U.s. History Chapter 18 Vocab Terms

Front 1

Island Communities

Back 1

~relative isolation and self sufficiency
~usually in the west
~ Railroads tied people together ending island communities

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Credit Mobilier

Back 2

~ a construction company controlled by an inner ring on the Union Pacific
~ owners who wanted quick profits formed separate construction companies to which they awarded lavish contracts, which was the credit mobilier

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Trunk Lines

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~ four great railroads all intending to link eastern seaports with the rich traffic of the Great Lakes and western rivers
~ they drew traffic from dozens of tributaries and carried it to major markets
~ the four railroads were the Baltimore and Ohio whcih reached Chicago in 1874, Erie Railroad which ran from New York to Chicago, the New York Central Railroad, and the Pennsylvania Railroad which initially ran from Philadelpia to Pittsburgh

Front 4

Railroad Gauge

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~ the distance between the rails
~ used so that trains could not run on each others track
~ the distance betwen the rails ranged from 4 feet 8.5 inche, which became the standard gauge, to 6 feet

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J. Edgar Thomson

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~ helped build the fourth trunk line, the Pennsylvania Railroad
~ it initially ran from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh
~ he dreamed of a rail empire stretching through the South and West

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Thomas Scott

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~ was the other man who hlped build the fourth trunk line, the Pennsylvania Railroad
~ Scott later expanded the Pennsylvania system to Cincinnati, Indianapolis, St. Louis, and Chicago in 1869; New York City in 1871; and Baltimore and Washington soon thereafter

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JP Morgan

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~ head of the New York investment house of J.P. Morgan and company
~ most powerful figure in American finance
~ Morgan along with a few other bankers refinanced ailing railroads, and in the process they took control of the industry
~ their methods were fix cost and debt, new stock, rates were stabilized, rebates and competition were eliminates, countrol was vested in a "voting trust"
~ Morgan bought out Carnegie steel for half billion dollars
~ he created the United States Steel Corporation, which was capitalized at 1.4 billion, the first billion dollar company

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Cornelius Vanderbilt

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~ owner of the third truck line, the New York Central Railroad
~ He took over the New York Central and merged it with other lines to provide a track from New York City to Buffalo and Chicago in 1867
~ when he died his Central operated more than 4500 miles of track

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JD Rockefeller

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~ young merchant from Cleveland
~ at age 24, he built the Standard Oil Company
~ Rockefeller absorbed or destroyed competitors in Cleveland and elsewhere
~ he marketed products of high quality at the lowest unit cost
~ he also threatedned rivals abd bribed politcians. He exorted railroad rebates that lowered his transportation costs and undercut competitors
~By 1879, he controlled 90 percent of the country's entire oil-refining capacity
~ he formed a holding company in New Jersey
~ he retired on a fourtune of 900 million dollars

Front 10

Andrew Carnegie

Back 10

~ Carnegie founded the Carnegie Steel Company
~ produced 1 million tons of steal a year
~ born in Scotland, and movig to U.S. at 12
~ he started off in a telegraph office, he caught the eye of Scott Thomas Scott. He was then Scott's personal telegrapher
~ by 24, he was a divisional superintendent
~ Carnegie plunged into the steel industry in 1872
~ he built J. Edgar Thomson Steel Works
~ he kept the wages of the laborers in his mills low and disliked unions
~ he won the steel contract fot the Brooklyn Bridge
~ In 190, Carnegie sold it to Morgan

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American Railway Association

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~ divided the country into four time zones and adopted the modern system of standard time

Front 12

George Pullman

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~ invented the Pullman passenger car
~ first railroad sleeping car suitable for long-distance travel

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Vertical Integration

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~ a type of organization in which a singel company owns and controls the entire proces from the unearthing of the raw materials to the manufacture and sale of the finished product
~ many steel companies moved twoards this

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Horizontal Consolidation

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~ is when companies try to merge with each other

Front 15

Union Pacific and Central Pacific

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~ Congress chartered the Union Pacific Railroad Compnay to build westward from Nebraska and the Central Pacific Railroad Company to build easward from the Pacific coast
~ this would link the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans

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Transcontinental Railroad

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~ was a dream linking the Atlanctic and Pacific Oceans
~ Congress moved to build the first transcontinental railroad
~ On May 10, 1869, the two lines met at Promontory, Utuah completing the railroad
~ the railroad symbolized American unity and progress

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Bessemer Process

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~ developed by Henry Bessemer in England and independently by William Kelly in the United States
~ they discovered that a blast of air forced through molten iron burned off carbon and other impurities, resulting in steel of a more uniform and durable quality

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~ "Trusts"

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~ a new plan of business organization
~ Standard's attorney set up the Standard Oil Trust wiath nine trustees empowered to hold, control, and mange all Standard's properties

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Knights of Labor

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~ a secret franternal order
~ the new Grand Master Workman elected in 1879, ended the secrecy and embarked on an aggressive recruitment program
~ they wanted to unite all labor so they welcomd EVERYONE from women to blacks

