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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Foreign Miner’s Tax
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A monthly tax of $20 on all “aliens.” This was passed by the California legislature. It was meant to rid the mines of Mexicans without needing any real law to do it.
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Act for the Government & Protection of Indians
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A law passed to discipline dangerous indian vagrants (don’t have an permanent home) and care for Indian orphans. Under the surface, however, the indians were being sold into basically an legal form of slavery.
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Western Federation of Miners
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A federation calling for the prohibition of the use of armed force against workers. This federations was created in direct reference to Coeur d’Alene: a shooting towards a union by federal troops.
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Industrial Workers of the World
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An organization which included other migratory workers, not just miners. They supported the untrained minorities and made it easier for workers to transfer from one union to another as they moved from place to place.
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John Butterfield
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Created the Ox Bow Route. This route was used to deliver mail by means of stage-coach. The government told him to give it up eventually because it took too long.
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Collis P. Huntington
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One of the big four- a group of railroad millionaires and founders of the Central Pacific Railroad. He specifically was the supply bidder in the East.
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Mark Hopkins
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One of the big four- a group of railroad millionaires and founders of the Central Pacific Railroad. He specifically was the organizer, financer, and her hit the books.
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Leland Stanford
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One of the big four- a group of railroad millionaires and founders of the Central Pacific Railroad. He specifically worked the state legislature and the halls of Congress.
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Charles Crocker
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One of the big four- a group of railroad millionaires and founders of the Central Pacific Railroad. He specifically was the construction superviser.
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Hell on Wheels
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A nickname for the Union Pacific Railroad. It was used to explain the amount of problems, sometimes resulting in death: alcoholism, gambling, prostitution, violence, and disease.
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Crédit Mobilier
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A company which distributed stock certificates to the Union Pacific. It was involved in a scandal- basically the company charged the government for three times more than the money actually needed.
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Geronimo
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An indian who was fearless and pursued Crook’s scouts but eventually laid down his arms and moved his people to an reservation.
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Knights of Labor
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The premier national labor organizations of 1880s, which were implicated in this campaign of ethnic violence. Their weakness was inability to close ranks with workers of color. The eventually faded because of this.
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Pullman Strike
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High point high point of western protests against the railroads. Strikers occupied and held rail yards in Omaha, Ogden, Oakland, and L.AN. and the militia was called out. This was stupid to some of the militia because they didn’t think it was right to shoot American citizens striking for labor rights.
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Bose Ikard
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He helped Goodnight and Loving blaze their famous trail and then worked for years on Goodnight’s JA Ranch.
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Nat Love
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He trailed cattle for a while and later published an autobiography that included an more than sufficient amount of western braggadocio.
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Lincoln County
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The fight that took place in New Mexico. It came about because the men were fighting for grass and water because they thought sheep and cattle could not share land. It was more of a racial fight however, because the sheep herders were hispanic.
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Las Gorras Blancas
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A vigilante group of sheepherders who destroyed rancher’s farms because they were taking their land. They were taken as lawless mobs but the were just protesting the building of large landed estates on their native land. They fought the ranchers to a stalemate.
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The Johnson County War
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A war fought between large cattle ranchers and small cattle ranchers. This began with the stealing of cattle. Smaller cattle companies were getting calves and cows stolen by bigger cattle companies. The courts refused to enforce laws on this stealing so the small cattle ranchers turned to violence- cattle ranchers were killing and murdering do Harrison called out federal troops.
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Log Cabin Bill
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They gave land to people for free but the paperwork and surveying took too long so the settlers just squatted on the land anyway.
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Horace Greeley
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Avid believer in the safety valve. Urged young men to go west. Also believed that people would be dumb to go on strikes when you got to work for yourself in the west. The man who said, ""Go west, young man."
