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374 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Protective Tariff
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Tax on imported goods that increased demand for products made in the United States, which helped fuel expansion and industrialization
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Bessemer process
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This steel making process was adopted by many businesses which provided higher profits, which in turn led to expansions in that itempering
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Laissez-Faire
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Policies which allowed businesses to operate under minimal government interference and regulation, which made running a business easier which induced expansion and industrialization
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Second Industrial Revolution
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Economic growth in post Civil War America due to discovery of vast natural recourse's, expansions of the workforce and the rise of entrepreneurship
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Cartel
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A coalition of business who follow the same production and sale strategies to keep prices high in order to maximize profits for all of them
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Guglielmo Marconi
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Invented the wireless telegraph, which was adopted by many businesses to increase productivity
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Henry Bessemer
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Developed a process to enrich iron into steal that was light, strong and inexpensive which was adopted to by many building companies
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Samuel F.B. Morse
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Developed the telegraph technology as well as Morse code which was the primary code used tot communicate over the telegraph line
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Elicia Odis
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Developed the safety elevator, which allowed skyscrapers to be built with faster transportation throughout the building
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Wright Brothers
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Invented the first airplane and achieved the first successful flight of a plane
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Adam Smith
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A Scottish philosopher and political economist that was the author of the book, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
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Alexander Graham Bell
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Developed the telephone in 1876
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Corporations
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Group ownership of a businesses that are involved in a single line of production, which lowers the overall cost of production
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“Robber Barons” vs. “captains of industry”
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Robber Barons were viewed negatively, as rich capitalists that set unfair prices on consumers and ran small businesses out of business, while Captains of Industry were viewed positively, as capitalists and business owners that provided jobs for Americans and maintained a strong economy
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Sherman Anti-Trust Act
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Outlawed any trust that operated in restrain of trade in commerce among the several states
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Company Towns
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Housing in communities near the workplace
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Collective Bargaining
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Negotiating as a group for higher wages and/or better conditions
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Socialism
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A political and economic philosophy that promoted the general well-fare of the common person by favoring public control of property and income
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Knights of Labor
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A labor union including all workers of any trade or race formed in 1869
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Push vs. Pull Immigration Factors
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Push Factors are factors that push people away from their country (famine, not enough jobs, etc) and Pull Factors are factors that attract people to a different country (good economic conditions, freedoms, etc.)
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“New Immigrants”
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Often poor, unskilled, catholic, or Jewish immigrants, mostly from Eastern Europe
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Steerage
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The worst accommodations on a steamship
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Ellis Island
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A island in New York Harbor that was a processing center for new immigrants
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Angel Island
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A island in the San Fransisco bay, which was a processing station for new immigrants
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Nativism
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Belief that white Americans were superior to all new comers
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Americanization Programs
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Programs that helped new comers learn English and adopt the American culture
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Suburbs
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The living areas surrounding a city
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Tenements
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Low cost multifamily housing designed to squeeze in as many families as possible
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Catalogs
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A document that listed products which could be bought
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William Randolph Hearst
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Author of the Morning Journal
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John Dewey
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Sought to enhance student learning by introducing new teaching methods
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The New South
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After the problems of the civil war, they began to re-create their lives by creating new industries, railroads, cities, and towns
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Problems in the south after the Civil War
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There were no slaves the agriculture and the economy dropped, opposed reconstruction because of states right, and the transportation system collapsed
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Boll weevil
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beetle that destroyed the crops
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Civil war amendments (13,14,15)
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The 13th abolished slavery 14th gave African American civil rights and the 15th amendment gave African Americans the right to vote
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Historically Black Institutions
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Institutions and universities for African Americans
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Ku Klux Klan
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White Supremacy group
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Amnesty Act of 1872
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Removed voting restrictions and disqualification against southerners who wanted to secede from the Union
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“Red Shirts”
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White paramilitary groups that were active in 1875
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1876 presidential election
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Between Hayes and Tilden, Hayes becomes president
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monopoly
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complete control of a product or service by buying or driving other companies out of business
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cartel
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Association of producers of a good or service that prices and controls stocks in order to monopolize the market
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John D. Rockefeller
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An oil tycoon who made deals with railroads to increase his profits
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horizontal integration
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The system of consolidating many firms in the same buisness
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trust
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Where companies assign their stock to a board of trustees, who combine them into a new organization
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Andrew Carnegie
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A steel tycoon that, with other investors, helped increase their power by gaining control of the many different businesses that make up all phases of a product’s development
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vertical integration
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The process Carnegie and other investors used to allow companies to reduce costs and charge higher prices to competitors
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Social Darwinism
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The belief held by some in the late 19th century that certain nations and races were superior to others and therefore destined to rule over them
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ICC
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First federal agency monitoring business operations, created in 1887 to oversee interstate railroad procedures
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mass production
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systems that depended on machinery to carry out tasks that were once done with hand tools
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AFL
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The AFL was a craft union, unlike the Knights of Labor, and was a loose organization of skilled workers from some 100 local unions. The AFL did not aim for larger social gains for workers like the Knights, but focused on specific issues like wages, working hours, and working conditions
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Haymarket Riot
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1886 labor-related protest in Chicago which ended in a deadly violence. The cause was achieving an eight-hour workday. The effect was Americans became wary of labor unions. Also, the Knights were blamed for the riot and their membership was declined
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Homestead Strike
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1892 strike against Carnegie’s steelworks in Homestead, Pa. The cause was economic depression which led to cuts in steelworkers’ wages. The effect was after losing the standoff, steelworker unions lost power throughout the country
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Eugene V. Debs
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Created the American Railway Union (ARU) where he grouped all railroad workers together rather than separating them by the job they held. He believed that industrial unions allowed groups to exert united pressure on employers
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Pullman Strike
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Violent 1894 railway workers’ strike which began outside of Chicago and spread nationwide. The cause was that wages were cut without a decrease in the cost of living in the company town. The effect was employers used the courts to limit the influence of unions
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“new” immigrant
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Beginning in the 1870s, Irish and Germans were joined by these “new” immigrants from southern and eastern Europe until WWI. Were often unskilled, poor, Catholic or Jewish, and likely to settle in cities
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Americanization
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These programs helped newcomers learn English and adopt American dress and diets
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“melting pot”
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Workers and immigrants believed that American society was a “melting pot” where white people of all ethnicity's blended to create a single culture
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Chinese Exclusion Act
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Congress passed this in 1882 which prohibited immigration by Chinese laborers, limited their civil rights, and forbid the naturalization of Chinese residents
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cash crop
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A crop that was grown to be sold for cash; was mainly cottons and “patches” of grain
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Farmer’s Alliance
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These organizations soon connected farmers not only in the South but in the West. Tried to convince the gov’t to force railroads to lower freight prices so members could sell their crops elsewhere
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Civil Rights Act of 1875
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Guaranteed black patrons the right to ride trains and use public facilities, though in court cases, the Supreme Court believed it was a local issue and should be governed by state or local laws
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nativism
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Was a belief that native-born white Americans were superior to newcomers. During the economic recessions of the late 19th century, competition for jobs and housing fueled resentment. Some worried that imm. would work for a lower rage
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urbanization
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Late 19th century where the # of cities and people living in them increased dramatically. Many urban people worked on schedules, rode trolley cars, paid rent, and interacted with many strangers. Later, became part of American culture
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rural-to-urban migrant
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Many moved from farms to factories where they could get paid in cash and get a variety of city life
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mass transit-
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Public systems that could carry large #s of people fairly inexpensively reshaping cities
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Frederick Law Olmsted
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In an effort to have separated zones for public spaces, Olmsted was hired to design Fairmount Park, Central Park, etc.
