 78

whiskey rebellion

Back 78

whiskey distillers rebelled against the tax, militia came and shut them down

Front 79

XYZ Affair

Back 79

adams wanted to deal with the french and sent ambassadors but the french would not see them without a bribe so they sent three low level ambassadors and they were called xyz

Front 80

alien and sedition acts

Back 80

lengthened time required to become a citizen and said they could not speak against the gov't

Front 81

kentucky and virginia resolutions

Back 81

said the sates had the right to nullify and right of congress they deemed unconstitutional; called on other states to follow

Front 82

federalist party

Back 82

for a strong federal government; run by wealthy

Front 83

republican party

Back 83

local government; regular persons in charge

Front 84

Louisiana Purchase

Back 84

the 1803 purchase by the united states of France's Louisiana territory-extending from the mississippi river to the rocky mountains- for $15 million

Front 85

lewis and clark

Back 85

name of the expedition that set out to map the western part of the US that remained unexplored

Front 86

marbury v madison

Back 86

court case dealing with the midnight appointments, marbury did not receive his place and in the end madison won; established judicial review

Front 87

embargo act

Back 87

ban on trading goods with other countries

Front 88

james madison

Back 88

democratic republican, declared the war of 1812

Front 89

war of 1812

Back 89

war inspired by hatred of the british because of impressment of their ships and aiding the natives to fight against them; ended by the treaty of ghent

Front 90

how did the democracy change in the time following the revolution in the united states and why?

Back 90

originally power lied in the states for fear of monarchy (AoC); shifts to more power in the central gov't (const)

Front 91

why is marbury vs madison one of the most important supreme court cases in american history?

Back 91

established judicial review; judicial branch is equal

Front 92

explain the circumstances and consequences of the Louisiana purchase?

Back 92

napoleon at war with british; he was afraid of two front war, so sell louisiana america; consequence is that the natives are pushed off

Front 93

what were the causes of the war of 1812? how did the us attempt to avoid the war, and why were these attempts unsuccessful?

Back 93

the causes were that the british often seized us ships and made them theirs and also because they gave the natives weapons to fight them. us tried to stop war by the embargo act but that failed because it hurt the us more than it did other countries

Front 94

legislative branch

Back 94

law making brach of the us gov't

Front 95

judicial branch

Back 95

law interpreting/ constitution interpreting branch

Front 96

executive branch

Back 96

the branch that enforces the laws

Front 97

how does a bill become a law?

Back 97

it must be approved by the HoR and the Senate and then by the prez

Front 98

how can an amendment be added to the constitution?

Back 98

it can be ratified

Front 99

"era of good feelings"

Back 99

industrial revolution begins, federalist party almost gone, central power asserted over state power, nationalism, florida is added, and the monroe doct. issued

Front 100

james monroe

Back 100

established the monroe doctrine;

Front 101

missouri compromise

Back 101

main is free and missouri slave, boundary of missouri is the line of slavery

Front 102

john quincy adams

Back 102

established nationalism, got florida,

Front 103

andrew jackson

Back 103

started the democratic republican party, made jobs available, stopped abuse of national money by the wealthy, freed country of debt, used veto a lot, faced down nullifiers, killed the 2nd bank

Front 104

indian removal/ trail of tears

Back 104

under jackson, the indian removal act forced the native americans to move to the west, trail of tears was the name given to the trip they made when they lost a lot of their people

Front 105

nullification crisis

Back 105

when calhoun devised a theory that said that a state had the right to secede if it could not nullify a tax it did not want to follow

Front 106

bank war

Back 106

jackson ends the BUS because it only favored the wealthy people and not the average person because they had the shares and got the payback

Front 107

democratic party

Back 107

political party known for its support of strong state governments, founded by Thomas Jefferson

Front 108

whig party

Back 108

political party to oppose Andrew Jackson

Front 109

martin van buren

Back 109

started the free soil party

Front 110

stronger sectional rivalries between the north and south began to develop. why did this happen, and how did debate over missouri reflect these differences?

Back 110

territories want to become free states- slave v free would ruin balance of power in state/ Missouri compromise created the line where free states above the line and slave states below the line Missouri admitted as a slave state; Maine was admitted as a free state

Front 111

why was jackson considered to be representative of the democratic movement?

Back 111

claimed to be representative of the common man; spoils system; state's rights advocate, but the union was more important than one single state (nullification crisis); indian removal to get more land for americans

Front 112

explain the reasons for the emergence of the whig party?