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California Redwood Company
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The Redwood Company rounded up throngs of sailors who'd just come to the US, and put them through an assembly line process. It went like this:
1. The sailors had to file citizenship papers with the courthouse. 2. Next, the sailors would be taken to a land office to fill out papers to stake a claim to homestead land. 3. From there, the sailors went to a notary public and signed over their land claims to the Redwood Company. 4. Finally, the sailors went to paymasters who have them each $50. This was all a win-win situation - in the short run. In the long run, these sailors found that they couldn't apply for more land. |
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Soddy
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Houses that were just like made up the dirt and trees but they had ventilation. That was like the only good thing, however, because these houses threatened to collapse at any second and they were always dirty because they were made up of dirt and it also was made up of land for cattle to eat so that wasn't great either.
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National Grange
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It was a social outlet organization. They got together to talk about politics. They put pressure on the state legislature to win regulation for railroads.
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Farmer’s Alliance
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It lead to the People’s party. It responded to social needs of farm families, organizing picnics, camp meetings, and educational institutes. A lot like the National Grange except it was more political.
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People’s party
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It called for government ownership of the nation's transportation and communication systems, expansion of the homestead program by returning unsold land of the railroads, creation of a national system of warehouses where farmers stored their crops for gov. money, currency based on gold, silver, and fiat money, a graduated income tax, and an eight- hour workday.
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Mary Elizabeth Lease
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She was the girl that was part of the Populist, or People's party. She was famous for incorporating biblical imagery, frontier wit, and agrarian radicalism. She became the first woman to practice law in Kansas.
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William Jennings Bryan
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He disagreed with the gold standard, and agreed with the silver standard endorsed by the Populists Party. He showed that the Populist party really spoke for rural America, but in the end, he lost to William McKinley.
"We shall not be crucified upon a cross of gold!" |
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Exodusters
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African-American people that fled to Kansas in hopes that there would be free-land for ex-slaves with free transportation and free supplies. This is important because it was an example of a migration of hope, and it helped shape some "liberty" in Kansas, which lead to unequal institutions for minority groups ('murica).
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Nicodemus
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One of the best known towns created by African-American migrations. Matters because it had sucky farming conditions and because they were not prepared for them, they moved, and ended up having to live "across-the-tracks" (meaning they lived out in the middle of nowhere.)
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Wounded Knee
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A massacre that the Seventh Calvary had as a reaction the Ghost Dance, which was a movement that caused Indians to dance in hopes that they would live in a world free from misery, death, and disease. Matters because this eventually broke Indian communities.
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Main Street
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A novel written by Sinclair Lewis. It mattered because it depicted the uniformity that was western community life.
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Naturalization Act of 1790
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A law stating that the Chinese could not become citizens because they weren't "white persons". It mattered because this act forbade public agencies to employ the Chinese, got rid of their right to vote, and put them in residential ghettos, which lead to Asian stickers building communities.
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The Gentlemen’s Agreement
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An agreement that permitted continued immigration of wives of Japanese men already living in the Pacific states. It matters because it brought around "picture brides" (women whose families arranged for their marriage to Japanese men in America) which increased the Japanese population. This then lead to the Americans comparing the Japanese to rats.
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San Fernando Valley, Owens River
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San Fernando Valley was the valley made to be a reservoir to Los Angeles. It got its water from the Owens River.
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Henry E. Huntington
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One of the most prominent members of the elite of Los Angeles. He invested in Los Angeles trolley companies, had the streets surveyed and paved, and had the utilities laid out in advance or building (trollies), causing him to create the conditions for urban sprawl.
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“Defeminization”
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The rate of rural women migrating to the urban cities. This occurred because women were pushed out of the countryside by being overworked, having limited education and job opportunities, and that "old-fashioned" male attitudes just kept them home all of the time, as well as a slight possibility that they could've been fleeing male violence.
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“Restricted Covenants”
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Selling houses to only a specific group of people. This was an example of the hostility that would come along with population growth.
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“Zoot Suit Riots”
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A series of riots against young latin-Americans. A trend started by many young Mexican Americans who were impatient for their immigrant parents to be deported/allowed to stay (always deported, though) and so angry by segregation that they indulged in a defiant cultural style that involved dressing in long coats and pegged pants. These people in this clothing would "rumble" in the streets, and when people found them, they would strip them of their clothes and beat them senseless.
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Executive Order 9066
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An order that Roosevelt signed that suspended civil rights of Japanese citizens and Japanese aliens, and authorized the confiscation of their property as well as the removal of families from their homes and communities. This order also took away German Americans and Italian Americans, but the Japanese were the most affected.