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tenement
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Low-cost multifamily housing designed to fit as many people as possible. Most were unhealthy and dangerous
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conspicuous consumerism
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In which people wanted and bought the many new products on the market. More products were available than ever before at lower prices
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mass culture
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Americans became to be more alike; rich and poor could wear the same clothing styles not including quality, etc.
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Joseph Pulitzer
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A Hungarian immigrant who fought in the Civil War who created his newspaper at low prizes which were filled with articles of political corruption, comics, sports, and illustrations
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reservation
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Specific areas set aside by the government for the Indians’ use. Indians faced suppression and poverty
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Sand Creek Massacre
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1864- where U.S. troops killed unarmed Cheyenne and Arapaho men, women, and children
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Sitting Bull
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A chief along with Crazy Horse in the Sioux tribe tried to drive out prospectors who were on their land, U.S. troops were sent to go against them
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Battle of the Little Big Horn
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Crazy Horse led the charge killing George Custer, a colonel, in June 1876
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Chief Joseph
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In an attempt to evade U.S. troops, he led a group of refugees on a trek of more than 1,300 miles to Canada, and at the border, surrendered
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assimilate
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With the reservation policy a failure, policy makers hoped buffalo would become extinct, Indians would become farmers, and adopt the American culture
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Wounded Knee
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1890 confrontation between U.S. cavalry and Sioux that marked the end of Indian resistance
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Dawes General Allotment Act
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In 1887, replaced the reservation system with an allotment system where each Indian was given 160-acres and to protect them, this land could not be sold or transferred from the family
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Boomtowns
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Town that experiences fast economical and population growth
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transcontinental railroad
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Rail link between the eastern and the western United States
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Cattle drive
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The process of moving a herd of cattle from one place to another, usually moved and herded by cowboys on horses
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Dodge City
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A “cow” town where cattle were sold and cowboys were paid
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Homestead Act 1862
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The U.S. government offered farm plots of 160 acres to anyone willing to live on the land for five years, dig a well, and build a road
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Morrill Act of 1862
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Granted land to states for the purpose of establishing agricultural colleges
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“Sooners”
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Persons that participated in the major land rush in 1898 and sneaked into the territory and staked their claims before the official opening
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Susan B. Anthony and
Elizabeth Cady Stanton |
NWSA
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19th Amendment
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constitutional amendment that gave women the right to vote
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Grover Cleveland
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Most noteworthy president of the Gilded Age, best known for his integrity
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Boss Tweed
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Powerful New York City politician arrested after being exposed of illegal activities by Thomas Nast
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Populist party
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Established in 1891 when the Knights of Labor and Farmers' Alliance joined forces
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William Jennings Bryan
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Politician that played a dominant role in the liberal wing of the democratic party
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“Cross of Gold” speech
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Speech delivered by William Jennings Byran on whether to endorse the free coinage of silver at a ratio of silver to gold of 16 to 1
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1896 presidential election
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When Republican William McKinley defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan in one of the most complex and dramatic elections in American history
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Effects of Populism on America
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The Populists were most well known for their development of secret ballots and income tax. They also strengthened the Democrat Party and helped shape the Democrat and Republican platform in favor of the people in order to obtain votes in the presidential election. They also took place in the demand of free coinage of silver which made the U.S. government adopt silver as the legal standard, which led to the Sherman Silver Act
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Isolationism
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Is a policy where a nation isolates itself from foreign affairs with other nations
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Emperor Maximilian
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Was the only monarch of the second Mexican empire. he was proclaimed emperor with the backing of Napoleon the III
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Monroe Doctrine
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Was a policy that stated that if other nations tried to interfere with U.S. colonies the U.S. would view it as aggression
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Matthew Perry
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In 1853 Matthew Perry sailing U.S. warships into what is now Tokyo and eventually reached a deal to open trade between the U.S. and Japan
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William Seward
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The Secretary of State in 1867 who purchased Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million
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Alaska
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Of the first steps to world power for the U.S. William Sewards purchase of Alaska was a key one. It doubled the countries size was rich in natural resources like timber, and oil
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Hawaii
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Hawaii was annexed in 1898 after the outbreak of the Spanish American War.