Back 112

oppose jackson party made up by ex-democrats; not in favor of expansion of slavery

Front 113

reasons for demise of federalist party?

Back 113

when jefferson came, more ppl for democratic rep and they were anti war of 1812 because they loved british

Front 114

abolitionist movement

Back 114

movement to free the slaves

Front 115

frederick douglas

Back 115

Former slave, was educated; believed that abolition would come through political means (non violent rebellions) like his abolitionist newspaper

Front 116

underground railroad

Back 116

system of routes designed to help runaway slaves escape to the north

Front 117

Second Great Awakening

Back 117

religious movement in which individual responsibility for seeking salvation was emphasized along with the need of personal and social improvement

Front 118

transcendentalism

Back 118

a philosophical movement that emphasized living a simple life and the importance of nature and imagination

Front 119

temperance movement

Back 119

movement to prevent the drinking of alcohol

Front 120

capitalism

Back 120

when private individuals and and corporations control the means of production and use them to earn profits

Front 121

texas revolution

Back 121

the 1836 rebellion where texas gained its independence from mexico

Front 122

republic of texas

Back 122

nation established in 1836 when american settlers in texas fought for their independence

Front 123

oregon trail

Back 123

route from missouri to oregon used by pioneers traveling to oregon territory

Front 124

james k polk

Back 124

president that urged the mexican american war

Front 125

manifest destiny

Back 125

belief that it was the settler's god given right to move into the west

Front 126

mexican american war

Back 126

war fought with mexico over the annexation of texas and its boundaries

Front 127

treaty of guadalupe hidalgo

Back 127

treaty signed to end the mexican american war. US got the border of texas to be the rio grande, new mexico and california, paid $15 million of the territory and agreed to give rights to the mexicans living in the territory

Front 128

what movement/ ideas permeated american society during the antebellum period and what effects did they have?

Back 128

2nd great awake.; transcendentalism, women's rights; and abolition, temperance; individualism, more equal rights, women exert their power, more social responsibility

Front 129

how did sectional differences intensify during the antebellum period?

Back 129

the north industrialization, want high priced land and internal improvements
south: plantations, cheap land, low tariffs, no internal improvements
slavery- western expansion is causing slavery debate to intensify

Front 130

explain manifest destiny. how did the idea become a reality?

Back 130

america is destined to expand to the pacific ocean; oregon trail, texas, american mexican war, gadsen purchase

Front 131

wilmot proviso

Back 131

proposed that none of the land acquired by the mex-amer war be slavery

Front 132

free soil party

Back 132

wanted the land to be free/ opposed expansion of slavery

Front 133

popular sovereignty

Back 133

the people have the power to make the choice

Front 134

zachary taylor

Back 134

whig prez, tries to admit cali as a free sate; inspires talk of secession

Front 135

compromise of 1850

Back 135

cali free and for the south more strict fugitive slave laws; pop sover. erhwere

Front 136

know nothing party

Back 136

began as an anti-immigration society

Front 137

republican party

Back 137

political party opposed of slavery in the territories because it took away from hard working people

Front 138

kansas nebraska

Back 138

act that established the territories of kansas and nebraska and gave their residents the choice to be slave or no slave state

Front 139

bleeding kansas

Back 139

term given to the bloodshed in kansas due to people trying to get the state to be slave/ free

Front 140

dred scott

Back 140

case that said slaves were property and had no right to bring cases to court

Front 141

john brown

Back 141

crazy abolitionist that killed pro-slave people

Front 142

secession

Back 142

a state leaving the union

Front 143

jefferson davis

Back 143

president of the confederate states of america

Front 144

abraham lincoln

Back 144

issued the emancipation proclamation during the civil war

Front 145

fort sumter

Back 145

1st battle of the civil war; captured by union

Front 146

anaconda plan

Back 146

plan of the union on the civil war; cut off the river from the south and attack

Front 147

bull run

Back 147

1st bull run- union loses

Front 148

ulysses s grant

Back 148

general for the union
won fort sumter and vicksburg

Front 149

robert e lee

Back 149

general for the conferderacy
won richmond and second bull run and lost antietam

Front 150

antietam

Back 150

bloodiest battle ever, union lost lest men; stand off

Front 151

emancipation proclamation

Back 151

declared all slaves in the confederacy free

Front 152

habeas corpus

Back 152

right to know why your being taken trial

Front 153

conscription

Back 153

the drafting of citizens for the military

Front 154

gettysburg

Back 154

turning point for the union

Front 155

appomattox court house

Back 155

place where lee surrendered to the union

Front 156

13th amendment

Back 156

ended all slavery and involuntary servitude

Front 157

how did the wilmot proviso and the compromise of 1850 both contribute to both party divisions?