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Gateway City
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The link between settlements and resources of the West and the cities/factories/networks of the east.
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Urban Sprawl
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A dispersed urban landscape, kind of like a huge, spread-out suburb.
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“The Other”
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Basically, anyone who isn't an Anglo-Saxon male. Women can be classified as "the other" in a sense, but it is mainly reserved for those of different races, such as the Chinese, the Indians, the Japanese, Mexicans, Italians, Germans, etc.
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John Muir
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Country's most effective propagandist for wilderness. He really liked the wilderness (freaky). He joined the efforts of the railroads to generate more tourist business. Created Sierra Club.
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Agricultural Adjustment Act
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A country's most effective propagandist for wilderness. He really liked the wilderness (freaky). He joined the efforts of the railroads to generate more tourist business. Created Sierra Club.
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Dust Bowl
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Huge drought that hurt the Great Plains the most. Huge dust storms swept across praries. Disgusting. lot of dust. disgusting. It also destroyed topsoil.
Led to the rural West facing an economic collapse and environmental catastrophe. Leads to FDR saying, "We have reached the end of the pioneering period of 'go ahead and take,'" This shows the change in mentality of Americans nowadays, like hippies. |
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New Deal
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Created by F. Roosevelt. Wanted to create an industrial infrastructure in the undeveloped regions of the West.
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Indian Reorganization Act
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Represented the most radical shift in Indian policy in American history. It was under John Collier who believed "cultural pluralism," which argued that each culture should be considered from within the framework of its own values and assumptions. Collier issued a directive proclaiming religious freedom on all reservations. Boarding schools were phase out and replaced by reservation day schools with bilingual textbooks. and Indian people began to take a more prominent role in the running of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Bia establish fun for tribes to repurchase land. GAVE INDIANS CULTURAL FREEDOM.
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Reconstruction Finance Corporation
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TI authorized up to $2 billion for emergency financing for banks, life insurance companies, railroads, and other large businesses. Meant to have money trickle down to the poor but actually the money just stayed with the rich.
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Brown v. Board of Education
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A case that said segregation in schools is unconstitutional and will not be allowed. Some states welcomed this law, others did not. This caused large riots and issues in schools.
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Martin Luther King Jr.
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A leader of protest against segregation. He believed in nonviolence. He was jailed in Birmingham. He looked for justice for African Americans.
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Thurgood Marshall
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A man who dedicated his life to fighting racism. He ran a group of NAACP lawyers to challenge segregation in court. Most of his challenges were against segregation in public education.
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Freedom riders
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They hoped to provoke an violent reaction that would convince the Kennedy administration to enforce the law. They would sit on buses that were supposed to be unsegregated. They got beaten with brass knuckles, guns, and chains.
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James Meredith
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An Air Force veteran who won a federal court case and an scholarship to Ole Miss. When he arrived on campus, the governor wouldn’t let him register. Federal marshals escorted him to class and riots broke out.
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
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An act that prohibited discrimination because of race, religion, national origin, and gender. Ot gave all citizens the right to enter libraries, parks, washrooms, restaurants, and other public accommodations. No one really listened to this law.
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Voting Rights Act of 1965
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The act eliminated literacy tests that had disqualified voters. It also said that federal examiners enroll voters who had been denied suffrage by local officials. However the law didn’t go far enough and the discrimination still continued.
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Alice Walker
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A person who showed the trend of interest in African heritage. She fell in love with the civil rights movement and fought in it. She is a prize winning novelist.
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Malcolm X
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He thought that whites and blacks should be separated, but because he thought blacks were superior at first. Then he believes that he is a Black Muslim and he got killed for changing his view.
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Stokely Carmichael
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A person within the four civil rights leaders and leader of the SNCC who walked to finish what James Meredith started. A walk against fear. But, the SNCC members were bitter and shouted rude slogans that did not sound very nonviolent.
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Black Power
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A call for black people to begin to define their own goals and to lead their own organizations. MLK jr. thought it would provoke African Americans to violence and to antagonize whites.
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