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Queen Lilioukalani
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Was a determined a Hawaiian nationalist who resented the power that white settlers in Hawaii were gaining
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Spanish American War
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Was a war between Spain and the U.S. it was a major war for the U.S. who was emerging as a world power
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USS Maine
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When the Spanish were to have been thought to have blown up this U.S. ship it caused national outrage and is seen as what started the war
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Theodore Roosevelt
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Theodore Roosevelt became president in 1901. He had a reputation for being smart, energetic, and opinionated
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Treaty of Paris
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Was a treaty signed by the U.S. and Spain in 1898 to end the Spanish american war.
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Imperialism
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The policy in which strong nations extend their political, military, and economic control over weaker countries
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Open Door Policy
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Was a policy that U.S. used to keep free trade available in china without colonizing it
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Panama Canal
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The Creation of the Panama canal was so important because it shortened the distance between the Atlantic and pacific ocean
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Roosevelt Corollary
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Was an updated version of the monroe doctrine to help an age full of economic imperialism
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Progressivism
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The idea that new ideas and honest government, efficient government could bring social justice
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Muckrakers
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Socially conscious writers who dramatized the need for reform in the early 1900’s
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Upton Sinclair/ the Jungle
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Upton Sinclair was the author of the muckraking book “the jungle”
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Initiative
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Process in which citizens put a proposed new law directly on the ballot with the use of a petition. This was one of the goals of the Progressives
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Referendum
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Process that allows citizens to approve or reject a law passed by a legislature. This was also a goal of the Progressive political reform
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Recall
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A process by which voters can remove elected officers from office before their terms end. This was the third goal of the Progressive political reform
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19th Amendment
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Constitutional amendment that gave women the right to vote. This law was passed because women involvement in the war convinced more legislatures to support women suffrage. Carrie Cat, Florence Kelley, and Alice Paul play roles in gaining women suffrage
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Sherman Antitrust Act
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1890 law banning any trust that restrained interstate trade or commerce. This act was an attempt of federal limitations on corporations’ powers however it was not strongly enforced
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Progressive Party
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Political party that emerged from the Taft-Roosevelt battle that split the Republican Party in 1912. Jane Addams nominated Roosevelt as the Progressive Party’s candidate in the election of 1912
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New Nationalism
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President Theodore Roosevelt’s plan to restore the government’s trust-busting power. This was a major factor in the splitting of the Republican Party
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New Freedom
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Woodrow Wilson’s program to place government controls on corporations in order to benefit small businesses. This was similar to Roosevelt’s “New Nationalism” plan
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Open primary
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A primary election allowing voters to select candidates without declaring party affiliation
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Lobbyists
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A person who tries to influence legislation on behalf of a special interest
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17th Amendment
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Constitutional amendment providing the election of two U.S. senators from each state by popular vote and for a term of six years
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Trust buster
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A federal official who seeks to dissolve business trusts, especially through vigorous application of antitrust regulations
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Northern Securities Company
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An important US railroad trust formed in 1902 by E.H. Harriman, James Hill, J.P. Morgan, and J.D. Rockefeller, and their associates
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NAACP
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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
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William Howard Taft
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(future President of the US) governor of the Philippines who had the goal to help the islands recover from the rebellion
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Muller v. Oregon
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Case in which women reformers requested a limit to the number of work hours. During this case, judges looked back on a law of the 10 hour work day
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Presidential election of 1912
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Election between Theodore Roosevelt (supported by the Progressive Party) and William Howard Taft (supported by the Loyal Republicans) that resulted in a split in the Republican Party over the issue of the reform. Taft ended up winning
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Underwood Tariff Act of 1913
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Created a graduated income tax, which means that the wealthier citizens pay a higher percentage of their income than do poor people. This attempted to allow tariffs to be lowered
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Federal Reserve Act of 1913
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1913 law that placed national banks under the control of a Federal Reserve Board, which runs regional banks that hold the reserve funds from commercial banks, sets interest rates, and supervises commercial banks
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Booker T. Washington vs. W.E.B. Dubois
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B. Washington suggested blacks should move slowly toward racial progress. While Dubois urged blacks to immediately demand all rights guaranteed but the Constitution
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4 major causes of WW1
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Americans had cultural ties with Britain and France, reports of German atrocities in Belgium outrage Americans, Germany continues its policy of unrestricted submarine warfare, and Germany offers Mexico the chance to regain lost U.S territory
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Otto Von Bismarck-
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German statesman who unified German as a nation-state
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Kaiser Wilhelm 11
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The last German Emperor and launched Germany on a bellicose “New Course” in foreign affairs that culminated in his support for Austria Hungary that led to WW1
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the “Steamroller”
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Russian army able to inflict reverses on the German armies
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the “Sick Man of Europe”
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nickname used to describe a European country experiencing a time of economic difficulty
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imperialism
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Country takes over newlands
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Triple Alliance
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Germany and Austria-Hungary make an Alliance with Italy to stop Italy taking sides with Russia
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Triple Entente
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Alliance between Britain, France, and Russia
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the Balkan problem
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Balkan states drove turkey out of the area- started a war
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Slavic
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Salvic race form the chief part of the population in Serbia
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The Black Hand
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Unification of ethnic territories, secret military society, helped start WW1
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Princip
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assassinated Franz Ferdinand started WW1
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Franz Ferdinand
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His assassination lead to WW1
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“blank check”
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Germany gave Austria Hungary a guarantee of any war arising from its dealings with Serbia
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Ultimatum
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Final demand
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Schlieffen Plan
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Attack France through Belgium if Russia made an attack on Germany
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Allies vs. Central Powers
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The two major alliances within Europe during the First World War. The Allies were France, Russia, the United Kingdom and Italy. The Central Powers were Germany, the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary
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war at sea
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The Germans sent out hundreds of U-boats to patrol the waters around Europe. These were used to sink ships carrying weaponry en route to Allied countries. These U-boats were very effective, sinking 11 million tons of shipping and killing 14,000 people
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blockade
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The Germans used their navy to blockade shipping routes between the Allies to disrupt supplies, thus weakening them
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U-Boats
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German submarine used to sink Allied ships and disrupt trade
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unrestricted submarine warfare
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Submarine warfare which allowed the sinking of ships with civilian personnel. At first agreed on to be restricted, but later on broken by the Germans. This was one of the reasons for America joining the war
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Lusitania
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An American ship carrying contraband and ammunition, but also civilian personnel. Was sunk by a German U-Boat which caused an uproar among the American people, pushing them to demand war (WWI)
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“Sussex Pledge”
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Germany’s pledge to the United States to end unrestricted warfare after they sunk the French civilian vessel, the “Sussex”, and America threatened war
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Eastern front
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The Front between warring Russia and Germany
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Gallipoli Campaign
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An Allied attempt (France and Britain) to capture the Ottoman capital of Constantinople in order to create a water route to Russia, it failed
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Lawrence of Arabia
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A British army officer sent into the Middle East to rouse hatred towards the Ottoman Empire in order to cause revolution in the streets. There has also been an gloriously awesome movie made after this man
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Balfour Declaration
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The British declaration of Palestine being now officially a Jewish state to the Jewish center of Britain
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Western front
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The Front between Germany and France
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trench warfare
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The style of warfare during World War I. In order to defend from the modern weaponry of each side, the armies would dig trenches. This forced close combat and high casualties in the quest for territories
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“No Man’s Land”
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The area between trenches which no one dared step, for if they did, either the planes, artillery, mines or all will get you
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tanks
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A new vehicle/weapon designed by America introduced in the first World War
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chemical weapons
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Used as a way to clear out trenches; poison gas would be released in a number of ways, the gas being chlorine, diphosegene, tearing agent or blistering agent
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machine guns
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When machine guns were used in WWI they were the main killers in the war and accounted for many thousands of deaths
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airplanes
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The first airplanes made were used in WWI to gain air control
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“dog fights”
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Dog fights were a form of aerial combat between fighter air crafts
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barbed wire
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In WWI barbed wire was sometimes used to hold your victim until you killed them
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zeppelins
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The zeppelins were air shafts used to bomb Britain
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Verdun
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The battle of Verdun was one of the major battles of WWI, fought between German and French armies
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the Somme
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the battle of Somme was between France and Britain against Germany and suffered more than one million casualties
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French mutiny in 1917
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About 30,000 soldiers left the front line and reserve trenches and went to the rear due to the amount of lives already taken in the battles
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Presidential election of 1916
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Woodrow Wilson became president in 1916 by a small percentage because he kept America out of the war as long as possible
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Zimmerman Note
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A 1917 diplomatic proposal from the German empire to Mexico to make war against the United States
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Russian Revolution
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series of revolutions in Russia in 1917 which destroyed the Tsarist autocracy and led to the creation of the Soviet Union
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“The world must be made safe for democracy”
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Woodrow Wilson used this line to persuade congress to declare war
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convoys
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Ships that protected the merchant and troop ships coming to Britain, carrying food, ammunition and general supplies
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War Industries Board
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The War Industries Board bought ammunition and provided labors with materials for production of equipments
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Herbert Hoover
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Hoover was the 31st president of the United States elected after Woodrow Wilson
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Selective Service Act of 1917
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All men between the ages 21 to 30 were required to register for military service
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Committee on Public Information
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Independent agency created to influence U.S. political opinion regarding American participation in WWI
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Wilson’s 14 Points
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Wilson’s speech that sought to fundamentally change the world by promoting openness, encouraging independence, and supporting freedom. Included freedom of seas, free trade, a move toward ending colonialism, etc.
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idealism
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The practice of forming or pursuing ideals
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Big Four
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Were the leaders of the Versailles peace negotiations in 1919. They consisted of David Lloyd George of Great Britain, Georges Clemenceau of France, Vittorio Orlando of Italy, and Woodrow Wilson
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Congress of Vienna
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Decided upon a new Europe that left both Germany and Italy as divided states
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Article 231
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Assigned blame for the war to Germany
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reparations
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Payment for war damages; after World War I, many countries blamed Germany for starting the war and insisted on reparations to weaken Germany so that it would never threaten Europe again
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self-determination
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The right for people to choose their own form of government. Would eventually lead to the creation on new, independent states
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restrictions on Germany
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Some military restrictions were: no manufacture, import or export of arms allowed, no armoured cars, tanks or aircraft allowed, and manufacture of machine guns and rifles limited. Also, borders were redrawn, causing them to lose territory to certain countries (like Alsace-Lorraine to France)
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Rhineland
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Is the part of Germany between the River Rhine and France, Belgium, and Luxembourg. It was a source of recruitment for the German Imperial Army or Navy
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Alsace-Lorraine
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After the war, Lloyd George and Clemenceau wanted to maker Germany pay so in addition to the reparations, they demanded for the return of Alsacre-Lorraine and other colonies
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anschluss
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A union of Germany and Austria to create a 'Greater Germany', any attempt at an Anschluss was banned by the Treaty of Versailles
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Yugoslavia
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The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand was carried out by someone from what was Yugoslavia, and so Yugoslavia got the blame for starting World War II
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League of Nations
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Was asked for in the 14 Points; meant to secure mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike. Eventually was voted to be apart of the Treaty of Versailles
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Treaty of Versailles
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In Nov. 1919, a treaty was made that ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers
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mild-reservationists
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led by Henry C. Lodge, a Republican foreign policy expert who was disliked by Wilson, led a group of senators who opposed the treaty
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strong reservations
|
led by Lodge, these senators demanded larger changes such as changing Article 10. Article 10 was a pledge which said each signer of the treaty had to respect all members of the League. These reservationists found it unconstitutional since it did not get the consent from Congress
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Henry Cabot Lodge
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Bitter opponent of Woodrow Wilson and strong supporter of the Treaty of Versailles. But, strongly opposed a League of Nations because he thought it would threaten the political freedom of the US by binding it to international commitments it might not want, or be able to keep.
