U.s. History Ch. 1

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Northwest Coast peoples

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tribe of people located along the Pacific Northwest coast. They were primarily fishermen, catching whales, salmon, halibut, and other fish that were preserved to last throughout the year. They developed skills in carpentry and made woodcarvings to symbolize wealth and canoes for fishing, hunting, and warfare.

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Chiefdoms

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social and political hierarchies

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clovis points

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distinctively shaped spearhead, named for the place in New Mexico where it was excavated

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Archaic Indians

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lived after the Paleo-Indians but before agriculture developed, hunted with spears, also took smaller game, used variety of stone tools to prepare food from plants, and did not have permanent villages

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Hopewell peoples

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their culture lasted about 500 years, centered in Ohio, built smaller mounds than Adena predecessors and filled them with more magnificent grave goods, lots of trade, craftsmen made high quality crafts, declined about AD 400

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Algonquian

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A tribe which resided in the Atlantic seaboard, the Great Lakes region, and the upper Midwest. The Algonquians were able to hunt, fish, and grow different crops like corn because of the mild climates provided in the area.

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Beringia

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a land bridge which formed after the Wisconsin glaciation around 25,000-14,000 BP; causing sea levels to drop up to 350 feet. This erected a strip of land that is presumed to be what the first migrants used to cross from Siberia to Alaska, known as Beringia.

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Kivas

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Ceremonial rooms that were found in many southwestern settlements.

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Paleo-Indians

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the first migrants to cross Beringia during the Ice Age; they settled all over the western hemisphere for the next few millennia, until they evolved into other, more sophisticated tribes; they hunted bison and woolly mammoths and other mega fauna

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Ancient Pueblo peoples

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also called the Anasazi, which means "ancient ones" or "ancient enemy," as they were so dubbed by the Navajo. They emerged around 100 C.E. in the Southwest and lived in cliff dwellings and pueblos. Some of the more famous cliff dwellings are Mesa Verde and Chaco Canyon.

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Mexica

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what the Aztecs called themselves; they became important around 1325 and established themselves as a very warlike people: they would subdue other tribes and take their people as human sacrifices to the sun god, who they believed lived on human blood. Because of this, the tribes they subdued were very unhappy and it was easy for the Spanish to conquer them in 1492 C.E.

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burial mounds

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a kind of tomb for chiefs, especially among the Eastern Woodland peoples; the body would be covered in layers upon layers of dirt until the mound reached an impressive height

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tribute

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the Mexica demanded this from the tribes they subdued; it was usually about one-third of everything the tribe produced. It could be anything from victims for human sacrifice to basic food products to rare bird feathers

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California peoples

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Hunter gatherers who enjoyed the rich environment of California, with about 500 different tribes with 90 different languages. A few tribes grew immensely, such as the Chumash, although remaining hunter gatherers and eating acorns, a large part of their diet.
The Chumash formed at around 5000 BCE.

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Mississippian peoples

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The Mississippian peoples are known for their ceremonial mounds, on top of which the chief might live. They probably learned the rituals and mounds from traders from Mexico. The most famous of the Mississippian peoples were the Cahokia. The Mississippian peoples emerged about 800 CE and died out around 1500 CE.

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Folsom points

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Finely crafted spear points made of flint used by Folsom-era hunters to kill bison. They were discovered by George McJunkin in 1908, but their significance was not realized until the 1920s.

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Pueblos

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Multi-unit houses or dwellings developed by the Southwestern peoples to hold many people in one place. The Anasazi's pueblos are large and well preserved, such as at Chaco canyon.

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Woodland Peoples

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Eastern Ancient American cultures who lived in the woods and gathered edible plants, seeds and nuts. They often had permanent settlements of 25 to 100 people.

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Iroquoian Tribes

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Iroquoian tribes occupied territories centered in Pennsylvania an upstate New York as well as hilly upland regions of the Carolinas and Georgia.

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Cahokia

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The site of the largest Mississippian culture, whose remnants can be seen in Illinois near the confluence of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers.