Us History Civil War Era

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Emancipation Proclamation

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apartial wartime measure that left more than 700,000 in bondage"

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13thamendment

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abolishedrace slavery except for when a party is “duly convicted”

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Aspresident, Andrew Johnson...

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offeredsouthern states a quick return into the union, pardoned rebelled soldiersinstead of punishing them for war crimes, established provisional,convention-based state governments with no federal interference, and returnedmost lands to former plantation ownersAccount

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Thefirst institutions that African Americans fully controlled for themselves were

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local churches

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Sharecropping

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forced freed people to remain financiallydependent on white landowners

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The black codes

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restricted African Americans political andeconomic opportunities/rights throughout the south

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KKK membership included

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elite members of white southernsociety

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The 14th amendment

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asserted ex-slave citizenshipand emphasized all guaranteed rights therein

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The 15th amendment

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emphasized the voting rightsof citizens including black males

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The compromise of 1877

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ended northern attempts toreconstruct the south removing the last federal troops from the region

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The great railroad strike of 1877

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saw nearly 100 workers diein strike after railroad executives slashed wages despite reaping enormousprofits

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The corporation as an entity

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allowed large enterprises toreceive vast amounts of capital through third party investment

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By 1890 the wealthiest 1% owned

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one-fourth of the nation’s assetsand the top 10% owned over seventy percent of the nation’s assets. By 1900 therichest 10% controlled nearly ninety percent of the nation’s wealth andbelieved that state welfare would lead to social degradation.

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During the gilded age

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even women and children were forcedinto labor. Families lived in crowded slums

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Theknights of labor welcomed all laborers including

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women and unskilled workerswhile their campaign for an eight-hour day culminated with nearly 500,000workers striking across the country. They became increasingly appealing asunskilled workers labored sixty hours a week and their annual income still fellbelow the poverty line. The KOL also helped to unite people from differentwalks of life.

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The Haymarket tragedy in Chicago

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influenced many Americansto associate unionism with radicalism

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The populist party

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was born from struggling farmers whoorganized a farmers alliance and later the peoples (or populist) party.

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The conquest of the west (or manifest destiny)

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was achievedby marshaling land for rails and mining pushing the American population fartherwest. It also required the decimation of Indian resistance the incorporation ofterritories into states and the power of the military

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Motivations for the average person to move out west included

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mining hunting buffalo, land acquisition, and the pursuit of religious freedom

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20th century Indian policy was aimed at

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openingthe great plains for settlement mining and the railroad route to the pacific.

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The defeat of Indian resistance in the west came as a resultof

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the US Army and population having vastly superior numbers and weaponry whichthey used to overwhelm resistance

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Many mining boomtowns survived to become

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modern town and citiesby quickly adapting to the changing economy/environment

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The Dawes General Act

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splintered Native Americanreservations into individual family homesteads led to the governmentsacquisition over 90 million acres of former Indian lands which were sold tonon-natives. It was proclaimed to be as an uplifting humanitarian reform includingmeasures to assimilate Indians but in truth upset Indian lifestyles and left Indiangroups without sovereignty over their lands; it was a scam.

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Ghost dance promised

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to return land to the Indians and eliminatethe existence of hostile whites

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The wounded Knee Massacre

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saw US soldiers opening fire andkilling nearly 300 Lakota Sioux who gathered peacefully.

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The west as a fantasy includes

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Anglo pioneers and otherheroes who personally rugged individualism triumphing over multiple obstacles.

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Chicago’s central location allowed it to

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become a centerrailroad commerce especially cattle for processing

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The usefulness of the electricity led to

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the construction of330 plants powering lamps in factories offices printing houses hotels andtheaters.

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Cities grew as target destinations for millions of

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immigrants arriving from southern and eastern Europe. From 1870 to 1920 over 25million arrived and by 1890, immigrants and their children accounts for roughly60%of the population in largest northern cities. Factory jobs enticedimmigrants to come to New York Chicago, Pittsburg Cleveland, Milwaukee and St.Louis.

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Immigrants maintained

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a sense of their original heritagewhile gradually adjusting and contributing to American customs.

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Urban machine politics can be described as

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the granting of jobsand services to campaign contributors and ethnic allies not always thosequalified or in need

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During the late 19th century African Americansexperienced

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intensified segregation and rates of lynching; the urban league andNAACP emerged to rally for reform

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Women’s public activity in the late 19th centuryincluded

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unprecedented opportunities to challenge traditional gender and sexualnorms. Many women became reformers; they launched labor/voting rights campaignsand literature to support their causes. Women’s fashion loosened its physicalconstraints: corsets relaxed and hemlines rose. Women’s propelled temperanceinto one of the foremost moral reforms of the period.

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The American culture of celebrity that would characterizetwentieth century, mass entertainment was born from

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the ever growing popularityof professional boxing and baseball, the Edison vitascope projecting film pullingaudiences into theatres creating a demand for movie stars. Vaudeville travelingcircuit shows featured comedians musician actors jugglers and other talentslike Houdini and men being encouraged to embrace hyper masculinity connected tonationalism and imperialism

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The united states gained possession of Hawaii through

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influentialsugar growers on the island; overthrowing the queen and later receiving supportfrom the US gov

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American intervention oversees began

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in Latin America,China, and the middle east (to promote interests abroad)

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The motivation for the Spanish-American andphillipine-american wars (1898-1902) were to

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liberate Cuba and the Philippinesfrom the tyranny of Spanish colonial rule, to avenge the American navalofficers who died aboard the USS Mannie after it was “attacked” by Spain tosecure and expand trade interests abroad; imperialism was a way to assertnational authority around the globe and to demonstrate to other Europeannations that the united states was a major global force

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Although the treaty of Paris ended the Spanish American warin 1898, the US

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occupied the Philippines from 1899-1902 and beyond waging abloody series of conflicts against the rebels.

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The Roosevelt corollary

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extended the Monroe doctrine into LatinAmerica so the US could police it without interference from Europe.

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Nativists argued that

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new immigrants were unfit for Americanlife and would use violence or bribery to corrupt society, that too manyimmigrants would result in fewer jobs and lower wages, that too many Chinese inthe west coast would lead to its moral and economic decline and that immigrantsbrought with them radical ideas such as socialism and communism leaning towidespread violence.

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The federal governments immigration policy from 1870-1920included

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a series of laws limiting of discontinuing the immigration of particulargroups including the criminal sick and Chinese

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Jacob Riis’s How the Other Half Lives (1890) provided

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graphic descriptions of impoverished working class immigrants which inspiredprogressive reform

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Progressive reformers

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rallied around ending corrupt city politicsupholding black equality and civil rights pursuing woman’s suffrage lobbyingfor higher wages safer workplaces and union recognition

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The triangle shirtwaist factory reform of 1911 best illustrated

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the urgent need for labor reform

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Jane Adams created

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a system of vital civic services thatwould become permanent parts of city infrastructure.

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Southerners eliminate black political participation in thesouth after 1896 by requiring

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that all black voters pass a state developedliteracy test and pay a poll tax

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Booker T Washington urged black people to

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accommodatesegregation temporarily and concentrate on education as self-improvement.

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Trust busting under the presidency of Theodore Roosevelt ledto

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the Hepburn Act which empowered the interstate commerce commission to setfair practices for rail companies

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Margaret Sanger attracted widespread attention and ridiculeduring the progressive reform era by

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establishing the American birth controlleague.

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WEBDubois openly urged black people to

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think of themselves as worthwhile humanbeings and to battle openly for equality