Irreconcilables- Isolationist Senators who opposed any treaty ending WWI that had a League of Nations folded into it |
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Tragedy of Woodrow Wilson
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The phrase used to describe the strong opposition Woodrow Wilson faced for his support for a League of Nations and referring to the intense debate over this topic during his presidency
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Henry Cabot Lodge
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Bitter opponent of Woodrow Wilson and strong supporter of the Treaty of Versailles. But, strongly opposed a League of Nations because he thought it would threaten the political freedom of the US by binding it to international commitments it might not want, or be able to keep
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Presidential election of 1920
|
Presidential election between Warren G. Harding(R) and James M. Cox(D) in which Warren G. Harding was victorious by a large margin
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Tragedy of Woodrow Wilson
|
The phrase used to describe the strong opposition Woodrow Wilson faced for his support for a League of Nations and referring to the intense debate over this topic during his presidency
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Five Power Naval Treaty
|
One of seven treaties negotiated at the Washington Conference on Limitation of Armaments. Limited naval construction and was meant to prevent an arms race among the victorious powers in WWI
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Presidential election of 1920
|
Presidential election between Warren G. Harding(R) and James M. Cox(D) in which Warren G. Harding was victorious by a large margin
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Isolationism vs. Internationalism in the 1920s
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Isolationists wanted the US to concentrate on problems within the country and wanted to get involved with other countries as little as possible and, opposed America’s involvement in a League of Nations. Internationalists felt that America should be very involved with the rest of the world and were in support of the countries of the world working together in a League of Nations
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Five Power Naval Treaty
|
One of seven treaties negotiated at the Washington Conference on Limitation of Armaments. Limited naval construction and was meant to prevent an arms race among the victorious powers in WWI
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“Red Scare”
|
A wave of widespread fear of suspected communists and radicals thought to be plotting revolution within the US. Real revolutionary activity and bomb threats within the country gave substance to the fear
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Isolationism vs. Internationalism in the 1920s
|
Isolationists wanted the US to concentrate on problems within the country and wanted to get involved with other countries as little as possible and, opposed America’s involvement in a League of Nations. Internationalists felt that America should be very involved with the rest of the world and were in support of the countries of the world working together in a League of Nations
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“Palmer Raids”
|
A series of raids by the police in early 1920 when police arrested thousands of people, some who were radicals and some who were simply immigrants from southern or Eastern Europe. Most were never charged or tried for a crime
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“Red Scare”
|
A wave of widespread fear of suspected communists and radicals thought to be plotting revolution within the US. Real revolutionary activity and bomb threats within the country gave substance to the fear
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Marcus Garvey
|
Very popular black nationalist leader and founder of the United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA). Garvey’s militancy and popularity made the government suspicious and he was put in jail on charges of mail fraud, and was later deported
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“Palmer Raids”
|
A series of raids by the police in early 1920 when police arrested thousands of people, some who were radicals and some who were simply immigrants from southern or Eastern Europe. Most were never charged or tried for a crime
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Xenophobia
|
An unreasonable fear or hatred of foreigners or strangers. During the 1920s, many foreigners and immigrants faced discrimination because of this irrational fear of people that are different
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Marcus Garvey
|
Very popular black nationalist leader and founder of the United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA). Garvey’s militancy and popularity made the government suspicious and he was put in jail on charges of mail fraud, and was later deported
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Irreconcilables
|
Isolationist Senators who opposed any treaty ending WWI that had a League of Nations folded into it
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Xenophobia
|
An unreasonable fear or hatred of foreigners or strangers. During the 1920s, many foreigners and immigrants faced discrimination because of this irrational fear of people that are different
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Irreconcilables
|
Isolationist Senators who opposed any treaty ending WWI that had a League of Nations folded into it
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Tragedy of Woodrow Wilson
- . - . - . - . - . |
The phrase used to describe the strong opposition Woodrow Wilson faced for his support for a League of Nations and referring to the intense debate over this topic during his presidency
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|
|
Presidential election of 1920
|
Presidential election between Warren G. Harding(R) and James M. Cox(D) in which Warren G. Harding was victorious by a large margin
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|
Five Power Naval Treaty
|
One of seven treaties negotiated at the Washington Conference on Limitation of Armaments. Limited naval construction and was meant to prevent an arms race among the victorious powers in WWI
|
|
|
Isolationism vs. Internationalism in the 1920s
|
Isolationists wanted the US to concentrate on problems within the country and wanted to get involved with other countries as little as possible and, opposed America’s involvement in a League of Nations. Internationalists felt that America should be very involved with the rest of the world and were in support of the countries of the world working together in a League of Nations
|
|
|
“Red Scare”
|
A wave of widespread fear of suspected communists and radicals thought to be plotting revolution within the US. Real revolutionary activity and bomb threats within the country gave substance to the fear
|
|
|
“Palmer Raids”
|
A series of raids by the police in early 1920 when police arrested thousands of people, some who were radicals and some who were simply immigrants from southern or Eastern Europe. Most were never charged or tried for a crime
|
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Marcus Garvey
|
Very popular black nationalist leader and founder of the United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA). Garvey’s militancy and popularity made the government suspicious and he was put in jail on charges of mail fraud, and was later deported
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Xenophobia
|
An unreasonable fear or hatred of foreigners or strangers. During the 1920s, many foreigners and immigrants faced discrimination because of this irrational fear of people that are different
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Sacco and Vanzetti Case
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A case in which two Italian immigrants (Sacco and Vanzetti) were put on trial for killing two men during a robbery at a shoe factory. They were convicted and sentenced death in the electric chair simply because and eyewitness said the robbers “looked Italian”. Their conviction was most likely only based on their ethnicity and political beliefs
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National Origins Act
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Went along with the Emergency Quota Act of 1921 and established a quota system to govern immigration from specific countries. It set up a simple formula: The Number of immigrants of a given nationality each year could not exceed two percent of the number of people of that nationality living in the US in 1890
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Prohibition
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The banning of alcohol use. Prohibition became quite widespread and by 1917 some 75% of Americans lived in “dry”, or counties that banned liquor. The federal government later legislated on alcohol
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18th and 21st Amendments
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The 18th Amendment was ratified in 1919 and forbade the manufacture, distribution, and sale of alcohol anywhere in the US. The 21st Amendment was ratified in 1933 and repealed the 18th Amendment, making alcohol legal again
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Volstead Act of 1920