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U.S. Steeel Corporation

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~ Morgan created this corporation
~ the new firm was capitalized at 1.4 billion
~ the first billion dollar company
~ It absorbed more than 200 companies, employed 168000 people, and produced 9 million tons of iron and steel a year
~ controlled three-fifths of the steel business

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AFL

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~ was a loose alliance of national craft unions
~ it organized only skilled workers along craft lines, avoided politics, and worked for specific practiacl objectives

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Henry Clay Frick

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~ was Carnegie's partner and manager
~ their were strikes at Homestead steal plant. Frick took control and won those strikes even though he was almost assassinated

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Homestead Strike

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~ In July 1892, wage-cutting at Andrew Carnegie's Homestead Steel Plant in Pittsburgh provoked a violent strike in which three companyy-hired detectives and ten workers died
~ Using ruthless force and strikebreakers, company offcicials effectively broke the strike and destroyed the unions

Front 24

Cyrus Field

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~ he improved the transatlantic cable linking the telegraph networks of Europe and the United States
~ by early 1870s, land and submarine cables ran to Brazil, Japan, and the China coast

Front 25

Alexander Graham Bell

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~ he invented the telephone
~ he was a shrewd and genial Scot who settled in Boston in 1871
~ On March 10,1876, he transmitted the first sentence over a telephone

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Chinese Exclusion Act

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~ in 1882, Congress passed this act, prohibiting the immigration of Chinese workers for ten years

Front 27

Haymarket Riot

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~ on may 4, labor leaders called a prtest meeting at Haymarket square
~ the meeting was peaceful until police officers told the crowd to disperse
~ then someone threw a dynamite bomb that killed a policeman and fatally wounded six others
~ police fired into crowd killing 4
~ authorities never discovered who threw the bomb, so the blamed it on the anarchists who were convicted of murder

Front 28

Northern Securities Company

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~ was one of the companies who followed Rockefeller's example by purchasing other companies, a holding company

Front 29

Pullman Strike

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~ Beginning in May 1894, this strike of employees at the Pullman Palce Car Company near Chicago was one of the largest strikes in history
~ workers struck to protest wage cuts, high rents for comapny housing, and layoffs
~ the American Railway Union joined the strike in June
~ extending into 27 states and territories, it effectively paralyzed the western half of the nation
~ President Cleveland secured an injunction to break the strike on the grounds that it obstructed the mail and sent federal troops to enforce it

Front 30

George Eastman

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~ patented a process for coating gelatin on photographic dry plates, which led to celluloid film and motion pictures
~ by 1888, he was marketing the Kodak camera

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Thomas Edison

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~ had little formal education
~ started off in the field of telegraphy
~ he built the first modern research lab at Menlo Park, New Jersey
~ he also invented the phonograph

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Chain Store

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~ department stores with advertising
~ A and P gorcery stores, Five and Ten Cent Store

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Mail Order Catalogs

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~ a means of selling that depended on effective transpotation and a high level of customer literacy
~ this is how stores like Sears and Montgomery Ward sold to rural customers

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Rise in Advertising

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~ In 1867, businesses spent about 50 million on advertising
~ in 1900, they spent 500 million
~ the first advertising agency, N.W. Ayer and Son, of Philadelphia

Front 35

Muller v Oregon

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~ women workers
~ acceptable evidence

Front 36

Brandeis Brief

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~ Filed by attorney Louis D. Brandeis in the Supreme Court case of Muller v. Oregon
~ this brief presented only two pages of legal precedents, but contained 115 pages of sciological evidence on the negative effects of long workdays on women's health and thus on women as mothers
~ the brief expanded the definitin of legal evidence

Front 37

Holden v Hardy

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~ the court upheld a law limiting working hours for miners because their work was dangerous and long hours might increase injuries

Front 38

Lochner v New York

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~ sturck down a law limiting bakery workers to a 60 week and 10 hour day
~ because baking was safer than mining, the Court saw no need to interfere with the right of bakers to sell their labor freely

Front 39

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

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~ Workers for the Baltimore and Ohio railroad went on strike
~ The workers refused to run the trains unless their paycuts were returned to them
~ the state militia and the federal troops were called down for assisstance
~ chaos spread throughout the country
~ By the end of August 1877, the strike had ended primarily due to federal government intervention, the use of state militias, and the employment of strikebreakers by the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Company.

Front 40

Upton Sinclair

Back 40

~ she wrote the jungle
~ Sinclair was a famous author who wrote about American social and economic conditions

Front 41

“The Jungle”

Back 41

~ written by Upton Sinclair
~ she wanted the book to draw attention to the way packinghouse workers were treated
~ the public was more interested in the unsanitary conditions Sinclair's describes

Front 42

Jacob Riis

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~ was a Danish American social reformer, muckraking journalist and social documentary photographer
~ He is known for his dedication to using his photographic and journalistic talents to help the impoverished in New York City