Back 157

wp: all territory gained from the mex-amer war is fee; caused the north v south, rather than whigs v democrats
cp: cali is free; nm-pop sov; harsher fug slave laws; resolved boundary dispute btwn texas and nm
both: divided the north v south. north-anti slavery expansion and south-pro slavery expansion

Front 158

how was the north able to win the civil war?

Back 158

anaconda plan: north blockaded southern posts; no other country recognized the confederacy as a country; industry; northern gov't was more stable and organized; north had more $

Front 159

what were the effects of the civil war (social; political; economical)

Back 159

national debt; inflation; death toll; how do you become a whole nation again; economy (Esp in south) was suffering; disputes about freed slaves in south; republican rule-rise of radical republicans

Front 160

how did manifest destiny contribute to the civil war?

Back 160

balance between slave and free states bc of western expansion from mex amer war; compromise trying to resolve slavery issue just led to more north v south sentiment; pop sov was a disaster

Front 161

how did the states rights issue contribute to the civil war?

Back 161

souther states esp have always tried to exert their power over the central gov't many Southern states were in favor of pop sov bc it allowed the states to choose-did no work

Front 162

ten percent plan

Back 162

if 10% of a confederate population swore allegiance to the union, the state could come back into the union

Front 163

wade davis bill

Back 163

proposed that congress, not the prez, be in charge of reconstruction and that a majority, not just 10% if the population had to swear allegiance to the union to come back

Front 164

freedman's bureau

Back 164

gave out clothes and food to freed slaves and poor whites

Front 165

civil rights act of 1866

Back 165

no black codes

Front 166

fourteenth amendment

Back 166

defines citizenship in the US as anyone who is born or naturalized in the US

Front 167

scalawag

Back 167

white southerners who joined the republican party

Front 168

carpetbagger

Back 168

northerner that traveled to the south

Front 169

sharecropping

Back 169

poor whites/ former slaves work the land of a plantation owner and give % of crop to owner

Front 170

tenant farmer

Back 170

money for farming someone else's land

Front 171

KKK

Back 171

started as a benign confederate club that grew into a white supremacy group that committed hate crimes to scare people from fighting for their civil rights

Front 172

panic of 1873

Back 172

paper money in circulation did not have an equivalent amount of hard money; goods were more expensive bc of the war; scandals in grant's administration showed corruption in businesses, put 3 million out of jobs

Front 173

redemption

Back 173

the southern democrats term for them getting back into power in the south during the 1870's

Front 174

compromise of 1877

Back 174

tilden (D) and hayes (R) in election of 1876; tilden wins pop votes but hayes wins electoral votes; hayes can take presidency if removes all military rule from the south; south becomes predominantly democrat; officially ends congressional reconstruction

Front 175

how did the three reconstruction plans differ from one another?

Back 175

abe's- only 10% have to swear oath
wade's- majority and in hands of congress
reconstruction act- 5 districts

Front 176

impeach

Back 176

to try a prez out of presidency

Front 177

andrew johnson

Back 177

vetoes both civil rights act and freedman's bureau ; gets impeached but fails

Front 178

presidential reconstruction

Back 178

johnson takes over; lenient; states should have constitutional conventions and ratify the 13th amendment; doesn't deal with freed slaves; pardons high ranking officer

Front 179

reconstruction act of 1867

Back 179

divides south into 5 military districts; each headed by a union leader; voters in each district would nominate delegates to come up with new state constitution; ratified the 14th amendment; follow civil rights act

Front 180

fifteenth amendment

Back 180

do not discriminate in terms of voting against race or color or property ownerhip

Front 181

did the changes in the south during reconstruction benefit southerners?

Back 181

no- division into 5 parts made southerners like they were being punished; rec act did not asure civil rights for freed slaves or save the southern economy

Front 182

what effect did the rise of the KKK have on southern society?

Back 182

keep racism, did not allow for changes in terms of race relations; scared people into voting democrats

Front 183

was reconstruction a success? why or why not?

Back 183

yes- 14th/15th amendment
no-still feeling the effects of rec today-never have gotten over debt; still division between north and south, military rule did not work, southern economy continued to suffer, racism is still around