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A law passed by Congress that officially enforced the 18th Amendment. But, it is to be noted that neither the 18th Amendment nor the Volstead Act prohibited Americans from consuming alcohol so a large illegal network of alcohol production and sale emerged
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Charles Darwin
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English naturalist, writer of “On the Origin of Species”, and the man who presented the idea of evolution by natural selection to the world
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Theory of Evolution
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The theory of evolution stating that change in a species over time is partly the result of a process of natural selection, which enables the species to continually adapt to its changing environment
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Scopes Monkey Trial
|
1925 trial of a Tennessee school teacher for teaching Darwin’s theory of Evolution in public school. At the time law stated that teachers must teach the story of evolution taught in the bible
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Clarence Darrow
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a renowned lawyer who defended John T. Scopes in the Scopes Monkey Trial
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Billy Sunday
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once a renowned baseball player turned evangelist, Billy Sunday was pro temperance movement and campaigned around the country to spread awareness of the cause
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jazz
|
American musical form developed by African Americans, based on improvisation and blending blues, ragtime, and European-based popular music
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flappers
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Young women in the 1920s who defied traditional rules of conduct and dress
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Harlem Renaissance
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Period during the 1920s in which African American novelists, poets, and artists celebrated their culture
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Henry Ford and the Model T.
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Model T auotomobile manufactured by Henry Ford to be affordable on the mass market
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Teapot Dome Scandal
|
Scandal during the Harding administration in which the Secretary of the Interior leased government oil reserves to private oilmen in return for bribes
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Economic Boom
|
The 1920s, also known as the roaring 20s, were a time of great growth for our nation. The post war recession had ended and people were spending, everyone had jobs, and, generally, everyone was happy. No one suspected that the decade would end in the worst financial crisis in history
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Sick Industries
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Although most industries prospered in the 1920s, some did not. these included the Coal mining, textile and garment manufacturing, railroads, and agriculture industries
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Presidential Election of 1928
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In 1928 Herbert Hoover ( R ) ran against Al Smith ( D ) and won by 357 electoral votes
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Herbert Hoover
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Republican candidate of 1928, won the election. his running mate and vice president was Charles Curtis
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Stock Market Crash
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October 29, 1929, after years of prosperity the country’s stock market plummeted
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Black Tuesday
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October 29, 1929, when stock prices fell sharply in the great crash
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Great Depression
|
Severe economic depression starting in 1929 and ending in the late to 30’s and early 40’s
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Normal Business Cycle
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Economy-wide fluctuations in production or economic activity over several months or years
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Czechoslovakia
|
Hitler wanted the Sudetenland, which was a portion of western Czechoslovakia that was largely populated by ethnic Germans
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Neville Chamberlain
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Served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1937 to 1940. Used the appeasement policy and signed the Munich Agreement which gave Sudetenland up to keep peace
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Munich Conference
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Conference between Hitler, Chamberlain, and Daladier that gave up the Sudetenland to Hitler to keep peace
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anti-Semitism
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Discrimination against Jewish people
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1936 Summer Olympics
|
Was in Germany and they banned Jews from participating. Many countries decided not to participate, because they thought that it would seem that they were alright with Nazi views
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Nuremberg Laws
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Denied German citizenship to Jews, banned marriage between Jews and non-Jews, and segregated Jews at every level of society
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Kristallnacht
|
The most serious attack on Jews after and Jewish refugee killed a German diplomat
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“Final Solution”
|
The extermination of all Jews living in the regions controlled by the Third Reich
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Dachau
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One of the earliest concentration camps
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Auschwitz
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The largest concentration camp, meant for the death of the inmates who were Jewish
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Holocaust Deniers
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The people who believed that the Holocaust did not happen
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Benito Mussolini
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Founded the Fascist Party and gained control of Italy
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“Paper Tiger”
|
Something that seems as threatening as a tiger, but is really harmless
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“Mediterranean Lake”
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Allies gained control of the western Mediterranean
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Japan
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Japan decided to attack Pearl Harbor after disagreeing with the United States on a number of occasions
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“sphere of influence”
|
Britain, France, Germany, and Russia decided not to compete for Chinese trade, but each power had privilege to Chinese ports and markets
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Hirohito
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emperor of Japan when Japan attacked Manchuria
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Tojo
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Became Japanese prime minister and tried to keep peace with the U.S., but gave up peace because of the disagreements
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Axis
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Germany, Italy and Japan
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Loyalists vs. Nationalists
|
Loyalists stayed loyal to Britain and Nationalists stayed loyal to their country
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proxy war
|
The Spanish Civil War was a proxy war in which third parties aided the side they wanted to test out weapons and tactics
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Hoover’s problems
|
Going into the depression, farmers could not meet debts and faced bank forclosures on their land, quipment and livestock. the wealth was distributed unevenly, credit hid the problems and signs of an economic crash. the Depression begins and the banks collapse and businesses close while unemployment rises
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Bonus March
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The march of the Bonus Army which was a massive crowd of more than 10,000 people who formed on June 17th, 1932
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Huey Long
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Served as the 40th Governor of Louisiana from 1928 to 1932, and as a US Senator from 1932 to 1935, a democrat noted for his radical populist policies
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“Share our Wealth” Organisation
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A national organisation that sought economic redistribution, lead by Huey Long.
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Francis Townshend
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An American physician who was best known for his revolving old age pension proposal during the great depression
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Charles Coughlin
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Was a controversial Roman Catholic Priest at Royal Oak, Michigan's National shrine
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NLRB
|
National Labor Relations Board, an agency of the US Government to mediate disputes between management and labor unions
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Social Security Act
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An insurance program for people of old age, survivors, and with disabilities, gives them money
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Harold Ickes
|
US Secretary for the interior in Franklin D. Roosevelt’s administration
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Mary McLeod Bethune
|
US educator who worked to improve race relations and educational opportunities for Black Americans
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Supreme Court Reform Plan
|
A judicial revolution when the Supreme Court decided to refer to congress on matters of socioeconomic reform
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Fair Labor Standards Act
|
A federal bill to give workers better wages and better working conditions
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CIO
|
Congress of Industrial Organisation
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Welfare State
|
A system whereby the government undertakes to protect the health and well-being of its citizens, esp. those in financial or social need, by means of grants, pensions, and other benefits. The foundations for the modern welfare state in the US were laid by the New Deal programs of President Franklin D. Roosevelt
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Deficit Spending
|
Government spending, in excess of revenue, of funds raised by borrowing rather than from taxation
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John Maynard Keynes
|
English economist who advocated the use of government monetary and fiscal policy to maintain full employment without inflation
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Fascism vs. Communism
|
Fascism is a system of government marked by centralization of authority under a dictator, stringent socioeconomic controls, suppression of the opposition through terror and censorship, and typically a policy of belligerent nationalism and racism.Socialism is any of various theories or systems of social organization in which the means of producing and distributing goods is owned collectively or by a centralized government that often plans and controls the economy
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Weimar Republic
|
The German republic of 1919–33, so called because its constitution was drawn up at Weimar
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New Deal
|
Following the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the onset of the Great Depression, Franklin Delano Roosevelt won the 1932 presidential election on a promise to give America a "New Deal" to promote national economic recovery
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Franklin D. Roosevelt
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The 32nd president of the U.S. in office for two terms. He led through the Great Depression and World War II
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Second New Deal
|
The policies adopted by the Roosevelt administration from 1935 to 1937 that emphasized social and economic reform comprised the Second New Deal
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Polio
|
a viral disease that can affect nerves and can lead to partial or full paralysis. Franklin D. Roosevelt had this disease
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Presidential election of 1932
|
election between Roosevelt and Hoover during the Depression. Voters lost faith in Hoover because they thought he was worsening the Depression with his excessive spending
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Hundred Days
|
The first 100 days of an election which are used to gauge a president’s effectiveness. This tradition was started by Roosevelt, who in his first 100 days had already created the New Deal and put it in action by his hundredth day
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FDIC
|
Federal deposit insurance corporation. preserves and promoters public confidence in the U.S. financial system by insuring deposits in banks and institutions for at least $250,000
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NIRA
|
National Industrial Recovery Act. purposed to authorize the President of the United States to regulate industry and permit cartels and monopolies in an attempt to stimulate economic recovery, and established a national public works program
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NRA
|
The primary New Deal agency established by U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) in 1933The goal was to eliminate "cut-throat competition" by bringing industry, labor and government together to create codes of "fair practices" and set prices
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Bank Holiday
|
Any business day during which commercial banks and savings & loans institutions are closed for business to the public, specifically at physical locations
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“We Do Our Part”
|
Slogan on poster with blue eagle symbol that supporting businesses put in windows and on packages
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AAA
|
American Automobile Association
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TVA
|
Tennesse Valley Authority-a corporation owned by the U.S government. provides electricity for 9 million people in parts of seven southeastern states at prices below the national average
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SEC
|
holds primary responsibility for enforcing the federal securities laws and regulating the securities industry, the nation's stock and options exchanges, and other electronic securities markets in the United States
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HOLC (Home Owners Loan Corporation)
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refinances home mortgages currently in default to prevent foreclosure
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CCC
|
Civilian Conservation Corps. a public work relief program that operated from 1933 to 1942 in the United States for unemployed, unmarried men from relief families, ages 18–25
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Presidential Election of 1936
|
Election between FDR and Alf Landon. the most lopsided presidential election in the history of the United States in terms of electoral votes
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Fireside Chats
|
A series of thirty evening radio addresses given by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt between 1933 and 1944
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Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
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Nazis and Soviets promised not to attack each other (1939)
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Wehrmacht
|
Nazi armed forces
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Luftwaffe
|
German air force
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Blitzkrieg
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A sudden military attack
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September 1, 1939
|
Germans suddenly attacked Poland, broke through military and destroyed its air force
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Winston Churchill
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Prime minister of Britain during WWII
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Adolf Hitler
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leader of the Nazi party, Chancellor of Germany, organizer of the Holocaust
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Joseph Stalin
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head of the communist party in Russia; tried to transform the Soviet Union into an industrial power
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Schlieffen Plan
|
German war strategy involving moving troops from one war front to another quickly. Used in WWI
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Division of France
|
Germans invaded France in 1940. France was divided into Occupied France (controlled by the Germans) and Unoccupied France (controlled by French, was said to be neutral, but actually leaned towards the Nazis)
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Miracle of Dunkirk
|
Britain was able to escape German attack after Germans made a few tactical military mistakes
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Battle of Britain
|
Air battle between Germany and Britain fought over the English Channel and Great Britain (1940)
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“The Blitz”
|
Multi-month German bombing attack on London
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RAF (British Royal Airforce)
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Great Britain’s air force, patrolled the English Channel
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Operation Barbarossa
|
Code name for Germany’s invasion of the Soviet Union during WWII
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|
Changes in U.S. Foreign Policy
|
U.S. loaned their allied countries money for war supplies. After the war, the Allies owed the U.S. money
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|
Franklin D. Roosevelt
|
President of the U.S. during WWI
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|
Henry Stimson
|
One of the key supporters of the atomic bombing of Japan. It was his role to report to the president on the atomic bomb project
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“Phony War”
|
The war in Europe between the Axis Powers and the allies entered an eight-month period of relative quiet after the Polish campaign
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“Cash and Carry”
|
Included in the Neutrality Act of 1939 and allowed belligerent nations to buy goods and arms in the United States if they paid cash and carried the merchandise of their own ships. (Aided the Allies)
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“Destroyers for Bases”
|
Agreement between the U.S. and the U.K., September 2, 1940, transferred fifty mothballed destroyers from the United States Navy in exchange for land rights on British possession
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Edward R. Murrow
|
American broadcast journalist. He first came to prominence with a series of radio news broadcasts during WWII which were followed by millions of listeners in the U.S. and Canada
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Lend-Lease Act
|
Issued after another heated debate between isolationists and interventionists; it authorized Roosevelt to “sell, transfer title to, exchange, lease, lend to any such government any defense article” whenever he thought it was “necessary in the interests of the defense of the U.S.”
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|
Elections of 1940
|
Franklin Roosevelt ran for the third time, breaking George Washington’s precedent of only being able to run for two terms
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|
“Four Freedoms”
|
Freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear, that were threatened by Nazi and Japanese militarism
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|
Atlantic Charte
|
A document that endorsed national self-determination and an international system of general security. (Reinforces America’s support of Britain)
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|
Japan
|
Launches surprise attack on the U.S. Navy Base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. For several years, Japan had been at war with China and gained the land of Manchuria. Wanted to expand quickly throughout Southeast Asia and the Pacific region
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|
Hideki Tojo
|
Became the Japanese prime minister. Known as the “Razor” for his sharp mind, he focused intently on military expansion but sought to keep the U.S. neutral
|
|
|
Hirohito
|
Emperor, made the decision for Japan to surrender the war after being bombed by the U.S. and invaded by the Soviet Union (WWII)
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|
Pearl Harbor
|
Hawaii, the site of the United States Navy’s main Pacific Base. Japan bombed Pearl Harbor
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|
December 7, 1941
|
Japanese forces take the Philippines
|
|
|
Bataan Death March
|
During WWII, the forced march of American and Filipino prisoners of the war under brutal conditions by the Japanese military
|
|
|
Battle of Coral Sea
|
WWII battle that took place between Japanese and American aircraft carriers
|
|
|
Island Hopping
|
WWII strategy that involved seizing selected Japanese-held islands in the Pacific while bypassing others
|
|
|
Battle of Stalingrad
|
(August 1942-February 1943) Nazi forces besiege Soviet Union city of Stalingrad
|
|
|
Operation Torch
|
(11.8.1942) British and American forces attack North Africa in WWII
|
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Teheran
|
Capital of Iran
|
|
|
The Home Front
|
Women take over most of business and war-time production in U.S
|
|
|
James F. Byrnes
|
Politician from South Carolina during FDR’s presidency and head of the Office of War Mobilization
|
|
|
"Rosie the Riveter”
|
Cultural icon for women during WWII representing economic power of women and feminism
|
|
|
Internment camps
|
Temporary imprisonment of members of a specific group
|
|
|
A. Philip Randolph
|
African American labor leader vying for better working conditions and more just laws for employing Afro-Americans
|
|
|
Chester Nimitz
|
Naval Commander-in-Chief during WWII who defeated the Japanese in the Battle of the Coral Sea and the Battle of Midway
|
|
|
Erwin Rommel
|
Known as the “Desert Fox”, he was a German field marshal of WWII
|
|
|
Omar Bradley
|
General responsible for Operation Cobra, the plan to breach German defense lines on Normandy Beach in France
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|
|
Bernard Montgomery
|
British Field Marshal responsible for the Retreat of Dunkirk
|
|
|
Battle of the Atlantic
|
1939-1945 between German submarines and other military vessels against convoys and merchant ships as the U.S struggled to supply the U.K with supplies while Germany and Italy sabotaged
|
|
|
Battle of Midway
|
Turning point of WWII in the pacific, in which the Japanese advance was stopped
|
|
|
Iwo Jima
|
A 5 mile long island the Americans took over during their island hopping campaign
|
|
|
Okinawa
|
Japanese vital air base, taken over by the U.S. at a cost of 50,000 casualties
|
|
|
D/Day
|
June 6, 1944 the day Allies landed on the beaches of Normandy, France
|
|
|
Dwight D. Eisenhower
|
commanded the Allied invasion of North Africa
|
|
|
George Patton
|
innovative tank commander
|
|
|
Charles de Gaulle
|
French general and statesman who led the Free French Forces during World War II
|
|
|
Harry Truman
|
President of the U.S. during their victory in Europe
|
|
|
Battle of the Buldge
|
1944, Hitler ordered a counterattack on Allied troops in Belgium, but it crippled Germany by using up reserves and demoralizing its troops
|
|
|
V-E Day
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May 7, victory in Europe
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Yalta
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Where the big three agreed that Poland, Bulgaria, and Romania would hold free elections. Also where Stalin also promised to fight Japan
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Potsdam
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Where the big three decided to meet again in 1945, learned of the successful test of the atomic bomb
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Manhattan Project
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A group of scientists who came together and developed the atomic bomb
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Hiroshima/Nagasaki
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Two cities in Japan that were bombed by the Americans, caused Japan to surrender
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Effects of WWII
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the balance of power shifts to America and the Soviet Union. War criminals go to trial. Europe and Japan lay in ruins. America becomes a world power. Cold war between America and S.U. begins. Africans commitment to civil right grow
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Espionage
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Allowing postal authorities to ban treasonable or seditious newspaper, magazines, or printer materials from the mail
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Sedition Act of 1918
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Congress limited freedom of speech even further with the passing of the sedition act
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Treaty of Brest-Litousk
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Ended the war between soviet union and nazi party
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Dough boys
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Nick name for American troops during WW1
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AEF, blackjack
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American expeditionary forces, were the military that were sent to Europe during WW1
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